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PubMed2000

The measurement of IgA and IgG transglutaminase antibodies in celiac disease: a comparison with current diagnostic methods.

Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disorder of the small intestine induced by cereal prolamins. The demonstration of IgA endomysial antibodies (EMA) is currently the most reliable serological screen for CD. The antigenic target is transglutaminase. The aim of this study was to develop an ELISA assay for the detection of antibodies to transglutaminase (TGA), and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of TGA for the detection of celiac disease against the benchmarks of jejunal biopsy, antigliadin antibodies (AGA) and EMA. Sera from 57 patients with celiac disease were tested for IgA and IgG TGA, IgA EMA, IgA and IgG AGA, and the total IgA level. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and concordance of AGA, EMA and TGA were assessed against the gold-standard biopsy result. IgG plus IgA TGA offered 100% sensitivity in CD patients for whom no dietary intervention had been commenced, with a specificity of 61%. The sensitivity of TGA dropped from 100 to 79% after dietary restriction. In patients on no gluten restriction, there was 100% agreement between TGA and EMA, and 100% agreement between TGA and AGA for the IgA isotype. The false-positive rate for TGA was 53% in Down's syndrome patients and 25% in patients with systemic autoimmune disorders. We conclude that testing for TGA is a reliable diagnostic serology for celiac disease, with improved sensitivity compared with established methods. The results suggest that serial TGA measurements may be a more and accurate marker for dietary compliance than AGA, but prospective studies are required.

Autoantibodies↗

PubMed2002

[Protein fraction distribution in milling and screened physical fractions of grain amaranth].

The purpose of the study was to establish the protein distribution based on solubility in physical fractions of amaranth flour, in particular between the flour from the germ and that from the perisperm. The protein distribution was obtained applying a series of solvents sequentially utilized in the classical methodology of Osborne & Mendel. The sample of A. cruentus weighing 2000 g was divided into 4 subsamples of 500 g each. One was left as the control while the other 3 were ground individually with a mill. Each flour was screened through 18, 20, 30 and 40 mesh screens, so that 5 fractions were obtained from each of the whole grain flours. Samples of each screened fractions were observed by stereoscopy and analyzed for moisture, fat and protein. This characterization suggested that the fraction above the 30 mesh screen and the flour which passed the 40 mesh screen probably were the perisperm and germ respectively. The 30 mesh sample contained 2.34 fat and 9.05% protein while the 40 mesh contained 16.18% fat and 26.46% protein. The extraction and partitioning of the proteins indicated that the most important fractions in germ and perisperm were the water soluble and glutelins measured by Kjeldahl. The relationship of the water soluble + globulin to glutelins ratio was 2.1 to 1 in the whole grain, 1.9 to 1 in the perisperm and 1.7 to 1 in the germ. The distribution of proteins was very much alike between germ and perisperm. The levels of prolamines were quite low. The protein extraction of the perisperm proteins retained on the 30 mesh screen was low (71.1%) measured by Kjeldahl and 47.4% with the Bradford method to measure protein.

Amaranthus↗

PubMed2002

Celiac sprue.

Celiac sprue, celiac disease, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a malabsorption disorder of the small intestine that occurs after ingestion of wheat gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. This disease is characterized by intestinal malabsorption associated with villous atrophy of the small intestinal mucosa, clinical and histological improvement after adherence to strict gluten free diet, and relapse when gluten is reintroduced. Celiac sprue has a high prevalence in Western Europe and North America where it is estimated to affect 1:120 to 1:300 individuals. The pathogenesis of celiac sprue is related to inappropriate intestinal T-cell activation in HLA-DQ2 positive individuals triggered by antigenic peptides from wheat gluten or prolamins from barley and rye. Although previously thought to be mainly a disease of childhood onset, the diagnosis is increasingly being made in adults. There are a wide variety of presentations, which range from asymptomatic forms to severe diarrhea, weight loss and nutritional deficiencies. Extraintestinal manifestations including anemia, osteopenia or neurological disorders and associated conditions such as diabetes or hypothyroidism are commonly present. The availability of highly sensitive and specific serologic markers has dramatically facilitated the diagnosis of celiac sprue. However, the demonstration of characteristic histological abnormalities in a biopsy specimen of the small intestine remains the mainstay of diagnosis. Treatment consists of life-long avoidance of dietary gluten to control symptoms and to prevent both immediate and long-term complications.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Ebony (Phitecellobium flexicaule Benth) and proteins fractionation, solubilization, characterization and production of an isolate.

