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PubMed1989

Measurement of pharyngeal volume by digitized magnetic resonance imaging. Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure.

Pharyngeal size is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. It has been hypothesized that nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) works by enlarging pharyngeal size and splinting the airway open. In this study, we selected 12 heavy snorers and abolished their snoring with nasal CPAP in our sleep laboratory. Using magnetic resonance imaging and a computer program utilizing a digitizing pad, we measured these awake subjects' pharyngeal volumes without and with the nasal CPAP apparatus on at the level used to abolish their snoring. We found an average 27.7% increase in pharyngeal volume with nasal CPAP. We have visually shown an increase in pharyngeal size with the use of nasal CPAP in a cohort of heavy snorers.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Site of pharyngeal narrowing predicts outcome of surgery for obstructive sleep apnea.

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), an operation that enlarges the pharyngeal airway at the level of the soft palate, improves respiratory status during sleep in only 50% of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This poor outcome suggests that narrowing of the pharyngeal airway at nonpalatal sites contributes to the obstructive process in many patients with OSA. We have used a novel endoscopic method to identify regions of the passive pharyngeal airway most susceptible to narrowing or complete closure. In order to test the hypothesis that narrowing of the passive airway at the nasopharynx predicts a favorable surgical outcome, we have preoperatively assessed the local mechanics of the passive pharyngeal airway in 18 patients with OSA undergoing UPPP. The patient population was prospectively divided into two groups: an exclusively nasopharyngeal (ENP) group, consisting of patients exhibiting narrowing only in the nasopharynx, and a not exclusively nasopharyngeal (NENP) group, consisting of patients having at least one site of narrowing outside the nasopharynx. The frequency of respiratory disturbances and arousals and the cumulative time in apnea-hypopnea were significantly reduced after surgery for the ENP group, but not for the NENP group. Improvement rate for the ENP group (86%) exceeded that for the NENP group (18%) (p < 0.01). These differences became even greater when selection criteria for the ENP group were made more restrictive (i.e., restricted to the velopharynx) or more liberal (i.e., including secondary narrowing of the oropharynx). Our results show that evaluation of passive pharyngeal mechanics identifies patients with OSA likely to improve after UPPP.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Gastric and pharyngeal flora in nosocomial pneumonia acquired during mechanical ventilation.

We studied the interrelations between gastric, pharyngeal, proximal, and distal airway bacterial flora in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) on 36 patients with nosocomial pneumonia acquired during mechanical ventilation (MV) and 27 mechanically ventilated control subjects without pulmonary infection. Gastric, pharyngeal, and endotracheal (EA) sampling for quantitative cultures were performed upon all patients, as well as fiberoptic bronchoscopy with protected specimen brush (PSB) sampling. Mean bacterial and fungi colony counts were significantly increased in pharyngeal, EA, and PSB samples in patients with VAP compared with control subjects. The overall increase in colonization was due to gram-positive cocci in all samples. In addition, gram-negative bacilli and fungi mean counts increased significantly in PSB pneumonia samples versus control samples. However, mean gastric colonization was similar in both patients with VAP and control subjects. In the former group there was an increase in coincident microorganisms isolated from gastric, pharyngeal, and EA samples in relation to PSB samples compared with control samples. Among the different quantitative cultures analyzed, only those obtained from EA significantly correlated with PSB cultures in patients with pneumonia (r = 0.67, p = 0.001). In summary, the present study shows that the coincidence between microorganisms isolated in PSB cultures and those from gastric and oropharynx increase in MV patients with pneumonia, indicating that both reservoirs play a key role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Conceivably, preventing both gastric and pharyngeal colonization may reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. From all the noninvasive samples studied only endotracheal aspirate cultures were useful for inferring the etiology of some VAP pneumonias.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1996

Comparison of pharyngeal, fecal, and cloacal samples for the isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from experimentally infected cockatiels and turkeys.

