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Adolescent reputation enhancement: differentiating delinquent, nondelinquent, and at-risk youths.
This research reports the findings of two studies conducted to measure and then investigate differences between delinquent, nondelinquent, and at-risk youths' orientations towards reputation enhancement. In the first study, concerning item selection and scale development, the factor structure and content validity of a potential Reputation Enhancement Scale were tested by examining the item responses of the scale completed by 230 high-school students. In the second study, the scale was validated by comparing the item responses of 80 delinquent, 90 at-risk, and 90 nondelinquent adolescents with the responses of the original students. The instrument was found to be reliable (alphas from .64 to .92), indicating that the factors are dependable across different samples, and the coefficients of congruence were sufficiently high to investigate meaningful group differences. Three second-order factors (Conforming Reputation, Nonconforming Reputation, Self-presentation) were derived from the 15 first-order factors. Although multivariate analyses revealed significant differences between the reputational orientations of delinquent, at-risk, and nondelinquent participants, the self-presentation second-order factor did not differentiate the three groups.
[The reduction of the HIV vulnerability of women involved in the sex business in Ukraine through social mobilization and the creation of self-support networks].
The importance of making plans on projects and measures, aimed at the prevention of HIV infection and the social development of female sex workers (FSW) with due regard to observing the principles of human rights protection, is discussed. The materials and resolutions of the First International Conference "Social Development of HIV-Vulnerable Groups of Population", held of Kiev on December 26, 1998, are presented. The conference was attended by representatives of state and public organizations, specialists on the organization of the prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among FSW, lawyers, physicians and representatives of the HIV-vulnerable target group (FSW) from 7 Ukrainian cities and from Belarus. All these activities contributed to the implementation of the Project "FSW Network Initiative with NGOs" in 11 Ukrainian cities, starting from September 1999, with the support of UNAIDS. The possibility of the mobilization of FSW for organizing self-support groups with a view to protect their rights and to take themselves measures for HIV/AIDS prevention among FSW is shown.
[Physical negligence and subsequent exitus of infants (author's transl)].
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[Adolescents living on their own--social control and health related behavior].
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Social control is an important dimension in the interaction between members of social groups. Such control may contribute to adherence to group norms and prevent health related risk behaviour. Adolescents moving out from home to live on their own may become left to themselves and lose their social network and mechanisms of control. We wanted to examine to what extent high school students living in lodgings were different from students living at home concerning health and health related behaviour. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was based on data from a cross sectional inquiry among 828 high school students (91% of all students) in Førde carried out in 1997. One in four students lived alone in bedsitters. Bivariate analyses were performed separately for the two age groups 15-17 and over 18 years of age. Students living on their own were compared with students living at home concerning self-reported health and health behaviour. Multivariate analyses were performed to control for confounding. RESULTS: Students living in bedsitters more often reported health risk behaviour than their home-living peers. The differences was most conspicuous in the youngest age group. Differences were found for cigarette smoking, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, and age of sexual debut. Health-risk behaviour was most prevalent among students in vocational courses living alone. Self-reported health and emotional wellbeing were as good among students living alone as it was among their home-living peers. CONCLUSION: Reduction of social control among students living alone in lodgings seem correlated with increased health risk behaviour. Students in vocational courses may be at particular risk. Social planning of education should consider the need to belong and the need for new social networks among students leaving home to continue their education.
The influence of school environment and self-regulation on transitions between stages of cigarette smoking: a multilevel analysis.
In this research, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to address how school context influences the likelihood of transitioning between stages of cigarette smoking as well as modifies the individual-level risk factor of self-regulation. Survey data were collected from 25,186 middle and high school students attending 38 public schools in Kentucky. Results show that students are less likely to increase use in schools with higher levels of teacher discipline and faculty involvement. The analyses of the multi-level interactions between self-regulation and school context reveal that students possessing low emotional regulation are more likely to initiate experimental smoking in schools with poor levels of discipline and involvement than similar types of students in schools with higher levels of these characteristics. This study illustrates how psychological risk factors for substance use may vary across social environments.
The norm of self-interest and its effects on social action.
Four studies investigated whether people feel inhibited from engaging in social action incongruent with their apparent self-interest. Participants in Study 1 predicted that they would be evaluated negatively were they to take action on behalf of a cause in which they had no stake or in which they had a stake but held stake-incongruent attitudes. Participants in Study 2 reported both surprise and anger when a target person took action on behalf of a cause in which he or she had no stake or in which he or she held stake-incongruent attitudes. In Study 3, individuals felt more comfortable engaging in social action and expected others to respond more favorably toward their actions if the issue was described as more relevant to their own sex than to the opposite sex. In Study 4, the authors found that providing nonvested individuals with psychological standing rendered them as likely as vested individuals to undertake social action. The authors discuss the implications of these results for the relationship between vested interest, social action, and attitude-behavior consistency.
Parental manipulation of the behavior of normal and deviant children.
The present study examined the ability of parents to bias home-observation data by influencing their child's behavior in socially desirable and undesirable directions. Parents of 12 deviant and 12 non-deviant boys, aged 4-8, were given the response set to present their child as "good", "bad", and usual (normal) during 6 45-minute observations of family interaction. Deviant and non-deviant children showed significantly more deviant behavior under the bad condition as compared with normal, whereas their good and normal conditions did not differ. Parent positive and negative behaviors were related to changes in child deviant behavior for the deviant sample; parent positive and commanding behaviors were related to changes in child deviant behavior for the nondeviant sample. Parent self-report of behavior change was generally consistent with the observation data. The results suggested implications for naturalistic observations of families and for child behavior change interventions.
Prolegomena to any future code of ethics for bioethics.
If bioethicists, qua bioethicists, restrict themselves to the humble but honorable task of education and delimit their authority accordingly, they will be on solid ethical ground. Moreover, by adopting and professing this role, bioethicists should ensure that they will continue to be held in high regard by those who, suspicious of partisans and advocates, will turn to them for help, not for certainties and answers, to be sure, and certainly not for moral authority, but rather for a measure of clarity and distinctness in an increasingly complex world. What the bioethicist is rightfully authorized to do or say speaking-as-a-bioethicist is valuable enough and can make a difference.
The American Heart Association and community cardiovascular health: an ethical comment. Report of the Committee on Ethics of the American Heart Association.
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Round two: Mosher appeals case again.
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Legal medicine: the ombudsman of medical ethics.
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Panel meets to consider bill of rights for patients.
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Presidential panel sees no need for a law on patient's rights.
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British cast spotlight on misconduct in scientific research.
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