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[Sexually transmissible diseases and female sterility].
Regarding personal studies and a review of the literature, the authors are discussing the consequences of STD on fertility. Thus, through salpingitis, STD represent the main cause of tubal sterility, distal and proximal, and ectopic pregnancies. It seems desirable to look for them in the latter and treat them with a suitable antibiotherapy. The chlamydia serology seems a good screening examination. The best prevention of STD will certainly permit to decrease the frequency of tubal sterility and ectopic pregnancies, in the years to come, limiting therefore the major public health expenses they involve.
What you and your patients need to know about safer sex.
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Role of sexual behavior in the development of pelvic inflammatory disease.
The role of sexual behavior in the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is not well understood. In general the literature is limited and flawed in the methods used to assess sexual behavior. Good evidence suggests that PID in Western society is a sexually transmitted disease. For number of partners, frequency of intercourse, time of intercourse and sexual life-style the evidence suggests that those variables have a significant role in the development of PID. It is important to assess PID in the context of all its risk factors, including sexual behavior, race, prior history of PID and IUD use.
Relation of cytohistopathology of genital herpesvirus infection to cervical anaplasia.
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Occurrence of gonococcal perihepatitis after therapeutic abortion.
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Value of re-interviewing in contact tracing.
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Nongonococcal urethritis.
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and its counterparts in women are the most common sexually transmitted disease syndromes in the United States and Western Europe. Chlamydia trachomatis causes 40 to 50 percent of the cases of NGU and is a major cause of mucopurulent cervicitis and urethral infection in women, epididymitis in young men, pelvic inflammatory disease, acute perihepatitis, and neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia. Chlamydial infection also has been linked with Reiter's syndrome, infertility, cervical dysplasia, stillbirth, postpartum endometritis, and other syndromes. Tetracycline HCl is the treatment of choice for NGU and related syndromes, and for the sexual partners of infected patients.
Risk factors for HIV transmission in Asia and the Pacific.
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Preparations for AIDS vaccine evaluations. Rate of new HIV infection in a cohort of women of childbearing age in Malawi.
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Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria coexisting with cold agglutinins in a patient with syphilis resulting in peripheral gangrene: a case report.
Cold-reactive antibodies may cause peripheral ischaemia, occasionally proceeding to gangrene on exposure to cold. A 46-year-old male with syphilis, presented with an unusual combination of both paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria and cold agglutinin disease, resulting in peripheral gangrene and requiring bilateral below knee amputations.
AIDS and human sexuality.
The sexual behaviours placing an individual at risk for HIV infection are those also placing him/her at risk for gonorrhoea, syphilis, hepatitis B, chlamydia and unplanned pregnancy. This article proposes that approaches to HIV prevention must be included within a broad context of human sexuality. To address disease prevention in the absence of including people's relationships, social, behavioural and emotional needs is futile. Compartmentalization, denial of risk by various populations, and societal barriers are all factors to be overcome in the fight against HIV transmission. Specific strategies involved in a comprehensive approach are outlined under the categories of predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors contributing to healthy sexual behaviour.
The diaphragm: barrier contraception has a new social role.
Using a diaphragm as a barrier contraceptive has received little attention in recent literature. A discussion of the role of the diaphragm to prevent pregnancy, as well as sexually transmitted diseases, is presented. A procedure for properly fitting the diaphragm is described. To ensure compliance, a review of a plan for education and practice by users is outlined.
Condoms. Barriers to bad news.
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Social marketing sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevention: a consumer-centered approach to achieving behaviour change.
This paper proposes that international sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV prevention efforts might be enhanced by the application of social marketing principles. It first outlines the conceptual basis of social marketing approaches to health behaviour change generally and then explores key issues and opportunities for using these principles to improve current STD/HIV prevention efforts.
Surfactant protein D is present in the human female reproductive tract and inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a lung collectin involved in innate host defence mechanisms in the lung. SP-D is also expressed at other mucosal sites throughout the human body. In the present study, we show that SP-D mRNA and protein are expressed in the human female reproductive tract. SP-D protein was localized in the apical portion of the reproductive epithelial cells. We also demonstrate that endometrial and endocervical cell lines and primary endocervical cells in culture produce SP-D mRNA and protein. Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular pathogen that infects the female reproductive tract, primarily the cervix, and is responsible for the most prevalent infectious disease in the USA. Untreated chlamydial infections of the female reproductive tract often result in sterility of the infected woman. Since SP-D protein is produced in cervical glands, we examined the effect of SP-D on chlamydial infection of cervical epithelial cells in vitro. We found that SP-D protein inhibits the infection of HeLa cells (an endocervical epithelial cell line) by C. trachomatis in a dose-dependent manner. We further demonstrate that the SP-D lectin-binding domain is involved in inhibiting infection of HeLa cells by Chlamydia. In conclusion, we detected SP-D in the female reproductive tract and determined that one of the functions of the SP-D protein may be to protect cervical epithelial cells from infection by C. trachomatis.
Lesions in the reproductive tract of boars experimentally infected with porcine rubulavirus.
"Blue eye" disease of pigs in Mexico is caused by porcine rubulavirus and characterized by infertility in sows and boars, nervous signs in young pigs, and corneal opacity in pigs of all ages. The pathogenesis of reproductive tract lesions in rubulavirus-infected boars has not previously been investigated. In a first experiment, four 9-month-old boars were inoculated with porcine rubulavirus and killed 5, 15, 30 or 45 days post-inoculation (pi). In a second experiment, four similar boars were inoculated with the same virus and two animals were killed on each of days 70 and 80 pi. Swelling of the head of the epididymis developed in all inoculated boars at approximately day 15 pi. Reduced spermatozoan motility and concentration were detected in semen samples collected from one boar from day 21 pi. At post-mortem examination, nodules were seen in the head of the epididymis of the boars killed 15, 30 or 45 days pi and the right testis of the pig killed 30 days pi was atrophic. Corresponding histopathological epididymal alterations included formation of spermatic granulomas and vacuolar degeneration of ductular epithelium. These lesions were associated with mononuclear cell infiltration and interstitial fibroplasia. Degeneration of seminiferous tubules and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration were seen in the atrophic testis of the pig killed 30 days pi. There was fibrosis of the head of the epididymis in all boars killed 70 or 80 days pi and one of these animals also had right testicular atrophy associated with degeneration of seminiferous tubules, lymphocytic infiltration and giant cell formation. Porcine rubulavirus antigen was detected by immunofluorescence labelling in the head of the epididymis of the pigs killed 15, 30 or 45 days pi and in one animal killed on day 70 pi. These results indicate that porcine rubulavirus can cause severe epididymo-orchitis and reduced semen quality in sexually mature boars.
Infection of the male reproductive tract.
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