Different combinations of pHs (2 to 12) and temperatures (25, 30 and 35 degrees C) were tested to obtain a protein isolate from ebony (Pithecellobium flexicaule, Benth) seeds. Seed proteins contained 54.6% albumins, 32% globulins, 5.7% glutelins and 1.3% prolamins. The isoelectric points for albumins, globulins and glutelins were in the pH range of 2.3-2.7. The average molecular weight of albumins ranged from 92 to 100 kDa and for the four globulin subunits in the range of 28.4 to 57.3 kDa. For isolate production, proteins were sequentially extracted with distilled water and a 5% NaCl solution. The resulting supernatants were mixed. The best extraction was achieved at pH 11 and 25 degrees C. 45.6% of the total seed protein was precipitated at pH 2.6 yielding an isolate with 90% protein (N x 6.25). The isolate contained high quantities of lysine, leucine, threonine and phenylalanine but were low in sulfur containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. The extraction process reduced tannins, phytates and trypsin inhibitor in 53, 70 and 70%, respectively. In vivo protein digestibility of the protein isolate was 85.4% and the corrected digestibility essential amino acid score was of 44% due to the lack of sulfur containing amino acids. In order to upgrade the protein quality of ebony isolate it is recommend to supplement with methionine or sulfur containing rich foods.

Albumins↗

PubMed2003

[On the question of using alleles of gliadin-coding loci as possible markers of adaptive ability in cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during seed germination].

Prolamine proteolysis is assumed to be among numerous adaptability factors in cereals. The patterns of gliadin proteolysis have been studied in 16 cultivars of spring wheat via analysis of electrophoretic spectra. Four proteolytic patterns have been identified. It is hypothesized that the cultivars characterized by early and rapid proteolysis (the first and third types) are the most adaptable. The gliadin genetic formulas of chromosomes of the first homeologous group have been determined. The alleles of gliadin loci (Gli-Alf, Gli-Ble, Gli-D1a, and Gli-D1b) have been found that can be used as markers of adaptability in spring wheat cultivars.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2004

[A great imitator for the allergologist: intolerance to gluten].

Intolerance of gluten, resposible for Coeliac disease, is essentially shown by an auto-immune enteropathy, even if the cutaneous manifestation (herpetiform dermatitis) and perhaps certain neurological signs (cerebral syndrome, peripheral neuropathy) may be independent as well as associated with the intestinal illness. This affection is of immunological nature, occuring in a genetic field that predisposes to the illness (familial form: concordance of 70% in homozygote twins; 90% of patients show an HLA molecule of type DQ2, DQ8 in almost all the other cases. The exogenous factor is the gluten content contained in wheat, rye and barley, more precisely by the intermediary "the prolamines" which are the "reactive" element that induces a the same time an inflammatory reaction of type TH11 locally (expressed by the histological aspect of a duodenal biopsy evolving as villous atrophy) and a humoral response with production of anti-gliadine and anti-transglutaminase antibodies (the role of the latter enzyme is intervention in the local transformation of antigens to make them antigenic). It is an illness of adults as well as children and this point must now be emphasized. Recent epidemiological studies insist on a high prevalence (1/300 in Europe). Clinical expression, at the start very polymorphic and so misleading, before the appearance of the more classical signs of malabsorption and development, always feared, towards a lymphoma. These signs are haematological (anemia of various types, hyper platelets by hyposplenism, haemorrhagic signs) cutaneous (herpetiform dermatitis, cutaneous vasculitis) mucosal (aphtose), hepatic (cytolysis), neurophysical (fatigue, troubles of behaviour, cerebral syndrome, neuropathy) and osteo-articulitis (osteopenia, arthralgias, diffuse pains). The association of certain auto-immune illnesses must be emphasized (diabetes, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Gougerot disease, primitive biliary cirrhosis). To think early of the possibility of intolerance to gluten, is to give the means of a very easy diagnosis (measurement of anti-gliadin, anti-endomysium and anti-transglutaminase, and secondarily duodenal biopsy if necessary), and it is early elimination of gluten food which will make the various clinical manifestations disappear and so prevent the risk of evolution to a tumoral pathology.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Extraction and characterization of soluble protein fractions from Phaseolus lunatus L seeds].

