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PubMed1979

Classification of human placental villi. II. Morphometry.

Villi of placental tissue obtained from normal term placentae at Caesarean section were embedded in Epon. Semithin sections were subjected to morphometry. The villi were first grouped according to the modified classification proposed in the foregoing paper. The parameters examined include villous numbers, size, vascularity, volume of trophoblast and connective tissue. The measured values differ markedly from those obtained from paraffin sections. Statistically significant differences exist between the different types of villi in various parameters, providing further evidence supporting the validity of the structural classification suggested.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1979

A study of TSH-synthesis of spontaneous hypertensive rats by electron microscopic morphometry and autoradiography.

In order to compare the functional state of the anterior pituitary of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with that of nonmotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKR), the anterior pituitary was examined by morphometry and autoradiography at the level of electron microscopy. The relative number and the relative volume of thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary were significantly greater in SHR compared with age-matched WKR at 0, 7, 30-33 days and 10 months of age, while the relative number of somatotrophs in SHR was significantly smaller at 1 and 10 months of age. Electron microscope autoradiographic analysis of uptake of 3H-lysine by thyrotrophs of both strains at the age of approximately one month showed that 3H-lysine was incorporated into protein and transported finally to secretory granules which migrated to near the cell membrane to be discharged. Silver grains were significantly more numerous over the thyrotrophs of SHR than over those of WKR at 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h after the injection of 3H-lysine. The present study has ascertained morphologically than a congenital hypersynthesis of TSH by the anterior pituitary occurs in SHR.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1975

[Ultrastructural-morphometric analysis of liver biopsies in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. I. Correlations between morphometry of bile canaliculi and so-called "marker enzymes of cholestasis" (author's transl)].

Reports on correlations between the activity of so-called "marker enzymes of cholestasis" in serum and the ultrastructural changes of the liver are rare. Therefore studies of ultrastructural changes were carried out in 40 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. In the patients' serum activity of alkaline phosphatase, bile duct alkaline phosphatase, leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP), and 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nu) as well as the concentration of bilirubin were determined. The results showed a significant correlation between the morphometry of the bile canaliculi and the serum activity of LAP and 5'-Nu. In patients with elevated LAP, an enlargement of the bile canaliculi could be proved. An increased serum activity of 5'-Nu correlated with a higher incidence of bile canaliculi in the ultrastructural picture. The results suggest an investigation of the ultrastructure of bile canaliculi and the determination of marker enzymes of cholestasis in the serum may both contribute to the assessment of cholestatic liver disease.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1982

Histologic distinction between malignant mesothelioma, benign pleural lesion and carcinoma metastasis. Evaluation of the application of morphometry combined with histochemistry and immunostaining.

Thirty men and 7 women with malignant mesothelioma seen at the Free University Hospital from 1st January 1960 until 1st July 1981 were reviewed. The histological, histochemical and morphometrical findings are reported. These findings are compared with 25 cases of pleural metastatic carcinoma and 25 cases of reactive pleural lesions. Fourty-nine percent of malignant mesotheliomas produced hyaluronic acid, however all cases of pleural metastatic carcinomas failed to produce this substance. All cases of malignant mesothelioma were D-PAS negative while 15 cases of pleural metastatic carcinoma showed reactivity to D-PAS. All cases of malignant mesothelioma and 9 cases of metastases were CEA negative. To distinguish malignant mesothelioma from metastases it is advisable to perform the D-PAS staining first. If it is negative mesothelioma can be confirmed by showing hyaluronic acid activity. A positive CEA staining rules out mesothelioma. In our study it was shown that with these methods 18 of 37 mesotheliomas could be identified with certainty, and 22 of the 25 carcinoma metastases. Morphometrically the malignant mesotheliomas could not be distinguished from the metastases, however the reactive pleural lesions had smaller nuclei than the malignant cells with mean values below 30 mu2. In the malignant cases these values had a range from 36 to 101 mu2. In distinguishing between reactive pleural lesions and malignant mesothelioma the production of hyaluronic acid points to the malignant character of the lesion. Thus histochemistry and immunostaining are important in the distinction of malignant mesothelioma from metastases, while the value of morphometry lies mainly in the seperation of reactive lesions from malignant mesothelioma.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Quantification of nephrotoxicity in rabbits by automated morphometry of alkaline phosphatase stained kidney sections.

