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PubMed1985

Mortality in workers exposed to electromagnetic fields.

In an occupational mortality analysis of 486,000 adult male death records filed in Washington State in the years 1950-1982, leukemia and the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas show increased proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) in workers employed in occupations with intuitive exposures to electromagnetic fields. Nine occupations of 219 were considered to have electric or magnetic field exposures. These were: electrical and electronic technicians, radio and telegraph operators, radio and television repairmen, telephone and power linemen, power station operators, welders, aluminum reduction workers, motion picture projectionists and electricians. There were 12,714 total deaths in these occupations. Eight of the nine occupations had PMR increases for leukemia [International Classification of Diseases (ICD), seventh revision 204] and seven of the nine occupations had PMR increases for the other lymphoma category (7th ICD 200.2, 202). The highest PMRs were seen for acute leukemia: (67 deaths observed, 41 deaths expected; PMR 162), and in the other lymphomas (51 deaths observed, 31 deaths expected; PMR 164). No increase in mortality was seen for Hodgkin's disease or multiple myeloma. These findings offer some support for the hypothesis that electric and magnetic fields may be carcinogenic.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

How consumers view hospital advertising.

The purposes of this study were to determine: (a) consumers' attitudes toward advertising by hospitals; (b) which media consumers feel are appropriate for hospital advertising; and (c) whether consumers are seeing hospital advertisements, and if so, through which media. It was found that consumers indeed have a favorable attitude toward hospitals that advertise. It was also found that consumers feel that most media are appropriate for hospital advertising. Finally, it was found that most consumers have seen hospitals advertise their services, especially on television and radio and in the newspaper.

Advertising↗
PubMed1993

Marketing strategy determinants in rural hospitals.

Rural hospitals confront an inauspicious environment due to changes in patient reimbursement and medical practice. Facing a situation of declining revenues, marketing presents an option for rural hospitals to adapt to the growing constraints. This paper analyzes the determinants of marketing strategy emphasis in rural hospitals. The conceptual model adopted in this study predicts that prior performance and contextual variables explain marketing strategy emphasis. The relationships are examined in a case study of rural New Mexico hospitals. Results suggest that prior performance and several contextual variables explain variations in marketing strategy emphasis. In particular, higher gross patient revenues are associated with more emphasis on television and radio advertising. Furthermore, rural New Mexico hospitals with high numbers of licensed beds and medical staff members, or that are affiliated with a chain organization, place greater emphasis on market research and market planning. The implications for marketing practice in rural hospitals are discussed.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

Child passenger safety behaviors in Latino communities.

Booster seats protect child occupants between 4 and 8 years of age. The objective of this study was to determine barriers and facilitators for booster seat use among Latino families. We conducted one-to-one elicitation interviews with 56 mothers and 35 fathers of booster-eligible Latino children in an urban county and a rural county in Washington State. Half of the parents did not consistently use booster seats. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated, and coded. Statements expressed by at least one-third of respondents were entered into explanatory models. Motivators for booster use were child safety and concern about getting a ticket. Facilitators for booster use included affordability, ease of use, and children liking the seat. Barriers were the belief that the child was too big/old, perceived child resistance, and cost. Rural parents preferred radio to television messages. Campaign messages highlighting the risks to child safety and the risk of a citation are likely to motivate booster seat use among Latino families.

Automobile Driving↗
PubMed2003

Condom use and the accuracy of AIDS knowledge in Côte d'Ivoire.

CONTEXT: Condom use remains low in Côte d'Ivoire, despite an increasing prevalence of HIV and widespread awareness of how the virus is transmitted. Information is needed about characteristics that predict condom use and about the role of AIDS knowledge and sex differences in the use of condoms. METHODS: Data from the 1994 Côte d'Ivoire Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed for respondents who had had sex in the two months before the survey. Logistic regressions were performed separately by sex to determine whether the accuracy of men's and women's knowledge about AIDS predicted condom use at their most recent sexual intercourse. RESULTS: Accuracy of knowledge about AIDS did not significantly predict condom use. For male respondents, the odds of condom use at last intercourse were significantly lower among those aged 35 or older than among those aged 15-19 (odds ratios, 0.3-0.5). The odds were also lower among married men (0.4) and those who reported friends, family or neighbors as their only source of AIDS knowledge (0.5). Compared with uneducated men, men with secondary or higher education were significantly more likely to report condom use (1.7). Among women, those aged 25 or older had significantly lower odds of condom use at last intercourse than those aged 15-19 (0.2-0.6). The odds of use were significantly reduced among women who were married (0.2) and those who had learned about AIDS from family, friends or neighbors or from television or radio (0.3-0.6); however, the odds were significantly higher for women with secondary or higher education than for uneducated women (2.2). CONCLUSION: The level of accuracy of AIDS knowledge did not predict the likelihood of recent condom use in this sample. Efforts to increase educational attainment in Côte d'Ivoire may be more effective in increasing condom use than a focus on improving the accuracy of AIDS knowledge.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

The Drinking-Related Locus of Control Scale: the factor structure with treatment-seeking outpatients.

