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PubMed1989

Validity of bioelectric impedance for body composition assessment in children.

Whole-body bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was evaluated for its reliability and accuracy in estimating body composition in children. The hypothesis that the index, body height2 divided by resistance (RI), can accurately predict fat-free body mass (FFB) and percent fat (%FAT) in children was tested on 94 caucasian children 10-14 yr old. Criterion variables were FFB and %FAT estimated using multicomponent equations developed for children. BIA measurements (resistance and reactance) were found to be reliable. Prediction accuracy (standard error of the estimate, SEE) for FFB from RI alone was 2.6 kg and for %FAT from RI and body weight was 4.2%. For RI, anthropometric variables and reactance, the SEE improved to 1.9 kg FFB. For RI and anthropometric variables, the SEE was 3.3% FAT. For anthropometric variables alone, the SEE's were 2.1 kg FFB and 3.2% FAT. Adult FFB and %FAT prediction equations cross-validated with this sample resulted in SEE's similar to those for adult samples. We conclude that RI together with anthropometry is a reliable and an acceptably accurate method of estimating FFB mass and %FAT in children.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism in lean and obese Zucker rats fed soybean oil or butter.

BACKGROUND: Dietary fat composition is thought to affect body weight regulation independent of the amount of fat ingested. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the feeding behavior, body weight gain, body composition, and energy metabolism in lean and obese rats fed a diet in which fat was in the form of either butter or soybean oil. DESIGN: Ten lean (Fa/?) and 10 obese (fa/fa) adult Zucker rats were divided into 4 groups according to a 2 x 2 experimental design. They were fed a normally balanced diet over 11 wk in which 30% of energy was either soybean oil or butter. Food intake, body weight gain, and body composition were measured. Indirect calorimetry was used to study energy metabolism at rest and in relation to feeding and activity. RESULTS: Food intake increased similarly in lean and obese rats after butter feeding. Body weight gain increased in obese rats and decreased in lean rats after butter feeding. Body weight gain in obese rats was due mainly to an increase in the weight of lean tissues besides muscle, whereas adiposity and distribution of fat between the various pads did not change. Resting metabolic rates and postprandial lipid oxidation increased in butter-fed obese rats. Lipid oxidation during exercise was not significantly different between obese and lean rats. Fat oxidation increased in butter-fed lean rats during treadmill running at moderate intensity. CONCLUSIONS: In obese rats, basal metabolism and postprandial lipid oxidation increased during butter feeding, which appeared to prevent fat accumulation in the long term. In lean rats, butter feeding favored lipid utilization by working muscles, an observation that deserves further investigation in terms of endurance and performance.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Within- and between-laboratory precision in the measurement of body volume using air displacement plethysmography and its effect on body composition assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the extent of within- and between-laboratory precision in body volume (BV) measurements using air displacement plethysmography (ADP), the BOD POD body composition system, and to interpret any such variability in terms of body composition estimates. DESIGN: Repeated test procedures of BV assessment using the BOD POD ADP were reproduced at two laboratories for the estimation of precision, both within and between laboratories. SUBJECTS: In total, 30 healthy adult volunteers, 14 men (age, 19-48 y; body mass index (BMI), 19.7-30.3 kg/m2) and 16 women (age, 19-40 y; BMI, 16.3-35.7 kg/m2), were each subjected to two test procedures at both laboratories. Two additional volunteers were independently subjected to 10 repeated test procedures at both laboratories. MEASUREMENTS: Repeated measurements of BV, uncorrected for the effects of isothermal air in the lungs and the surface area artifact, were obtained using the BOD POD ADP, with the identical protocol being faithfully applied at both laboratories. Uncorrected BV measurements were adjusted to give estimates of actual BV that were used to calculate body density (body weight (BWt)/actual BV) from which estimates of body composition were derived. The differences between repeated BV measurements or body composition estimates were used to assess within-laboratory precision (repeatability), as standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation; the differences between measurements reproduced at each laboratory were used to determine between-laboratory precision (reproducibility), as bias and 95% limits of agreement (from SD of the differences between laboratories). RESULTS: The extent of within-laboratory methodological precision for BV (uncorrected and actual) was variable according to subject, sample group and laboratory conditions (range of SD, 0.04-0.13 l), and was mostly due to within-individual biological variability (typically 78-99%) rather than to technical imprecision. There was a significant (P<0.05) bias between laboratories for the 10 repeats on the two independent subjects (up to 0.29 l). Although no significant bias (P=0.077) was evident for the sample group of 30 volunteers (-0.05 l), the 95% limits of agreement were considerable (-0.68 to 0.58 l). The effects of this variability in BV on body composition were relatively greater: for example, within-laboratory precision (SD) for body fat as % BWt was between 0.56 and 1.34% depending on the subject and laboratory; the bias (-0.59%) was not significant between laboratories, but there were large 95% limits of agreement (-3.67 to 2.50%). CONCLUSION: Within-laboratory precision for each BOD POD instrument was reasonably good, but was variable according to the prevailing conditions. Although the bias between the two instruments was not significant for the BV measurements, implying that they can be used interchangeably for groups of similar subjects, the relatively large 95% limits of agreement indicate that greater consideration may be needed for assessing individuals with different ADP instruments. Therefore, use of a single ADP instrument is apparently preferable when assessing individuals on a longitudinal basis.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of human body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis.