Direct comparisons were made of chlamydial isolation rates from pharyngeal swabs, fecal samples, and cloacal swabs from cockatiels and pharyngeal and cloacal swabs from turkeys experimentally infected with Chlamydia psittaci. During pathogenesis studies, 133 paired specimens were collected from cockatiels and 118 paired specimens were collected from turkeys. Of the 51 cockatiel chlamydial infections detected, 80.4% were positive by the pharyngeal swab sample, 45.1% were positive by the fecal swab sample, and 37.3% were positive by the cloacal swab sample. Of the 87 turkey infections detected, 93.1% were positive by the pharyngeal swab sample and 77.0% were positive by the cloacal swab. The pharyngeal swabs were the most reliable sample for isolation of chlamydia from live birds. However, no single sampling site yielded positive results from all infected birds. Specimens from multiple sites are recommended because a number of infected birds were identified by isolation from only 1 sample.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of surfactant on pharyngeal mechanics in sleeping humans: implications for sleep apnoea.

Instillation of surfactant into the pharyngeal lumen reduces the pressure required to reopen an occluded airway, and decreases the apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI). The authors hypothesised that surfactant also reduces the sleep-related increase in pharyngeal resistance. To test this hypothesis two single blind, crossover, placebo-controlled studies were performed. In protocol A seven male, asymptomatic snoring subjects were studied during sleep. Inspiratory pharyngeal resistance was calculated from plots of airflow versus supraglottic pressure (seven breaths) before and after surfactant or saline instillation. In protocol B, in a different group of seven male subjects with sleep apnoea (AHI 15.2 (12) events x h(-1)) the effect of surfactant or saline on sleep disordered breathing was measured, for 1 h immediately before and after surfactant or saline instillation. Surfactant decreased pharyngeal resistance calculated at peak pressure (group mean (SD): pre versus post 83.7 (76.4) versus 49.4 (71.1) cmH2O x L(-1) x s(-1)) and significantly reduced the respiratory disturbance index (RDI pre versus post 79.7 (58.7) versus 59.6 (56.9) events x h(-1)). Saline did not decrease resistance (pre versus post 58.6 (31.1) versus 72.5 (73.4) cmH2O x L(-1) x s(-1)) or RDI (pre versus post 75.3 (42.4) versus 79.9 (46.1) events x h(-1)). Surfactant reduced the collapsibility of the pharynx and led to a modest reduction in respiratory disturbance index. The authors speculate that surfactant may delay occlusion by reducing the liquid "bridging" within the folded pharyngeal lining.

Biological Products↗

PubMed2001

Specification of pharyngeal endoderm is dependent on early signals from axial mesoderm.

The development of taste buds is an autonomous property of the pharyngeal endoderm, and this inherent capacity is acquired by the time gastrulation is complete. These results are surprising, given the general view that taste bud development is nerve dependent, and occurs at the end of embryogenesis. The pharyngeal endoderm sits at the dorsal lip of the blastopore at the onset of gastrulation, and because this taste bud-bearing endoderm is specified to make taste buds by the end of gastrulation, signals that this tissue encounters during gastrulation might be responsible for its specification. To test this idea, tissue contacts during gastrulation were manipulated systematically in axolotl embryos, and the subsequent ability of the pharyngeal endoderm to generate taste buds was assessed. Disruption of both putative planar and vertical signals from neurectoderm failed to prevent the differentiation of taste buds in endoderm. However, manipulations of contact between presumptive pharyngeal endoderm and axial mesoderm during gastrulation indicate that signals from axial mesoderm (the notochord and prechordal mesoderm) specify the pharyngeal endoderm, conferring upon the endoderm the ability to autonomously differentiate taste buds. These findings further emphasize that despite the late differentiation of taste buds, the tissue-intrinsic mechanisms that generate these chemoreceptive organs are set in motion very early in embryonic development.

Ambystoma↗

PubMed2002

Fgf8 is required for pharyngeal arch and cardiovascular development in the mouse.

