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PubMedDate not supplied

White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari, Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) diet and fruit availability in a Costa Rican rain forest.

We studied fruit availability, diet and habitat use by white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Corcovado National Park, southwest Costa Rica, from July 1996 to April 1997. The results show that the availability of important fruits for the white-lipped peccary differs between habitats and climatic seasons. Fruit availability was highest in the primary forest than secondary and coastal forest. There was a period of shortage of fruits to ends of the wet season, during which the consumption of not seasonal resources like leaves and shafts increased. The important fruits during this period of shortage were Ficus sp and Licania operculipetala. The several types of forest were used according to the fruit availability, and it was a direct relation between the consumption and the fruit availability.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

[Characteristics of available P in the rhizosphere soil in pure Juglans mandshurica and Larix gmelinii and their mixed plantation].

The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were sampled in the pure and mixed plantations of Juglans mandshurica and Larix gmelinii by peeling the adhering soil of the roots, and the available P content were analyzed. The results showed that the available P content in the rhizosphere soil in the pure Larix gmelinii was 55.8% higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil, while the available P content in the pure Juglans mandshurica was higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil by 10.1%. The roots of Larix gmelinii had important effect on mobilizing P in the rhizosphere soil. The available P content in rhizosphere soil of Juglans mandshurica in the mixed plantation was higher than that in the pure plantation by 45.2% due to the effects of the roots of Larix gmelinii. The mechanism by which the available P content in the rhizosphere soil of Larix gmelinii was much higher was elucidated by means of P absorption, P desorption, and inorganic P gradation.

Juglans↗

PubMed2003

[Change of available pool of heavy metals in paddy soils under human land use impacts from the Taihu Lake region, Jiangsu Province, China].

A number of representative farms under various human land uses were selected through a general survey in the Taihu Lake region, Jiangsu Province, China. The land uses covered vicinity of smelt industry and township industry, long history of high-yielding performance, long term fertilization treatments. Top layers of the paddy soils were sampled for analysis of available pool of heavy metals. A prevalent trend of increasing availability was observed of heavy metals by a degree of 30% up to 200% in the soils under these human impacts as compared with that under relative conserved conditions. This increasing trend was most remarkably exhibited in the top sub-layer of the paddy soils. The highest rise of the available pool largest was found in those under smelt industry impact and under long term chemical fertilization alone. The result showed that available pool of surface soil Cu and Pb under these impacts were 7.96-2.15 mg.kg-1, 24.7-3.47 mg.kg-1 and 8.34-4.42 mg.kg-1, 9.01-4.95 mg.kg-1 respectively. The dramatic rise of the availability with the increasing trend of the total (as previously reported) might stand for contemporary soil environmental quality and, thus, require severe concerns for agriculture and food security in this rapidly developing region.

Crops, Agricultural↗

PubMed2002

[Health care reform in progress. Noticeable improvement in availability of consultation in primary health care].

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to check whether after 3-year functioning of reformed health care the improvement of services in primary health care availability could be asserted. Method of the study was a comparison of standardized index of consultations realized in the primary health care. The study was realized in 1998 (before the reform) and in years 1999-2001 (after changes). Materials were also results of study of social opinion in 1997 and results of questionnaire study of patient satisfaction in 2000 and 2001. The period of the study of attendance was 3 years (from 1st March 1999 to 28th February 2002). As a result of analyses explicit increase in adequate standardized consultations index in the primary health care was ascertained. The increase in this index was (in the primary health care) from 2.96 before the reform to 6.1 in family practice (FP) and 3.62 in regional clinic (the first year of the study). High level of index consultations in FP showed a downward tendency and in the third year of the study was 5.55. Results obtained in questionnaire study of patients' satisfaction in FP showed significant improvement in opinion about consultations availability. The increase of 69.09 points in effective graduation was noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvement of consultations availability in the primary health care was noticed. The improvement of services availability in the primary health care is especially explicit in location, where general practice is a part of non-public sector and where before 1999 opinions about bad availability were significant.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