Legume proteins as a potential source of valuable nutrients, are the object of several studies in order to obtain the best use. A basic knowledge becomes more important for those proteins from species not wholly utilized, before using them as food ingredients. The objective of this work was to determine several structural and nutritional characteristics of the protein fractions from Phaseolus lunatus, separated in different solvents. The relative amount of extraction for the albumins (ALB), globulins (GLB), prolamines (PRL), and glutelins (GLT) was 62.3, 34.8, 1.4 and 1.5%, respectively. The SDS-PAGE electrophoretic profile of both ALB and GLB, showed seven common bands in intervals from 10 to 95 kDa, and 14 to 99 kDa, respectively; the amino acids profile showed that PRL was the rich fraction in sulfurated amino acids (11.5 g/100 g protein); the content of lysine in the fraction of ALB was smaller than expected but the requirement of the FAO in the fractions of GLB and GLT was covered. In general, the fraction of GLB had the best balance of amino acids and digestibility (80%); however, it had a relationship of calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) of 0.11, smaller than the ratio in ALB (0.97). The calorimetric analysis showed denatured temperatures around 90 degrees C for the ALB, GLB, and GLU fractions. The PRL fraction probably did not present a thermal transition because the proteins were denaturalized by the extraction conditions.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2004

[Biochemical and chemical partial characterization of Bauhinia forficata Link seeds].

Seeds of Bauhinia forficata species were submited to biochemical characterization concerning fatty acids analysis, protein fractionization, and hemaglutinanting activity. The seed elementary analysis showed a high protein and lipids contents with 21.24% and 19.45% respectively. The more abundant fatty acid was linoleic acid with 46.47% of the lipidic fraction. With the exception of prolamins, the different proteic fractions (albumin, globulins, acid and basic glutelins) showed hemaglutinanting activity against rabbit red cells no treated and treated with proteolitic enzymes. The fraction acid glutelin showed the higher specific hemaglutinanting activity (1072.25 UH/mg P) against rabbit blood pre-treated with trypsin. Glutamin (16.20%) and Valin (11.07%) were the more abundant amino acids in the seeds. Therefore, B. forficata represent a possible optional source of food because exhibit a high energetic values.

Amino Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gluten intolerance and skin diseases.

Gluten sensitivity with or without coeliac disease (CD) symptoms and intestinal pathology has been suggested as a potentially treatable cause of various diseases. CD is a chronic disease which improves on withdrawal of wheat gliadins and barley, rye and oat prolamins from the diet. There have been numerous reports linking CD with several skin conditions. A body of evidence shows that dermatitis herpetiformis is actually a cutaneous manifestation of CD. Autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, psoriasis and miscellaneous diseases have also been described with gluten intolerance. Dermatologists should be familiar with the appraisal of gluten sensitive enteropathy and should be able to search for an underlying gluten intolerance (GI). Serological screening by means of antigliadin, antiendomysial and transglutaminase antibodies should be performed. HLA typing is often useful in association with serologic tests. Intestinal biopsy is usually needed to establish the diagnosis of CD or GI. Thus, gluten intolerance gives rise to a variety of dermatological manifestations which may benefit from a gluten-free diet.

Celiac Disease↗

PubMed1991

Maximal stimulation of pancreatic islet B-cells, and A-cell response to arginine, in dogs with longterm pancreatic acinar atrophy.