BACKGROUND: Human body composition, particularly the content of fat tissue and its distribution, has been extensively measured in healthy, diseased, obese and elderly subjects. A variety of non-invasive methods have been applied for these studies. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a commonly used method, based on the conduction of electrical current in the body and the differences in the ability to conduct electricity between the fat and water components of the body. Recently, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) has been introduced for bone mass, bone mineral density and body composition studies. Unlike other methods, DEXA measures three components of the body: bone mineral content, fat tissue mass, and lean tissue mass, and additionally regional fat distribution. The objective of this study was to compare body composition as assessed by DEXA and BIA methods in a sample of 100 patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Body composition was studied in 100 consecutive subjects, 59 women and 41 men. The lean body mass (LBM), fat body mass (FBM), and percent body fat (%BF) were measured by the DEXA and BIA techniques. RESULTS: There were highly statistically significant linear relationships between LBM, FBM and %BF assessed by DEXA and BIA in both sexes (p<0.001 for all measurements). No influence of age or BMI on the relationship between DEXA and BIA results was observed. Differences were observed between DEXA and BIA measurements of both fat and fat-free tissue. The results suggest that DEXA may underestimate the LBM and overestimate body fat compared with BIA, probably due to different assumptions about the constants. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that both methods are suitable for body composition studies.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1999

Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of age-associated changes in body composition of male Brown Norway rats: association of serum leptin levels with peripheral adiposity.

Aging-associated alterations in body composition are accompanied by changes in the endocrine system. We evaluated, in male Brown Norway rats, the effects of aging on body composition and the association with serum levels of leptin, insulin, and testosterone. Body composition was assessed cross-sectionally in male rats (3, 8, 17, and 29 months) by a combination of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and dissection of specific muscles and adipose depots. Longitudinal changes in body composition were quantified by DEXA before and after 3 months of ad-libitum feeding. Body weight, lean mass, absolute and percentage fat increased with age, whereas percentage of lean mass decreased. Leptin and insulin levels increased with age in proportion to adiposity; the increase in leptin with age was related to increased total and peripheral, but not visceral, fat. Testosterone decreased with age, and was associated with decreased lean and skeletal muscle mass. These findings suggest that alterations in body composition with age may be due to decreased trophic and increased lipogenic hormones. Relative to other rodent models, Brown Norway rats undergo shifts in body composition and in the hormonal milieu that are consistent with changes seen in aging humans.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1984

The body composition profile. Techniques of measurement and applications.