An evaluation of nine probiotics available in South Africa, August 2003.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although probiotics are not new, 5 new commercially available products have been launched onto the South African market in the last 2 years. Evaluations of products in the USA and Europe shown poor correlation between label claims and actual contents. We undertook an evaluation of 9 products currently available on the shelves in South Africa. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: An independent laboratory was used. A culture method involving serial dilutions on selective media was used to obtain a colony count per gram for indicated organisma. A non-culture method, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), was used to determined the organisms present in the products. RESULTS: Disturbingly, we found a relatively poor correlation between the advertised and determined bacterial content. Only 3 of the 9 products tested contained the bacteria indicated on the label and 5 products contained sufficient bacteria for a probiotic effect. The Enterococcus faecium, a potential pathogen and Saccharomyces cerevisiae found in 2 of the products are of concern. CONCLUSION: This evaluation confirms that the contents of several probiotics available in South Africa do not correspond to the label claims. This is of concern as clinical efficacy is dependent on strain specificity and organism numbers. Current regulatory requirements do not address this discrepancy. As such, we recommend that commercially available probiotic products be screened annually and the results of such quality control measures be made available to the Medicines Control Council (MCC).

Bacillus↗

PubMed2004

[Effects of soil available silicon on growth, development and physiological functions of soybean].

Soybean plants were planted in pots to investigate the effects of soil available silicon on their growth, development and physiological functions. When the content of soil available silicon was 55.1-202.8 mg.kg-1, the protease and lipase activities of germinating seed were increased with increasing soil available silicon content, amylase activity had no obvious change, and the respiration rate of seedlings was accelerated. The bioactivity of seed was increased, but the germination rate had no significant change. The photosynthesis rate, root activity, and nitrate reductase activity of soybean seedlings were enhanced, but the chlorophyll content in leaves had no significant change during seedling growth. The transpiration rate was decreased, while the water utilization efficiency and leaf water content were increased, and the capacity of drought-resistance was promoted. When the available silicon content was > 202.8 mg.kg-1, the abovementioned physiological functions had no significant changes. There was a positively linear relationship between the silicon content in soybean seedlings and the available silicon content in soil (r = 0.994). It could be concluded that the silicon absorbed from soil improved the physiological functions of soybean germinating seed and seedlings. As a result, the seed germination and seedlings growth rate were enhanced.

Germination↗

PubMed2003

Relationships between necrotic cactus availability and population size in a cactophilic Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) located on a sandstone table hill in Brazil.

Drosophila gouveai is a cactophilic species endemic to South America. In southeast Brazil it is found on summits of isolated hills, which apparently are current refugia resulting from climatic changes during the Quaternary Period. It breeds only in necrotic cactus cladodes of Pilosocereus machrisii. Temporal differences in necrotic cactus availability could have a great impact upon D. gouveai population size, and could thus influence its evolutionary history. We analyzed the relationship between necrotic cactus availability and population size of D. gouveai. The fluctuation in the population size, variation in necrotic cactus availability and exploitation of this resource by larvae were surveyed bimonthly for one year on a sandstone table hill in central-south Brazil. Temporal necrotic cactus availability did not vary significantly, though in June there was a moderate decrease Larval populations were highest in October and December. The D. gouveai population size was highest in February and remained relatively stable the rest of the year. The observed fluctuation in population size was not a function of temporal necrotic cactus availability in quantitative terms.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical comparison of the anticalculus efficacy of three commercially available dentifrices.

