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PubMed2004

Obesity in byzantine and in modern era from a public health perspective.

Obesity is one of today's most serious and amplified public health problems. Surprisingly, obesity constituted a health problem through the Byzantine Empire (3rd to 15th century AD) as well; the extent of the problem was then very much alike to that one seen in modem industrialized and developing countries of today. In this report we perform an historical throwback in Byzantine years in order to explore the link regarding the aspects of obesity in these years and in modem era.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Interventions related to patient teaching.

This study validated 13 nursing interventions related to patient teaching. Four of the labels address the process of patient teaching, whereas the other nine concern content specific to teaching efforts. With the help of 46 master's-prepared nurses from across the country, critical (major) and supporting (minor) activities for each label were identified. This study is one of many steps toward the construction of a taxonomy of nursing interventions focused on direct care treatments that nurses perform on behalf of patients. The ultimate goal is to provide nurses with a standardized language that can be used to document their unique role in providing quality patient care and provide an appropriate avenue for reimbursement of nursing services.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

An ontological framework for the implementation of clinical guidelines in health care organizations.

The paper presents the outlines of an ontology of plans and guidelines, which is then used as the basis for a framework for implementing guideline-based systems for the management of workflow in health care organizations. The framework has a number of special features, above all in that it enables us to represent in formal terms assignments of work-items both to individuals and to teams and to tailor guideline to specific contexts of application in health care organizations. It is designed also to enable implementations to do justice to the fact that the processes carried out in health care organizations may deviate in different ways from the norms set forth in corresponding guideline definitions. This means that implementations built in conformity with the framework will be marked by a type of flexibility that might make them more likely to be accepted by healthcare professionals than are standard guideline-based management systems.

Medical Informatics↗
PubMed2005

Users' guide to the surgical literature. Case-control studies in surgical journals.

INTRODUCTION: Some articles in surgical journals identify themselves as case-control studies, but their methods differ substantially from conventional epidemiologic case-control study (ECC) designs. Most of these studies appear instead to be retrospective cohort studies or comparisons of case series. METHODS: We identified all self-identified "case-control" studies published between 1995 and 2000 in 6 surgical journals, to determine the proportion that were true ECCs and to identify study characteristics associated with being true ECCs. RESULTS: Only 19 out of 55 articles (35%) described true ECCs. More likely to be ECCs were those articles that reported "odds ratios" (ORs) (the OR for being an ECC if a study reported "ORs" compared with those reporting no "ORs" 15.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8-82.6) and whose methods included logistic regression analysis (OR 3.6, CI 1.0-12.9). Studies that focused on the evaluation of a surgical procedure were less likely to be ECCs (OR 0.2, CI 0.1-0.7) than other types of studies, such as those focusing on risk factors for disease. CONCLUSIONS: The term "case-control study" is frequently misused in the surgical literature.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1992

Types of bioequivalence and related statistical considerations.

Approval of a generic alternative to an existing formulation carries the implication that the two formulations are "equivalent". However, there are many notions of equivalent. Current practice in bioequivalence studies defines equivalence solely in terms of average (or median) measures of bioavailability. Current methods for this average bioequivalence approach are commonly based on the two one-sided tests principle. Average bioequivalence is the special case of population bioequivalence, where the entire distribution of bioavailabilities is considered. Statistical approaches for population bioequivalence are suggested. Population bioequivalence is an improvement over average bioequivalence, because average bioequivalence does not consider the variabilities of the formulations. However, population bioequivalence is still not sufficient to ensure that an individual will respond similarly to the two formulations; that requires individual bioequivalence. Again, statistical approaches are suggested, one of which, a tolerance interval approach, appears to directly address the clinical question of switchability of formulations. We conclude that population bioequivalence is sufficient for marketing approval, but that individual bioequivalence is necessary for switchability.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2005

HIPAA: a few years later.

This article addresses the impact of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) several years after implementation. The rationale for HIPAA and a clarification of key terms, including covered entities, personal health information, and designated record sets, is reviewed. The impact of HIPAA at work, including increased cost and the complexities of educating employees and patients is assessed. Implications for homeland security, disaster planning, unique patient identifiers, the compilation of personal health records, and research are discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

[Presentation of statistical analysis in the Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association].