The response of the pancreatic islet A- and B-cells after long-standing (eight years) pancreatic duct occlusion by prolamine, and subsequently developed acinar atrophy, was studied in five beagles, and the results compared with those in six sham-operated dogs. Intravenous arginine infusion (A-cell stimulation) and a combined oral glucose and intravenous tolbutamide and glucagon infusion (B-cell stimulation) were carried out in each dog. Complete abolition of acinar function after duct occlusion was documented by the negative paraaminobenzoic acid test. In contrast, in plasma, baseline values of glucose, alpha-amino-nitrogen, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like immunoreactivity, somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, and pancreatic polypeptide did not differ between the experimental groups. During B-cell stimulation dogs with occluded ducts had significantly reduced insulin, reduced glucagon, and reduced second phase pancreatic polypeptide compared with controls. Integrated insulin and pancreatic polypeptide were also reduced in dogs with occluded ducts. In both groups plasma and integrated values of glucose and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity did not differ. During the A-cell stimulation period dogs with occluded ducts had significantly raised alpha-amino-nitrogen but unchanged glucose and reduced insulin concentrations; in both groups the arginine-induced rise in glucagon was similar, although it was delayed in the experimental group. In the latter, integrated alpha-amino-nitrogen was raised, but integrated glucose and hormones were unchanged. We conclude that a previously intact dog pancreas that has been atrophied by duct occlusion, may be able to maintain euglycaemia for several years. There may be a complex interplay of changes induced by duct occlusion at the level of the pancreatic islets and elsewhere, which compensate for moderate insulinopenia.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Changing clinical image of celiac sprue in childhood].

BACKGROUND: Celiac sprue is considered to be the second most common chronic disease in childhood after allergic diseases. At present, the prevalence of this disease is stated as high as approximately 1% in inhabitants of the North America and Western Europe. Aetiology of celiac sprue is multifactorial as it is in other chronic diseases. Pathogenetically, it is an autoimmune disease whose main autoantigene is the tissue transglutaminase. It affects those individuals carrying HLA-DO2 or HLA-DO8 gene and those who were exposed to wheat gliadine or similar amino acids (prolamines) in rye and barley. The purpose of the present study was to find out whether clinical manifestation of celiac sprue changed in our group of patients in course of 23 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: In forty-eight children celiac sprue was diagnosed according to histopathological and histochemical findings in the small intestine mucosa. In the children examined within 5 years in 1982-1987, main clinical symptom of celiac sprue was diarrhoea. In the control group of children examined within 7 months in 2004-2005, intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms in celiac sprue were equally distributed; the so-called sleeping forms occurred too. CONCLUSIONS: It is discussed what are the trigger mechanisms and the possible danger of celiac sprue manifestations and why celiac sprue is diagnosed in the older children at present time compared with the past years.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1992

Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity ('celiac sprue').

This article examines associations between gluten, polymorphisms of the major histocompatibility complex, and mucosal pathology representative of the spectrum of gluten sensitivity. Sequences of wheat, rye, and barley prolamins contain recurring tetrapeptide motifs that are predicted to have beta-reverse-turn secondary structure and that, with in vitro assays, appear active. Structural polymorphisms of major histocompatibility complex subloci identify codon switches within the second exon that control the third hypervariable region in the outer domain of the beta chain. Observations of the intestinal response to gluten reveal five interrelated lesions (preinfiltrative, infiltrative, hyperplastic, destructive, and hypoplastic) that are interpretable as cell-mediated immunologic responses. These responses originate in the lamina propria, where a series of antigen-specific inflammatory processes has now been identified. There is no evidence that celiac sprue is a disease of jejunal enterocytes. Furthermore, the role of intraepithelial space lymphocytes in pathogenesis, if relevant, needs further experimental dissection. Also awaiting further definition are polymorphisms of the celiac lymphocyte antigen receptor and their relationship to gliadin oligopeptide(s) and predisposing genes. The nature and basis of nonresponsive celiac sprue require more thoughtful initiatives to elucidate the immunologic mechanism(s) of unresponsiveness and evaluate possible means of reversal. Finally, a more sensible definition of gluten sensitivity (unhampered by qualitative morphological imagery) is ultimately called for in order to accommodate the biomolecular advances addressed in this review.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation of proteins in coconut water].

The isolation of protein fractions in cocont water was achieved by precipitation with controlled pH variation obtaining three isolates at pH 8,5, 10,5, and 11,5. By comparing each of these isolates with proteins of coconut milk, a similarity between properties of the first two isolates of the water - pH 8,5, 10,5--and those of coconut serum proteins -- glutelin and prolamin was observed. The third isolate is entirely absent from the milk, when coconut water is not used in the second pressing to obtain the milk.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1987

[Preliminary results of pancreatic duct occlusion with fibrin glue following resection of the head of the pancreas in protecting the pancreatico-digestive anastomosis].