OBJECTIVE: The psychometric properties of the Drinking-Related Locus of Control Scale (DRIE) were investigated when the distribution of DRIE scores taken from a sample of outpatient men was found to be skewed toward an internal locus of control, and numerous items on the scale showed little or no variability. METHOD: The DRIE was administered to 93 treatment-seeking, male alcoholics meeting DSM-II-R criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence who attended a clinical screen and baseline assessment for a larger study designed to examine the efficacy of conjoint marital therapy in the treatment of alcoholism. Subjects were recruited through newspaper, radio and television announcements, letters to physicians, employee assistance programs, outpatient treatment programs and detoxification centers. Subjects were either married or in a cohabitating relationship with a nonalcoholic, female partner. RESULTS: A factor analysis with a Procrustes rotation failed to replicate the three factor structure identified by previous researchers and consequently the reliability coefficients of the corresponding subscales were found to be low. Several items were endorsed as internal by more than 95% of the sample, showing little or no variability among subjects. An independent factor analysis, which excluded the items endorsed predominantly as internal, identified a single factor structure comprised of first person statements about helplessness and an inability to abstain from drinking. CONCLUSIONS: One possible explanation for the difference in the factor structure is that the current investigation employed outpatient subjects rather than inpatient subjects, who have been the focus of most research on the control orientation of alcoholics to date. A second possible explanation may be found in the sociodemographic makeup of the current sample which is younger, better educated and has less severe drinkers than the sample of veterans in the study that established the original factor structure of the DRIE.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Mass media and community interventions to reduce alcohol use by early adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Although early use of alcohol is an immediate and long-term risk for young people, proven prevention strategies are limited. Mass media interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing use of other substances by adolescents. This study tested the impact of a 4-year media campaign designed to reduce alcohol use by early adolescents. METHOD: Theory-based television and radio messages promoting avoidance of alcohol were developed and delivered to an audience of young people as they matured from Grades 4-5 to Grades 7-8. A set of eight school districts was identified as the Media Area; eight matching districts served as the Comparison Area. Independent Grade 7-8 surveys were conducted in all districts at baseline (N= 2897) and after the interventions (N=2419). Unanticipated community coalitions working to reduce youth substance use were introduced into 10 of these 16 communities during the same time period. RESULTS: Exposure of the target audience to the media messages was lower than expected, and the unplanned community coalition interventions may have favored the Comparison Area. The main analyses indicated that the media interventions did not significantly affect alcohol use or its mediators. Supplementary analyses suggested a substantial impact of community coalitions on alcohol use and several key mediators. CONCLUSIONS: The mass media interventions provided by this study had no effect on adolescent alcohol use or its psychosocial mediators. Factors external to the study reduced chances of detecting media effects. Further work is needed to develop and test mass media strategies for alcohol use prevention among early adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of a community-based handgun safe-storage campaign.