We present here an analysis of cardiovascular and pharyngeal arch development in mouse embryos hypomorphic for Fgf8. Previously, we have described the generation of Fgf8 compound heterozygous (Fgf8(neo/-)) embryos. Although early analysis demonstrated that some of these embryos have abnormal left-right (LR) axis specification and cardiac looping reversals, the number and type of cardiac defects present at term suggested an additional role for Fgf8 in cardiovascular development. Most Fgf8(neo/-) mutant embryos survive to term with abnormal cardiovascular patterning, including outflow tract, arch artery and intracardiac defects. In addition, these mutants have hypoplastic pharyngeal arches, small or absent thymus and abnormal craniofacial development. Neural crest cells (NCCs) populate the pharyngeal arches and contribute to many structures of the face, neck and cardiovascular system, suggesting that Fgf8 may be required for NCC development. Fgf8 is expressed within the developing pharyngeal arch ectoderm and endoderm during NCC migration through the arches. Analysis of NCC development in Fgf8(neo/-) mutant embryos demonstrates that NCCs are specified and migrate, but undergo cell death in areas both adjacent and distal to where Fgf8 is normally expressed. This study defines the cardiovascular defects present in Fgf8 mutants and supports a role for Fgf8 in development of all the pharyngeal arches and in NCC survival.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Enzyme activities of pharyngeal jaw musculature in the cichlid Tramitichromis intermedius: implications for sound production in cichlid fishes.

Owing to its high degree of complexity and plasticity, the cichlid pharyngeal jaw apparatus has often been described as a key evolutionary innovation. The majority of studies investigating pharyngeal muscle behavior and function have done so in the context of feeding. Analysis of enzyme activities (citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and L-lactate dehydrogenase) of pharyngeal muscles in the Lake Malawi cichlid Tramitichromis intermedius revealed differences between pharyngeal jaw muscles and between males and females. Therefore, these muscles have different performance characteristics, resulting in different functional characteristics of the muscles within the complex. Furthermore, the differences between muscles of males and females represent fundamental differences in muscular metabolic processes between sexes. This study is the first to demonstrate that the pharyngeal anatomy is not only used for food processing but is possibly responsible for sound production, in turn influencing sexual selection in cichlid fish.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1990

Pulmonary function in obstructive sleep apnea. Relationships to pharyngeal resistance and cross-sectional area.

Reduction in the size of the pharynx and increased pharyngeal airflow resistance have been demonstrated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We evaluated 15 men with severe OSA and 10 nonapneic control subjects matched for age and weight in order to determine if PCSA, inspiratory pharyngeal airflow resistance, and abnormal breathing events during sleep were associated with alterations in the flow-volume relationship and other awake PFTs. Pharyngeal cross-sectional area was determined by CT, and pharyngeal resistance between choanae and epiglottis was measured during quiet awake breathing. In patients with OSA, there was an inverse relationship between the mean cross-sectional area of the oropharynx and the ratio of FEF50%/FIF50% (rs = -0.54; p = 0.03). In all subjects, pharyngeal resistance was inversely related to percentage of predicted values for FEF25-75% (rs = -0.56; p = 0.01). The frequency of apneas during sleep was significantly (p less than 0.05) related to the percentage of predicted values for MVV, TLC, FVC, and PIF. Obesity appears to account for the strength of these relationships. Flow-volume loops and other PFTs did not distinguish patients with OSA from controls.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed2005

SER-7, a Caenorhabditis elegans 5-HT7-like receptor, is essential for the 5-HT stimulation of pharyngeal pumping and egg laying.