A three-month, double-blind, parallel and unsupervised clinical study was conducted to compare the effects on supragingival calculus formation of the following four dentifrices: 1) A placebo dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base. 2) A commercially available anticalculus dentifrice containing 5.0% soluble pyrophosphate in a 0.243% sodium fluoride silica base. 3) A commercially available anticalculus dentifrice containing 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.5% of a Gantrez copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride silica base. 4) A commercially available anticalculus dentifrice containing 3.3% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.0% of a Gantrez copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride silica base. The three-month results indicated that the three commercially available anticalculus dentifrices provided statistically significant reductions (at the 99% level of confidence) in supragingival calculus formation of 43.87%, 46.60%, and 51.32% respectively, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. There was no statistically significant difference among the three commercially available anticalculus dentifrices.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

In vitro availability of metformin in presence of h(2) receptor antagonists.

Metformin is a guanidine derivative used for the treatment of NIDDM. As it is used for a long-term therapy, it may be coadministered with other drugs. Present paper deals with the in vitro availability studies of metformin in presence of commonly used H(2) receptor antagonists. The later drugs compete with histamine for H(2) receptors and block gastric acid secretion and some cardiovascular effects of histamine. These studies were carried out in simulated gastric juices, simulating empty and full stomach, simulated intestinal juice and buffers of pH 7.4 simulating blood pH at 37 degrees C on a B.P. 2003 dissolution test apparatus. Commonly prescribed H(2) receptor antagonists like cimetidine, ranitidine and famotidine were used in these studies. The present study clearly indicated that availability of metformin can be altered in presence of most of the H(2) receptor antagonists studied except in presence of famotidine at pH 4 where the drug concentration remains unaltered. The availability of metformin was increased in simulated gastric juice, pH 7.4 and pH 9 (except ranitidine at pH 9) whereas the decrease in availability was observed in presence of cimetidine and ranitidine at pH 4 and ranitidine at pH 9. On the basis of these results, it is can be suggested that metformin should be coadministered with care along with H(2) receptor antagonists especially in case of ranitidine; although chances of adverse reactions are rare but decrease availability of metformin may result in delayed effect. On the other hand, increase in metformin concentration may result in hypoglycemic effects.

Cimetidine↗

PubMed2006

[Antidotes availability in Emergency Departments of the Italian National Health System and development of a national data-bank on antidotes].

The availability of antidotes in Italian hospitals has been evaluated through the answers to a specific questionnaire sent to all Italian Emergency Departments, Intensive Care Units, 118 emergency response system, and Poison Centres. Five Poison Centres and, approximately, the 30% of the Emergency Departments and Intensive Care Units of all Italian emergency hospitals answered to the questionnaire. The results point out an insufficient availability of antidotes in the Italian emergency hospitals, with an almost total absence of those necessary for the treatment of less frequent and less known poisonings (e.g. digoxin, industrial agents), also when the antidote is a lifesaving drug. To improve the antidotes availability for the toxicological emergencies and to facilitate its supplying, a "national antidotes data-base" (BaNdA) has been realized, freely available to the hospital services which register themselves and make their antidotes stockpile available.

Antidotes↗

PubMed1985

Effects of maternal nutrition on the availability of energy in the body reserves of fetuses at term and in colostrum from Scottish Blackface ewes with twin lambs.

Ewes carrying twin fetuses were maintained during late pregnancy on a uniformly high plane (n = 22), a uniformly low plane (LP) (n = 24) or a low plane increasing to a high plane (n = 14) of nutrition. Seven ewes at each nutritional level were killed at 142 days of gestation and the liver and muscle glycogen and body lipid concentrations of the fetuses were determined. The rest of the ewes lambed naturally at about 145 days and the colostrum yields were obtained by hand milking after oxytocin injections during the first 18 hours after birth. The lactose, lipid and protein concentrations of colostrum were determined. Undernutrition in the LP group did not apparently affect the body concentrations of available glycogen, reduced available body lipid by about 47 per cent and reduced the lactose, lipid and protein available in colostrum during the first 18 hours by about 50 per cent. Refeeding previously underfed ewes to a high plane during the last five to 10 days of pregnancy did not improve the available reserves of glycogen or lipid in the lambs but did increase the yields of colostral constituents by about 30 per cent. The relative contributions of body reserves and colostral constituents to the maintenance of high, medium and low metabolic rates in lambs from different groups was assessed. It was concluded that under normal field conditions refeeding undernourished ewes during the last weeks of pregnancy would improve only marginally the survival potential of the lambs and that most lambs would be compelled to draw on their body glycogen reserves in order to maintain heat production during the first 18 hours after birth, even when they consumed all the available colostrum.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1984

The effect of halothane, isoflurane, and blood loss on hepatotoxicity and hepatic oxygen availability in phenobarbital-pretreated hypoxic rats.