OBJECTIVE: Safe storage of firearms has been recommended as a means of preventing gun-related pediatric injuries, yet few interventions have led to significant improvements in storage practices. This study examined a multifaceted community education campaign to promote safe handgun storage and the campaign's impact on firearm locking and loading practices in households with children. METHODS: Beginning in 1997, a safe-storage campaign consisting of television and radio announcements, educational materials, billboards, and discount coupons for lock boxes was conducted in King County, Washington. The campaign evaluation used a quasi-experimental design and compared the intervention site with 9 control counties outside Washington State and west of the Mississippi River. Cross-sectional, random-digit-dial telephone surveys of handgun-owning households with children were conducted in all study counties both before the intervention in 1996 (n = 302) and again in 2001 (n = 255). The main analyses assessed whether greater improvements in household firearm-storage practices occurred between 1996 and 2001 in the intervention, compared with the control, counties. Primary outcomes were based on up to 3 handguns per household and included (1) all stored with trigger locks, lock boxes, or gun safes (formal locking devices), (2) all stored in lock boxes or gun safes, (3) any stored loaded, (4) any stored loaded without a formal locking device, and (5) any stored loaded and not in a lock box or gun safe. Data were also collected on up to 1 long gun per household; long-gun outcomes included (1) stored with a trigger lock or gun safe and (2) stored loaded. RESULTS: Overall, handguns and long guns were generally more likely to be stored locked and less likely to be loaded in 2001 compared with 1996, with these trends seeming to be more consistent in the intervention county. Even so, more than one quarter of households with children and handguns in 2001 failed to store all of their handguns with a formal locking device, and up to 8% continued to possess at least 1 loaded handgun that was not stored with a formal device. The majority of households that stored their handguns with formal devices used lock boxes or gun safes. Storage of handguns in lock boxes or gun safes became more common in both the intervention (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-2.84) and control households (aOR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.01-2.72) between 1996 and 2001. None of the other measured changes reached statistical significance, such as storing any household handgun loaded (aOR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.35-1.42 [intervention]; aOR: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.58-2.00 [control]) or keeping any household handgun loaded and not stored in a lock box or gun safe (aOR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.22-1.55 [intervention]; aOR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.30-1.49 [control]). Moreover, the intervention county did not experience significantly greater overall improvements in household storage practices for handguns or long guns than did control counties. CONCLUSIONS: In both the intervention and control counties, households were more likely to lock all handguns in 2001 compared with 1996. After accounting for temporal trends, this educational campaign, combined with economic incentives to purchase lock boxes, did not seem to significantly change safe storage practices in households with handguns and children. Even if the campaign did result in small improvements in firearm safe storage, simultaneous national and state-specific gun-safety activities or legislative efforts may have drawn increasing attention to gun-related issues in the control counties, thereby making it more difficult to identify effects of our specific handgun storage intervention.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1998

Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.

To establish the incidence of type 1 diabetes among children (infants to 14 years of age) in the city of Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (population under 15 years = 50,098), during the period of January to December 1996, a retrospective and prospective population-based registry was established, using physician reports of newly diagnosed patients under 15 years of age with type 1 diabetes as the primary source of case identification. Primary and nursery schools and a general call through the media (newspapers, radio and television) was the secondary source. Data were calculated according to the methods recommended by the WHO (1990). Six new cases were identified. Case ascertainment was estimated at 100%. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in the year 1996 was 12/100,000 inhabitants. These data indicate that the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in a subtropical region in the Southern part of Brazil was similar to that observed in developed countries throughout the world. The inability to demonstrate the North-South gradient is probably due to the European origin of inhabitants of the city.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Burns: characteristics of cases treated in a teaching hospital in Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo), Brazil].

Burns are a significant health problem in Brazil, but there have been few data collected that could shape treatment and prevention programs. To help overcome that knowledge gap, this study looked at the types of accidents and the characteristics of 138 burn patients admitted into the burn unit of the University of São Paulo Hospital in Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil, between November, 1991, and December, 1993. Patient charts were reviewed to collect data on age, sex, region of the body affected, burn depth and surface affected, agent causing the burn, and circumstances in which the burn happened. Of the 138 cases, 71% occurred in the home. In 50% of all accidents the victims were children. Boiling water was the agent responsible for 59% of the accidents among children younger than 3 years of age; fuel alcohol used in the home for cooking and other purposes caused 57% of the accidents among children between 7 and 11 years, the most affected pediatric group. Among adults, the group between 20 and 39 years of age was the most affected (23%); 84% of the victims in this age group were male. Seventeen percent of all cases involved adult males at work. Women suffered burns in accidents at home (67%) and in suicide-related events (33%). Seventy-five percent of the suicide cases were women. The strategies to reduce the incidence of burn injuries should aim at eliminating environmental risk factors and implementing educational programs disseminated through radio and television.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1994

Integrated control of ectoparasites.

Integrated control of ectoparasites of veterinary importance is being implemented on a limited basis at present. However, several forces are accelerating a global shift to integrated pest management (IPM). These accelerating forces include the following: reduction in new chemical compounds registered for use on livestock and poultry universal development of resistance to pesticides heightened environmental sensitivities to exclusive dependence on pesticide-based control need for strategies which increase profits for the producer while decreasing costs to the consumer. Integrated pest control requires many technologies for incorporation into specific pest management systems. Individual components include new chemicals, formulations and delivery systems, biological control, mechanical control, immunological control, genetic control, and regulatory control. Computer simulation models based on a quantitative ecological database are invaluable in devising and monitoring IPM approaches to controlling ectoparasites which affect livestock and poultry. IPM strategies have been developed for pests of veterinary importance, but eventually these must be incorporated into total livestock production systems. For implementation, a number of major impediments to IPM must be overcome. These problems can best be solved through a vigorous technology transfer programme. In addition to face-to-face meetings between producers and extension agents, the implementation of IPM can be further encouraged at producer group meetings, through education of animal health professionals, by the publication of articles in producer magazines, and by radio and television broadcasts to the agricultural sector. Research focusing on the development of cost-effective and environmentally-compatible IPM systems is necessary for future progress.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Measuring response to a cancer information telephone facility: Can-Dial.