Male and female rabbits were injected intravenously with a single dose of either cefroxadine or cefsulodin or cephaloridine. Quantitative determinations of the activity of two brush border membrane enzymes, aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, were made in homogenates of cortical kidney tissue, in the urine and morphometrically in proximal tubules of cryostat sections. Morphometry was done by classification and enumeration of proximal tubule sections with the same level of enzyme reaction product using a microscopic television analysis system. By comparison with the control values, no changes were detectable 24 h after the injection of up to 1.2 g cefroxadine or cefsulodin per kg body weight. By contrast, after 300 mg/kg cephaloridine, the concentrations of the two enzymes were decreased in a large number of proximal tubules, i.e. the brush border membranes, and concomitantly cell degeneration and necrosis took place. Alkaline phosphatase activity in sections and tissue homogenates was reduced to a greater extent than aminopeptidase activity. A corresponding, significant increase in enzymic activity in the urine was only demonstrable in respect of aminopeptidase. The classification of proximal tubules in sections by television analysis on the basis of alkaline phosphatase reaction product concentration appears to be a reliable measure for detecting and quantifying toxic effects on proximal tubules of kidney.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1986

The effects of cisplatin on rat spinal ganglia: a study by light and electron microscopy and by morphometry.

Cisplatin given in doses of 0.5-2 mg to Wistar and to Sprague-Dawley rats produced nucleolar segregation of the dense fibrillar from the granular component in spinal root ganglion cells. The nucleolar segregation, found to the same extent in large and small neurons, was confirmed by specific silver staining and by electron microscopy. After repeated doses of 1 mg or 0.5 mg, up to 40% of affected nucleoli were observed by light microscopy. Focal clearing of the nucleoplasm of nuclei also occurred. Disorganisation of ribosomes was found in more severely intoxicated animals, especially in large light cells with shrinkage of the Nissl substance and apparent increase in neurofilaments, the latter occasionally distending the initial segment of the axon, but never extending further. Hypertrophy of the satellite cells with increase in the perineuronal intercellular spaces, often associated with irregular, scalloped nuclear and cell outlines, suggested that neuron shrinkage had occurred. This was confirmed by morphometry and marked alterations were found in nucleolar-to-nuclear and nucleolar-to-cell diameter ratios, nuclear and cell diameters were also somewhat reduced without change in the nucleus-to-cell ratios. Peripheral sensory nerve degeneration was not seen, and the animals died from non-neural causes. The probable role of these events in the production of sensory neuropathy is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Incidental prostatic carcinoma: morphometry correlated with histological grade.

The histological grades of prostatic carcinoma, as defined by Gleason, were correlated with three methods of morphometry in 254 step-sectioned prostates obtained at autopsy. The variables studied were 1) the number of tumours in each prostate; 2) bilaterality and 3) tumour volume. Each characteristic yielded a statistically significant correlation with histological grade. The strongest correlations were obtained using tumour volume. These autopsy studied help to explain the inconsistent results obtained from morphometric analyses of surgical material, and lend support to the Gleason system as a means of predicting tumour behavior.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Practical guide for morphometry of human peroxisomes on electron micrographs.

Morphometry of peroxisomes is performed on electron micrographs of ultrathin sections after staining for catalase activity with diaminobenzidine; specific peroxisomal labelling is preferred to guarantee recognition. Peroxisomal number, size, axial ratio and volume parameters are determined and compared to control values. Results from 19 patients with loss of peroxisomal functions are listed. In many patients alterations in peroxisomal morphometric features are found. A brief guideline for interpreting morphometric data is included. Diagnostically relevant morphometric alterations are summarized.

Humans↗

PubMed1987

Analysis of pancreatic islet cells and hormone content in the spontaneously diabetic KKAy mouse by morphometry, immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay.

The splenic pancreas of 165 day old diabetic KKAy and age-matched nondiabetic C57BL/6 mice was examined by morphometry and immunocytochemistry at the light microscopic level and by radioimmunoassay to evaluate the morphology, surface area, endocrine cell composition and hormone content of the pancreatic islets. The insulin cells of the diabetic mice were severely degranulated and many of the glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells were displaced from the mantle to the core of the islet tissue where the non-insulin cells appeared to lose their continuity. The topography of some of the islets of KKAy mice was further deranged by acinar cells among the endocrine tissue. Morphometric analysis revealed that the surface area of the islets of KKAy mice was significantly expanded in comparison with that of C57BL/6 mice. The volume and numerical percents of the insulin cells were significantly increased whereas those of the glucagon and somatostatin cells were decreased in the KKAy mice. Since only the mean absolute number of insulin cells was elevated in the diabetic mice, the alteration in the relative proportions of the non-insulin cells and hypertrophy of the islets seemed to be a manifestation of insulin cell hyperplasia. Pancreatic insulin and somatostatin contents were markedly diminished in the islets of KKAy compared with those of C57BL/6 mice. These results demonstrate that the microscopic anatomy, endocrine cell populations and hormone content of the pancreatic islets are deranged in the KKAy mouse with severe hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Morphometry of the intestine of the pig. II. Circumsection response to feeding schedules.