Serotonin (5-HT) stimulates both pharyngeal pumping and egg laying in Caenorhabditis elegans. Four distinct 5-HT receptors have been partially characterized, but little is known about their function in vivo. SER-7 exhibits most sequence identity to the mammalian 5-HT7 receptors and couples to a stimulation of adenyl cyclase when expressed in COS-7 cells. However, many 5-HT7-specific agonists have low affinity for SER-7. 5-HT fails to stimulate pharyngeal pumping and the firing of the MC motorneurons in animals containing the putative ser-7(tm1325) and ser-7(tm1728) null alleles. In addition, although pumping on bacteria is upregulated in ser-7(tm1325) animals, pumping is more irregular. A similar failure to maintain "fast pumping" on bacteria also was observed in ser-1(ok345) and tph-1(mg280) animals that contain putative null alleles of a 5-HT2-like receptor and tryptophan hydroxylase, respectively, suggesting that serotonergic signaling, although not essential for the upregulation of pumping on bacteria, "fine tunes" the process. 5-HT also fails to stimulate egg laying in ser-7(tm1325), ser-1(ok345), and ser-7(tm1325) ser-1(ok345) animals, but only the ser-7 ser-1 double mutants exhibit an Egl phenotype. All of the SER-7 mutant phenotypes are rescued by the expression of full-length ser-7gfp translational fusions. ser-7gfp is expressed in several pharyngeal neurons, including the MC, M2, M3, M4, and M5, and in vulval muscle. Interestingly, 5-HT inhibits egg laying and pharyngeal pumping in ser-7 null mutants and the 5-HT inhibition of egg laying, but not pumping, is abolished in ser-7(tm1325);ser-4(ok512) double mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that SER-7 is essential for the 5-HT stimulation of both egg laying and pharyngeal pumping, but that other signaling pathways can probably fulfill similar roles in vivo.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗

PubMed2007

Craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology in bilateral cleft lip and palate and obstructive sleep apnea patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology in surgically treated bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) men, untreated men with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and a reference group of men. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Lateral cephalograms were obtained of 27 male BCLP patients (mean age 29.0 +/- 8.3 years), 27 untreated male OSA patients (mean age 38.6 +/- 5.3 years), and 27 male controls serving as a reference group (mean age 30.8 +/- 9.2 years). Tracings were made, and 26 variables representing craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal dimensions were obtained using Viewbox 3.1.1.6. software. The groups were compared using a one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology of BCLP and OSA patients was similar except for a significantly more retrusive maxilla in the BCLP group. Compared to the reference group, the BCLP and OSA groups had significantly larger craniocervical angulations, smaller depth of the oropharynx at the tip of the velum, and a more inferiorly positioned hyoid bone. Significantly larger vertical dimensions were found in the BCLP group compared to the reference group. CONCLUSIONS: Craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology of BCLP and OSA patients demonstrate substantial similarities except for a significantly more retrusive maxilla in the BCLP group. It is suggested that airway obstruction and postural adaptation to the obstruction may possibly be related to the aberrant craniofacial, craniocervical, and pharyngeal morphology in OSA and in BCLP patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of pharyngeal and laryngeal structure and function in patients with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum.

OBJECTIVE: This study described the occurrence and expression of pharyngeal and laryngeal anomalies in a population of patients with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using chart review, physical examination, and endoscopic evaluation of the pharynx and larynx, and perceptual and aerodynamic evaluation of speech for assessment of vocal tract function. SETTING: Academic tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Chart review of 41 patients with a diagnosis of OAVS and clinical evaluation of 23 of the patients identified in the initial chart review, ranging in age from 9 months to 17 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data from chart review pertaining to airway and speech symptoms. Physical examination and endoscopic studies of pharyngeal and laryngeal structure and function and perceptual and aerodynamic evaluation of speech, resonance, and voice. RESULTS: Chart review showed a high occurrence of indicators of pharyngeal and laryngeal abnormalities such as velopharyngeal inadequacy and airway obstruction. Clinical evaluations documented a variety of abnormalities in pharyngeal and laryngeal structure and function as well as impairment in speech articulation, resonance, and voice. Presence and severity of pharyngeal and laryngeal abnormalities were not correlated with the severity of expression of the spectrum based on mandibular morphology. CONCLUSIONS: Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum appears to be associated with a high occurrence of structural and functional abnormalities of the pharynx and larynx that may contribute to increased risk of airway obstruction, communication impairment, and morbidity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Comparison between two types of pharyngeal flap with regard to configuration at rest and function and speech outcome.