In an attempt to meet the need for increasing public knowledge about cancer, a system providing free information by telephone has been developed. The system is comprised of 36 pre-recorded taped lectures containing information about various aspects of cancer. Interested individuals call a toll-free number, indicate a topic of interest, and listen to the pre-recorded lecture over the phone. An operator handles incoming calls and obtains information from callers used in evaluating the program. During the first year of operation, over 30,000 calls were processed. Topics most frequently requested included those concerning smoking, breast and cervical cancer, and general information. Female response exceeded male response in all age categories. Older people responded less frequently than younger. Urban utilization greatly exceeded suburban and rural utilization. Considerable fluctuation in response related to promotional activities was found. Printed advertisements elicited far greater response than radio and television. Promotional efforts in an experimental group of low-utilizing townships greatly increased utilization while no change was observed in a control group.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Assessment of a severe-weather warning system and disaster preparedness, Calhoun County, Alabama, 1994.

Tornado preparedness warning system effectiveness, and shelter-seeking behavior were examined in two Alabama areas after tornado warnings. In the area without sirens, only 28.9% of 194 respondents heard a tornado warning of these, 73.2% first received the warning from radios or television. In the area with sirens, 88.1% of 193 respondents heard a warning, and 61.8% first received the warning from a siren. Knowledge of warnings, access to shelter, and education were key predictors for seeking shelter. Our findings indicate that installing sirens, providing access to shelter, and teaching appropriate responses to warnings are important elements of an effective disaster prevention system.

Alabama↗
PubMed2001

Modeling and reinforcement to combat HIV: the MARCH approach to behavior change.

Theory and research suggest that behavioral interventions to prevent HIV/AIDS may be most effective when they are personalized and affectively compelling, when they provide models of desired behaviors, and when they are linked to social and cultural narratives. Effective strategies must also take into account the opportunities and obstacles present in the local environment. The Modeling and Reinforcement to Combat HIV (MARCH) projects combine key aspects of individual behavior change with efforts to change social norms. There are 2 main components to the program: entertainment as a vehicle for education (longrunning serialized dramas on radio or television portray role models evolving toward the adoption of positive behaviors) and interpersonal reinforcement at the community level (support from friends, family members, and others can help people initiate behavior changes; support through changes in social norms is necessary for behavioral effects to be sustained over time). Both media and interpersonal intervention activities should be linked to existing resources in the community and, wherever possible, provide increased access to preventive services, supplies, and other supporting elements.

Africa, Central↗
PubMed2006

Poverty rates in Venezuela: getting the numbers right.

This article looks at household and individual poverty rates in Venezuela over the past seven years. For more than a year, the statement that poverty in Venezuela has increased under the government of President Hugo Chávez has appeared in scores of major newspapers, on major television and radio programs, and even in publications devoted to foreign policy. There are no data to support such statements, and in fact the available data show a decline in poverty for both individuals and households over the seven-year period: the percentage of people in poverty declined from 50 percent in the first quarter of 1999 to 43.7 percent in 2005. Further, there is no evidence to suggest any change in the methodology for measuring poverty during this period, as has been alleged in a number of reports. The article also examines briefly the impact of significant changes in non-cash benefits such as free health care, which are not taken into account in the measured poverty rate, on poor people in Venezuela. Finally, the authors look at how the mistakes in reporting on Venezuela's poverty rate were made; an appendix gives examples of mistakes in major media and foreign policy publications.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of a media campaign's effect on reporting patterns of child abuse.

In an effort to determine what effect a media campaign had on child-abuse reporting patterns, pre-campaign measures were contrasted with post-campaign measures. The mean number of reports/day increased significantly. Reports from one of the three major reporting groups, i.e., professionals, increased significantly. Five basic types of abuse were also examined, and the number of reports in two of the categories, i.e., soft tissue and abuse with neglect, also increased significantly.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1990

Characteristics of self-reported hearing problems in a community survey.

The Cardiff Health Survey included a question asking whether the respondents had any difficulties with their hearing and, if so, to specify the biggest difficulty. This self-completed questionnaire was administered to 4,266 individuals randomly sampled from the electoral register of Cardiff in 1986. 14.7% of those responding indicated a hearing disability; and the main specific disabilities listed are described. The commonest complaints were of difficulties hearing the television and radio, and with general conversation. A number of other specific complaints were reported similar to those found in previous studies with the 'Problems Questionnaire'. Age, social class, general health, smoking and the individual's attitudes were found to influence the pattern of response.

Age Factors↗