Weight measurement of the gastrointestinal organs (GIT) and morphometric measurements of circumsections of the small intestine (SI) have demonstrated profound responses to the level of dietary intake. The average response of pigs (all the same live body weight) gaining weight at a moderate rate (treatment LH) relative to pigs losing weight (HL) were as follows (+ denotes increase): GIT weight, +71.5%; SI weight, +84.8%; tissue fraction of SI mucosa, +16.0%; index of quantity of mucosa per SI circumsection, +64.7%; estimate of the mass of mucosa in the whole SI organ, +108%. Although the composition of circumsections from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum differed substantially and significantly, the effects of treatments were similar at each site. Of the 542-g response (LH vs HL) of the small intestine, estimates calculated from circumsection morphometry data indicate that 55 g, 11 g, and 476 g were from muscle, matrix, and mucosa, respectively. Changes in the size of the circumsection were much greater than changes in composition. The shift in the quantity of mucosa in the circumsection was about fourfold greater than would have been predicted from the tissue fraction of mucosa. The relationship between the morphometric responses and biochemical functions of the mucosa are important to understand digestive-absorptive capacities and nutrient requirements during and immediately after a major shift in food intake.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1995

Morphology, immunohistochemistry and morphometry of the thyroid gland in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

The thyroid glands of 107 SIDS victims (sudden infant death syndrome) have been studied. Controls consisted of 20 thyroid glands from infants who died of other causes (accidents, pneumonia etc.). The thyroid glands were investigated histologically, immunohistologically and morphometrically. Immunohistochemistry (S-100 protein and calcitonin) and morphometry showed no significant results. Histologically, hyperemia (severe: 34 cases = 31.8%; mild: 23 cases = 21.5%), and fibrosis (45 cases = 42.1%; mild: 26 cases = 24.3%) were found. A large number of cases showed depleted follicles (87 cases = 81.3%), little colloid (little: 37 cases = 34.6%; none: 9 cases = 8.4%) and desquamation (severe: 21 cases = 19.6%; abundant: 20 cases = 18.7%). Only fibrosis and depleted follicles were found more often in SIDS than in the controls (conditional logistic regression: rise of incidence for SIDS 2.9 times, P = 0.028, and 1.2 times, P = 0.051, respectively), a commoner occurrence of hyperemia in SIDS was of limited significance (P = 0.105). The alterations found can be taken as stress reactions to current or recurrent hypoxemia and the mild fibrosis indicates recurrent hypoxemia. All alterations indicate that the victims had previously suffered near death episodes. Even though the glands were handled with care, artefacts and autolysis must be taken into consideration. Neither the histological, immunohistological nor morphometrical studies of the thyroid gland gave an explanation as to the cause of death or showed any changes providing explicit help in diagnosing SIDS.

Calcitonin↗

PubMed1993

Widening of capillary neck and alteration of extracellular matrix ultrastructure in diabetic rat glomerulus as revealed by computer morphometry and improved tissue processing.

Morphological and morphometric studies of glomeruli were carried out in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using improved tissue processing and computerized morphometry. Increased mesangial matrix, occupying the enlarged diabetic mesangium, contained an abundance of dark granular material in addition to the microfibrils which were usually found in the control glomeruli. In the diabetic glomeruli, the lamina densa was thick and heterogeneous showing a dense layer both on its epithelial and endothelial aspects, and the lamina rara externa contained more fibrils than in control rats. Detailed estimation of the absolute values of the various compartments of the diabetic glomeruli by using perfusion-fixed materials and a computer-assisted digitizer revealed that the volume and surface area of the mesangium were increased more extensively than those of the capillary; the enlargement of the mesangial-capillary interface area was the most pronounced among the morphometric changes of the diabetic glomeruli; and that the moderate increase in capillary volume was associated with an increased radius. Our quantitative results showed that capillaries in the diabetic glomeruli had an extensively wider neck which may be the first sign of structural damage to the glomerular tuft.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Nuclear grading of renal cell carcinomas--is morphometry necessary?

Comparative investigations of subjective with objective nuclear grading methods of renal cell carcinomas are almost completely lacking. Therefore, we graded 94 cases of this carcinomas by a simple, subjective microscopical estimation as well as by a morphogenetic measurement of nuclear area. Both procedures proved prognostically useful, but the best results were achieved by morphometry. By this method three prognostic groups of renal cell carcinoma were found, provided that the borderlines were drawn at 28 microns 2 and 60 microns 2, respectively. Particularly favourable and unfavourable cases could be separated from average ones, if the means and standard deviations of both the nuclear areas and the diameters were evaluated. Overall, morphometric nuclear analyses are highly desirable, if, for example, morphological data are to be used in the context of prognostic or therapeutic studies on renal cell carcinoma. However, there is a broad distribution of the values for individual cases so that, tumour-biologically, no exact demarcation of prognostically different groups can be expected.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Papillary cystic tumours of the pancreas: an analysis by nuclear morphometry.