OBJECTIVE: In management of hypernasality, wide pharyngeal flaps have been advocated when pharyngeal wall adduction is limited. Pharyngeal flaps merged into a transversely split velum (TS flaps) are reported to be wider than if the velum is split in the midline (MS flaps). The hypothesis to be tested was that TS flaps are wider than MS flaps and are more caudally based. DESIGN: In this prospective study, MS flaps were videoradiographically and nasopharyngoscopically compared with TS flaps at both rest and function. Pharyngoplasty was randomly performed by one of three surgeons and the radiographic examinations were carried out by one radiologist. The speech was assessed pre- and postoperatively. SETTING: The Stockholm Cleft Palate Team, Sweden, treated all patients. PATIENTS: After strict selection of the patients to avoid any uncontrolled impact on velopharyngeal sphincter function, 22 patients with limited pharyngeal adduction received TS flaps and 20 patients with good adduction received MS flaps. RESULTS: The data failed to show any difference in location of flap base and in flap width at rest. During function, TS flaps demonstrated statistically significant widening of the flap base. TS flaps, but not MS flaps, often had a bulge that appeared to assist velopharyngeal closure in some patients. Speech evaluation revealed that both flap types corrected velopharyngeal insufficiency equally well. CONCLUSIONS: TS flaps were not wider than MS flaps, and functional plasticity of the TS flap appeared essential for elimination of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Contribution of postoperative adaptation of the pharyngeal wall adduction remains to be clarified.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Hoxd-4 expression during pharyngeal arch development in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) embryos and effects of retinoic acid on expression.

Teleost fish develop seven pharyngeal arches (mandible, hyoid and five gill arches) which give rise to the jaw and gills, and skeletal cell populations which originate from the cranial neural crest. The anterior border of expression of the Deformed (Dfd) group is located in the hindbrain and pharyngeal region. To investigate pharyngeal skeletal formation in the teleost fish, we cloned the cDNA coding Hoxd-4 from a cDNA library for flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) embryos, and analyzed gene expression pattern during embryogenesis and the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on this gene expression. Between the 21-somite and prim-5 stages, Hoxd-4 was expressed in the central nervous system from rhombomere 7 to the spinal cord, and in the pharyngeal region posterior from gill arch 2. Its expression then became restricted to cartilage precursor cells of gill arches 2-5. When embryos in the early shield stage were exposed to RA at concentrations above 10(-7) M, the anterior border of Hoxd-4 expression shifted anteriorly in a dose-dependent manner, both in the central nervous system and pharyngeal region. We propose that, during gill skeleton formation, Hoxd-4 functions in the specification of regional identity between gill arches 1 and 2, and that their identity is affected by treatment with RA.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Evaluation of the pharyngeal airway in patients with sleep apnea: value of ultrafast MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Sleep apnea is often caused by obstruction of the pharyngeal airway. The goal of this study was to use ultrafast MR imaging to examine the pharyngeal airway in patients with sleep apnea and to evaluate the usefulness of this technique for localizing the site of obstruction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with sleep apnea and five healthy volunteers underwent ultrafast MR imaging while awake and during sleep induced with hydroxyzine hydrochloride. Sequential midline sagittal images of the pharynx were obtained and displayed in the cine mode. RESULTS: Patients with sleep apnea were found to have sites of pharyngeal abnormality that were not present in healthy volunteers. Nine sites of narrowing in seven patients (47%) were detected with the patient awake; 21 sites of obstruction in 13 patients (87%) were diagnosed with the patient asleep. Six patients showed only one obstruction, and seven had several obstructions: five had obstructions at the velum palatinum and at the oropharynx; one had obstructions at the velum palatinum, oropharynx, and hypopharynx; one had obstructions at the velum palatinum and the hypopharynx. The sites of narrowing during wakefulness and the sites of obstruction during sleep were the same in only four (31%) of the patients with pharyngeal airway obstruction. CONCLUSION: Ultrafast MR imaging is useful for localizing the sites of pharyngeal airway obstruction in patients with sleep apnea.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Detection of pharyngeal perforation: comparison of aqueous and barium-containing contrast agents.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the value of aqueous and barium-containing contrast agents in the detection of pharyngeal perforation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Visual and objective in vitro comparisons of an iodinated aqueous contrast agent, a 50% weight/volume barium suspension, and a 100% weight/volume barium suspension were performed. Moreover, to exclude pharyngeal perforation after surgery, we prospectively examined 109 patients by pharyngography, using the aqueous contrast agent and the 100% weight/volume barium suspension. All patients with a pharyngeal perforation were followed up clinically to exclude complications due to barium application. RESULTS: As opposed to the 100% weight/volume barium suspension, in vitro comparison between the aqueous contrast agent and the 50% weight/volume barium suspension yielded no substantial differences. Seventeen perforations could be detected with the aqueous contrast agent. Although 10 of 17 perforations could be slightly better visualized with the 100% weight/volume barium suspension, two perforations were missed with this agent. Five perforations were equally well detected with both. CONCLUSION: Because of a higher radiopacity, 100% weight/volume barium suspensions may more sharply delineate perforations. However, in contrast to aqueous contrast media, narrow pharyngeal perforations can be missed. Thus, the use of a 100% weight/volume barium suspension does not improve the detection of pharyngeal perforation.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Functional significance of the co-localization of taste buds and teeth in the pharyngeal jaws of the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides.