The insufficiency of the pancreatico-digestive anastomosis as "weak point" of Whipple's operation still is a serious complication carrying a high lethality although surgical techniques improved and experience grew. By means of the pancreas duct occlusion with fibrin sealant we could experimentally as well as clinically develop a simple and effective method in order to protect the pancreatico-digestive anastomosis. Due to a short, maximal 6 days lasting blockade of the exocrine pancreas secretion with fibrin the atrophy respectively the fibrosis of the exocrine lienal pancreas segment was--contrary to the pancreas duct occlusion with prolamin--avoided; also the endocrine function was preserved. Therefore this procedure seems to be the method of choice in the surgery of pancreatic carcinomas and transplants. The fibrin sealant Tissucol was used for the occlusion; because of the high tryptic activity of the pancreatic juice an Aprotinin concentration of 20,000 IU/ml was necessary. We already carried out this procedure successfully in 5 clinical cases with pancreatic carcinomas.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Intravenous glucose tolerance after Whipple's procedure in patients with chronic pancreatitis--relative influence of occlusion of the pancreatic duct.

An intravenous glucose tolerance test was carried out to compare chronic pancreatitis patients (n = 17) who had undergone partial duodenopancreatectomy with (n = 9) and without (n = 8) occlusion of the residual pancreatic duct by Prolamin. The results obtained in 10 healthy volunteers were plotted as background information reflecting the normal metabolic response. Insulin- and C-peptide secretion were greatly decreased after both resection alone, and resection plus occlusion. However, the glucose tolerance (integrated glucose; K-values) appeared relatively well preserved in the two groups. The decrease in insulin appeared more marked after resection plus occlusion as compared with the non-occluded group. It is concluded that partial duodenopancreatectomy without or with ductal occlusion impairs insulin secretion, and leaves tolerance to an intravenous glucose load relatively stable. The mechanism underlying the latter observation is unknown at present.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

[Effect of the choice of recipient, surgical technic and logistics on the Zurich results of pancreas transplantation].

Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation was applied to 22 type-I diabetics with diabetic nephropathy and other secondary complications, between July 1st, 1980 and November 30th, 1985. Four pancreas transplants, at present, are functional 56, 25, 15, and twelve months from transplantation. Six transplants lost their function within one and a half to 61 months from transplantation. The transplanted kidneys were immunologically rejected in four of these six cases. Four patients died with functioning transplants between 36 hours and eight months from transplantation. Three of them died of cardiac secondary sequels of their primary disease. In nine cases, pancreas transplants lost function within one month from transplantation without affecting functions of simultaneously transplanted kidneys. Most of the functional failures of transplants had been caused by ischaemic damage and postoperative vascular thrombosis. Complications from the exocrine pancreas were eliminated or avoided by postponement of percutaneous duct occlusion, using prolamine. The results reported in this paper show that for juvenile diabetics with nephropathy and ophthalmopathy simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation is the method of choice, whereas the course of the disease in patients with advanced secondary complications, such as severe angiopathy and gastropathy, could not be decisively improved by pancreas transplantation.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

[Pancreatic duct occlusion. Experimental studies and clinical application].

After Whipple's procedure or pancreatic transplantation complications may be caused by the persistance of the exocrine function. Since 1978 pancreatic duct occlusion with prolamin ("Ethibloc") has been performed occasionally to eliminate the exocrine function. The endocrinological and morphological consequences of pancreatic duct occlusion were studied in 81 piglets. After occlusion there is a sharp rise of the serum-amylase levels, normalizing within 2 to 4 weeks. Up to a follow up of one year the animals remained normoglycemic, proved by measurements of fasting blood glucose, intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin levels. Based on our experimental studies Whipple's procedures combined with pancreatic duct occlusion were performed in seven patients. All patients survived, no pancreatic fistulas could be observed. 12 months postoperatively glucose tolerance tests proved to be normoglycemic in three patients.

Aged↗

PubMed1984

[A new technic for the sealing of a frontobasal cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Experiences with a hardening alcoholic protamine solution].

Fractures of the frontal base of the skull are often accompanied by rhinoliquorrhea. To prevent infections of the brain they must always be closed surgically. We report on a new method of closing the dura mater defect using an alcoholic prolamine solution, which hardens within a few minutes. After 40 to 90 days the mass has been replaced by connective tissue. We describe our experience with 24 patients who were successfully operated on using this method and followed up for two years.

Animals↗