Papillary cystic tumour (PCT) is a rare, low-grade malignant pancreatic neoplasm, in which the histological criteria for malignancy are still uncertain. We performed a histological examination of 3 metastasizing PCTs, while comparing them with 18 non-metastasizing PCTs, using a computed image analyser. The mean maximum nuclear diameter, the mean standard deviation (SD) of the nuclear diameter, the mean nuclear area and the nuclear-nonnuclear (N/NN) ratio obtained by the image analyser of the metastasizing PCTs (7.23 microns, 2.21 microns, 30.45 microns2, 36.41%) were all significantly larger than those of the non-metastasizing PCT (6.34 microns, 1.59 microns, 23.66 microns2, 23.74%; P < 0.005, P < 0.005, P < 0.005, P < 0.001 respectively). However, there were no statistical differences in either the nuclear ellipsoidity or nuclear regularity. These results suggested that nuclear morphometry might be a useful parameter to define metastatic potential, in addition to histological variables such as venous invasion, nuclear grade and mitotic rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

A computerised technique for morphometry and 3D reconstruction of embryological structures.

In the last decade we have witnessed the development of software technology capable of image analysis and morphometry [1, 8-12]. Although these methods are sometimes difficult to master in a practical sense, they are tremendously efficient and precise when applied to the study and measurement of developing biological structures, particularly in the field of embryology. In this study we describe the application on human embryos of an image analyzing system that enables one to perform quantitative analyses of the morphology and size of developing organs and structures as well as their ultimate three-dimensional reconstruction (3DR).

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

The cavernous sinus: topographic morphometry of its contents.

The microsurgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus of 54 Turkish adult cadaveric heads (108 specimens) was examined to provide data for major topographic aspects and morphometry of the region, which is of special clinical importance for neurosurgeons. Significant findings were: 1) the abducent nerve in the cavernous sinus was observed as one rootlet in most of the specimens (78%), two rootlets in 14%, three in 5% and four in 3% of the specimens; 2) the anterior inferior venous space was dominant in 58%, the posterior superior venous space in 16%, and an intermediate type in 29% of the specimens; 3) the artery of the inferior cavernous sinus originated from the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 74% of the cases, and 4) the dorsal meningeal artery originated from the ICA in 6 (5.5%) of the specimens.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Influence of splenectomy on platelet morphometry and function.

Functional and morphometric platelet abnormalities may be influenced by splenectomy and thus contribute to postoperative thrombohaemorrhagic complications, especially in patients with splenomegaly and/or platelet defects. We investigated platelet function, platelet secretion, and platelet morphometry before and one week after splenectomy in seven patients with normal platelet production and normal spleen size (Hodgkin's disease) and five patients with splenomegaly and platelet abnormalities (4 with myeloproliferative disorders and 1 with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia). Severe postoperative thrombohaemorrhagic complications occurred only in patients with myeloproliferative disorders, although platelet count and mean platelet volume increased in almost all patients after splenectomy. Four patients with myeloproliferative disorders had impaired platelet aggregation before splenectomy that improved in only one patient after surgery. Platelet buoyant density in this patient group was decreased before splenectomy and normalised thereafter. Concomitantly, intraplatelet concentrations of alpha-granular proteins increased. Before splenectomy, there was a positive correlation between platelet density and platelet volume in patients with Hodgkin's disease (r = 0.59, p less than 0.001), but not in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. There was no correlation between platelet density and platelet volume after splenectomy in either patient group. In conclusion, morphometric platelet abnormalities were found in all patients after splenectomy. In patients with myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic disorders, decreased platelet buoyant density normalised and intraplatelet concentrations of alpha-granule proteins were elevated after splenectomy. However, platelet function defects in this patient group were not corrected and may have been a major cause of thrombohaemorrhagic complications in the postoperative period.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Metacarpal morphometry in monozygotic dizygotic elderly twins.

The relative importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of age related bone loss has been investigated in a study involving 17 monozygotic (MZ) and 8 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of twins aged 64 to 75 years. Radiographic morphometry was performed at the midpoints of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metacarpals of both hands and the mean total and cortical widths were evaluated. The heritability, h2, was calculated as the difference between the intrapair variances in same sexed DZ and MZ pairs divided by the intrapair variance in DZ pairs. The mean intrapair variance of both total and cortical width was found to be four to five times higher in DZ than in MZ pairs. The differences are highly significant with an h2 value between 0.7 and 0.8, indicating a predominant genetic influence. It is stressed that this result applies only to the population from which the twin sample was drawn.

Aged↗