Studies of feeding behavior in the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, revealed that live goldfish or artificial food balls are ingested in three discrete steps: inhalation of the food into the oral cavity, passage through the pharyngeal cavity, and swallowing. Food balls with or without a feeding stimulant were inhaled with equal frequency; thus, vision was clearly the major sense affecting inhalation. However, food balls with defined concentrations of a feeding stimulant were swallowed in a dose-dependent manner, whereas food balls without a feeding stimulant were promptly expelled. Thus, gustation played a major role in stimulating swallowing. Videotaped observations of feeding behavior suggested that both food processing and gustation occur in the pharynx and take place before the swallowing of either goldfish or food balls. The well-developed pharyngeal jaws of largemouth bass consist of six major pads of caniform teeth in the upper pharynx and two pads in the lower pharynx. Scanning electron microscopy showed that taste buds were abundant around most of these pharyngeal teeth. Histological sections prepared from all pharyngeal pads revealed that both elevated and flattened taste buds occur with the teeth. The morphology of these taste buds was typical of that described in other teleosts. Neuronal profiles, visualized with an HNK-1 monoclonal antibody, were observed entering each taste bud. The antibody also selectively stained a group of one to four putative sensory cells in each taste bud and the distal processes of these cells in the receptor area. The co-localization of teeth and taste buds on the pharyngeal jaws indicates that food processing and gustation both occur there, and that together these processes determine whether a potential food item is swallowed.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

[The localization and production of interleukin-1 in pharyngeal epithelium].

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been thought to be one of the essential cytokines mainly produced by macrophage. The function of IL-1 are not only activates T-lymphocytes, but also regulates immune responses to several antigens and effects on local and systemic immune reactions. Recently, it is reported that epidermal keratinocytes produces IL-1, and attention has been paid to local immune reaction mediated with this cytokine. In this study, we performed immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting on the pharyngeal epithelial keratinocytes and we evaluated the production of IL-1 by these cells. Pharyngeal mucous membrane of each region reacted strongly against anti-IL-1 alpha antibody, on the contrary, anti-IL-1 beta antibody comparatively only weakly. Strong reactivity was often observed on the basal layer, then it was seemed that some important relationship exists between the production of IL-1 and maturation of pharyngeal keratinocytes. Infiltration of T-lymphocytes was observed in proportion to the increase of epithelial reactivity against IL-1. There seemed to be no correlation between expression of HLA-DR antigen on keratinocytes and reactivity of IL-1. In immunoblotting study, the 31kD band, intracellular immature molecule, was identified besides 17 and 52kD. From this finding, it was suggested that IL-1 is derived from pharyngeal keratinocytes. In conclusion, the present study is helpful for well-understanding of local cellular immunity of pharyngeal mucous membrane.

Adult↗