The present paper describes guidelines for the presentation of statistical analysis in manuscripts submitted to the Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association, in order to ensure a reasonable standard of statistic presentation in the journal. The paper is a supplement to the guidelines for authors in the journal and should not be used as replacement for statistics manuals.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMed2006

[A linguistic analysis of Norwegian medical discourse].

BACKGROUND: Recent studies show that the traditional conception of academic writing practices as neutral and deprived of personal elements needs to be revised. The KIAP project investigates whether there is such a thing as cultural identity in academic prose and to what extent it may be related to discipline or language. The genre "research article" is analysed with respect to specific linguistic devises which may indicate similarities and differences between articles written in different languages (English, French, Norwegian) and within different disciplines (economics, linguistics, medicine). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The material consists of an electronic corpus containing 450 refereed articles taken from recognised journals. The methods used are both quantitative and qualitative. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: The results confirm the main hypothesis that discipline is more important than language for the explanation of similarities and differences between the nine sub-corpora. Medical articles in all languages are characterised by relatively few occurrences of first person pronouns, indefinite pronouns, meta-textual elements, negations and concessive constructions; on the other hand, medical articles have the highest frequency as regards bibliographical references. These observations may to some extent be explained by different academic traditions, different objects of study and different methods. Norwegian medical articles contain relatively more occurrences of the studied linguistic phenomena than the English and French articles.

Communication↗
PubMed2006

[Abecedary of the "Annales". Part 10].

The terms included and detailed in the present part are: Kaplan-Meier estimate, prospective study, retrospective study, cross-sectional study.

Periodicals as Topic↗
PubMed2005

[Abecedary of the "Annales". Part 1].

The terms included and detailed in the present part are: protocol, alpha risk, (standardised) effect size, intention to treat analysis, linear multiple and logistic regressions, and sensitivity analysis.

Statistics as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Development of a subject search filter to find information relevant to palliative care in the general medical literature.

PURPOSE: The research developed and validated palliative care search filters for use in the general biomedical literature. METHODS: Four general medical journals were hand-searched to identify articles relevant to palliative care, forming a "gold standard" reference set. Searches comprising Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and text-words were created for use in Ovid MEDLINE, and retrieved references were compared to the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision rates were calculated. RESULTS: By hand-searching 20,501 articles published in the 4 journals during the 3-year study period (1999-2001), reviewers identified 773 items relevant to palliative care (3.8%). A master search combining 9 MeSH descriptors with 3 text-words achieved 45.4% sensitivity, 99.3% specificity, 73% precision, and 97.3% accuracy. Efforts to increase the sensitivity by modifying 3 relevant published but unvalidated searches did not improve the yield, except in 1 case which resulted in an improved sensitivity of 56.9% but was offset by reduced specificity (92.1%), precision (22%), and accuracy (90.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed that literature relevant to palliative care is difficult to identify in general medical journals. While the filter developed in this research represents the best trade-off between sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision, the sensitivity is unacceptably low. Further research, such as frequency analysis of text-words and MeSH terms, is required to increase the sensitivity of searching in this subset of the literature.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

[Alienation and adaptation in English translation of traditional Chinese medicinal literature].

Alienation and adaptation are two of the principles and methods in translation, each possessing their own values. Alienation should be applied in translating linguistic content in order to transfer the imbedded cultural messages trustfully; while the principle of adaptation should be followed in linguistic structure translation due to the different thinking patterns between Chinese and English which results in a great linguistic structure difference. Therefore, the translator must express the original meaning trustfully, on the other hand, to make the Chinese version more smooth, linguistic structure should be transformed to conform to the thinking habit of the readers. In brief,alienation and adaptation should complement each other in translation to make it a bridge connecting the different cultures.

Medicine, Chinese Traditional↗
PubMed2006

[Criticism of "English translation of common terms in Chinese medicine"].

This paper offers criticism of "English Translation of Common Terms in Chinese Medicine" (2004) by Professor XIE Zhu-fan. Criticisms of specific term choices are listed under the following headings: (1)Poor Term Choices;(2) Poor Grammar and Style; (3) One Term with Multiple Translations (Inconsistency); (4) Multiple Terms with one Translation; (5) Overuse of Pinyin; (6) Overuse of Modern Medical Terms.

Medicine, Chinese Traditional↗