This study evaluated the role of ventilatory and circulatory depression in anesthesia-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (181 animals) were pretreated with phenobarbital and exposed to hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.14) for 2 hr. The animals were divided into four groups: group 1 received 1% inspired halothane in the hypoxic gas mixture; group 2 received 1.4% inspired isoflurane and hypoxia; group 3 had 25-30% of their blood volume removed 2 hr before exposure to hypoxia; and group 4 served as a control with no treatment other than hypoxia. Hepatic blood flow was studied using microspheres; oxygen availability to the liver was calculated using values of hepatic blood flow and oxygen content of arterial and portal venous blood; and liver injury was quantitatively evaluated. Ventilation was depressed in rats that received halothane and, to a lesser extent, isoflurane. The lowest portal blood flow was observed in groups 1 and 3. Hepatic arterial blood flow was lowest in group 1 and highest in group 3. There was an inverse relationship between hepatic oxygen availability and severity of histologic lesions. The most severe lesions and lowest oxygen availability was associated with halothane. Hemorrhage and isoflurane were associated with less diminution of oxygen availability and less severe hepatic lesions. The least decrease in oxygen availability and the least severe histologic changes occurred in control rats subjected to hypoxia only.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A multilevel model of family planning availability and contraceptive use in rural Thailand.

This paper assesses the ways in which the availability of family planning program outlets influences the likelihood of contraceptive use in rural Thailand. It focuses on a village-level measure of actual availability of sources rather than respondent perceptions of availability. Individual-level and village-level data collected as part of the second Thailand Contraceptive Prevalence Survey are used to test three hypotheses about the effects of actual availability: that (a) availability of family planning outlets increases the likelihood of contraceptive use; (b) it enhances the effect of a desire for no more children on the likelihood of use; and (c) it weakens the positive relationship between education and the likelihood of use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

[Phenotypic and technological influences of the Lupinus mutabilis (Tarwi) seed on its methionine availability and sulfur content].

The present study was carried out to determine the content of available methionine and sulphur in seed cultivars of Lupinus mutabilis from different Andean regions, and to study the influence of processing on methionine and sulphur contents. An additional objective was to evaluate interrelationships among these chemical characteristics and protein quality, as measured by the protein efficiency ratio (PER) method. Results revealed a high variability in the content of available methionine and sulphur between the different ecotypes and varieties of Lupinus mutabilis. Fertilization with CaSO4 (200 kg/ha) did alter the content of available methionine and sulphur in Lupinus albus seeds. Traditional water-debittering of lupines did not affect the methionine content of the seeds, whereas oil-extraction and alcohol-debittering led to a decrease in available methionine (14 and 23% reduction, respectively). Production of a protein isolate further reduced the methionine content (54%). Regression analysis revealed a high correlation between available methionine and sulphur (r = 0.83), between sulphur and PER (r = 0.98) in the processed lupine samples, and lupine mixtures with other protein sources.

Fabaceae↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of infant mortality to the availability of maternity care in rural Florida.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study was designed to explore the impact of the availability of maternity care services on the infant mortality rates in nonmetropolitan (rural) counties in Florida. METHODS: We evaluated the sufficiency of physicians providing maternity care in each rural county. We then constructed a mathematical model to compare physician availability with the infant mortality rates for each county, while controlling for socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: Thirty-one family physicians and 974 obstetrician-gynecologists were delivering babies in Florida in 1991. Forty-seven counties were lacking in maternity care services; 45 of these counties had family physicians who practiced in the county but did not provide maternity care services. There was a negative correlation in rural counties between availability of maternity care services and infant mortality (R = -0.42, R2 = 0.176, P = 0.012), implying that 17.6 percent of the variation in rural Florida's infant mortality was explained by a ranking in physician availability. Multivariate analysis revealed that increasing infant death rates can be predicted by decreasing physician availability (P = 0.003). A multiplicative risk model developed for this study demonstrated that the loss of 1 family physician delivering babies would predict the increase of infant mortality by 2.3 percent, and the loss of 1 obstetrician-gynecologist increased infant mortality by 9.6 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Access to maternity care for women in rural Florida is a problem that could be hampering Florida's ability to reduce its infant mortality rate. Family physicians appear to be the most geographically distributed health care providers in Florida; therefore, strategies should be developed to recruit Florida's rural family physicians into maternity care.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1995

Medicaid free distribution programs and availability of childhood immunizations in rural practices.

BACKGROUND: The impact of a federal program that provides free childhood immunizations to private physicians for their Medicaid patients was examined. The aim of the study was to find out whether the program affected the availability of immunizations in rural and urban family physicians' practices. METHODS: A survey form about physician practice policies was sent to a stratified sample of 1,184 urban and rural family physicians in six states. States that participated in the federal free vaccine program were matched with states in the same region that did not participate in this program. RESULTS: States with no free vaccine distribution program showed a significant difference in the availability of immunizations from rural family physicians, compared with urban physicians (52% vs 87%, P < .001). However, in states with free distribution programs, no difference was found between rural and urban physicians (90% vs 94%, P = .18). In states without free distribution programs, immunization availability showed a positive and significant correlation with the size of the community where the physician practiced (Pearson correlation coefficient = .48, P < .001), whereas no correlation between community size and immunization availability existed in states with a free distribution program (Pearson correlation coefficient = .04, P = .53). CONCLUSION: Federal programs that offer free childhood immunizations to physicians for use in Medicaid populations have a dramatic effect on increasing immunization availability in rural areas.

Child↗

PubMed1996

Development of a statewide trauma system: classification of levels of care available to injured patients.

OBJECTIVE: To categorize the level of care offered in emergency settings at acute care hospitals in Kentucky. DESIGN: Survey mailed to all hospitals in the state. MEASUREMENTS/MAIN RESULTS: Hospital capabilities for both adult and pediatric patients were assessed by strict adherence to a set of preset objective requirements and by a subjective review of the resources available to the acutely injured patient, based on the responses to a mailed questionnaire. There are three level 1 and nine level 2 hospitals available to adults and two level 1 and seven level 2 hospitals available to children in Kentucky. Thirty-five counties are without an acute care hospital. Objective- and subjective-based classification were discordant in approximately 25% of hospitals. Current referral patterns reflect this categorization, but referral is most often directly to level 1 centers. CONCLUSIONS: We have established a set of criteria to categorize the level of care acutely available to injured patients in Kentucky which can be simply implemented. In developing statewide systems of care, strict adherence to preset criteria may not accurately reflect the true resources available. With the lack of a planned and organized system, current referral patterns reflect transfer of patients directly to level 1 centers, which may result in overtriage and underutilization of level 2 or level 3 hospitals.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Perception of maternal availability in childhood and selected psychosocial characteristics in adulthood.

The associations between reported perception of maternal availability in childhood and a set of psychosocial measures in adulthood were examined. Participants were 362 medical students who were divided into three groups based on their retrospective report of maternal availability before their 5th birthday: Mothers mostly available (n = 260), partly available (n = 70), and mostly unavailable (n = 32). Those with mostly unavailable mothers scored significantly higher on the intensity and chronicity of loneliness scales, reported more depression, scored lower on self-esteem, perceived themselves as less healthy, evaluated the same stressful events more negatively, and perceived both of their parents more negatively than those with mostly available mothers.

Adult↗