The body composition profile of an athlete permits a detailed analysis of the body's major structural components--muscle mass, fat, and bone. This article concentrates on two major areas. One is techniques for assessing body composition, including hydrostatic weighing, anthropometry, ultrasound, and radiographs. The other is applications of measurement. The authors also focus on the use of computer technology in the body profile analysis.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of a quantitative magnetic resonance method for mouse whole body composition analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate applicability, precision, and accuracy of a new quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) analysis for whole body composition of conscious live mice. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Repeated measures of body composition were made by QMR, DXA, and classic chemical analysis of carcass using live and dead mice with different body compositions. Caloric lean and dense diets were used to produce changes in body composition. In addition, different strains of mice representing widely diverse populations were analyzed. RESULTS: Precision was found to be better for QMR than for DXA. The coefficient of variation for fat ranged from 0.34% to 0.71% compared with 3.06% to 12.60% for DXA. Changes in body composition in response to dietary manipulation were easily detected using QMR. An increase in fat mass of 0.6 gram after 1 week (p < 0.01) was demonstrated in the absence of hyperphagia or a change in mean body weight. DISCUSSION: QMR and DXA detected similar fat content, but the improved precision afforded by QMR compared with DXA and chemical analysis allowed detection of a significant difference in body fat after 7 days of consuming a diet rich in fat even though average body weight did not significantly change. QMR provides a very precise, accurate, fast, and easy-to-use method for determining fat and lean tissue of mice without the need for anesthesia. Its ability to detect differences with great precision should be of value when characterizing phenotype and studying regulation of body composition brought about by pharmacological and dietary interventions in energy homeostasis.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1993

Aging and body composition: possibilities for future studies.

Three approaches are being taken to the development of techniques for measuring body composition: 1) improving present methods, 2) formulating and devising new body composition measuring techniques and 3) focusing on specific problems of body composition changes in aging. The improvement of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance and dual-photon absorptiometry imaging belong under the first category. Recent developments in low radiation exposure measurement of body carbon and oxygen by neutron inelastic scattering and body protein by gamma-ray resonance are examples of new technology applied to the direct assessment of body composition of the elderly. The third category remains the most important one and should motivate the evolution of existing methods and the development of new. Current questions focus on distribution of regional body fat and its role in cardiovascular diseases and the depletion of lean body mass with age and its relation to functional capacity, quality of life and resistance to injury or disease. The relationship between the distribution of fat, the depletion of muscle tissue and changes in cellular function with age will become the focus of the future studies of body composition.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Pubertal alterations in growth and body composition. VI. Pubertal insulin resistance: relation to adiposity, body fat distribution and hormone release.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the independent influence of alterations in fat mass, body fat distribution and hormone release on pubertal increases in fasting serum insulin concentrations and on insulin resistance assessed by the homeostasis model (HOMA). DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Cross-sectional investigation of pre- (n=11, n=8), mid- (n=10, n=11), and late-pubertal (n=10, n=11) boys and girls with normal body weight and growth velocity. MEASUREMENTS: Body composition (by a four-compartment model), abdominal fat distribution and mid-thigh interfascicular plus intermuscle (extramyocellular) fat (by magnetic resonance imaging), total body subcutaneous fat (by skinfolds), mean nocturnal growth hormone (GH) release and 06:00 h samples of serum insulin, sex steroids, leptin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). RESULTS: Pubertal insulin resistance was suggested by greater (P<0.001) fasting serum insulin concentrations in the late-pubertal than pre- and mid-pubertal groups while serum glucose concentrations were unchanged and greater (P<0.001) HOMA values in late-pubertal than pre- and mid-pubertal youth. From univariate correlation fat mass was most related to HOMA (r=0.59, P<0.001). Two hierarchical regression models were developed to predict HOMA. In one approach, subject differences in sex, pubertal maturation, height and weight were held constant by adding these variables as a block in the first step of the model (r(2)=0.36). Sequential addition of fat mass (FM) increased r(2) (r(2)((inc)remental)=0.08, r(2)=0.44, P<0.05) as did the subsequent addition of a block of fat distribution variables (extramyocellular fat, abdominal visceral fat, and sum of skinfolds; r(2)(inc)=0.11, r(2)=0.55, P<0.05). Sequential addition of a block of hormone variables (serum IGF-I and log((10)) leptin concentrations; r(2)(inc)=0.04, P>0.05) did not reliably improve r(2) beyond the physical characteristic and adiposity variables. In a second model, differences in sex and pubertal maturation were again held constant (r(2)=0.25), but body size differences were accounted for using percentage fat data. Sequential addition of percentage body fat (r(2)((inc)remental)=0.11, r(2)=0.36, P<0.05), then a block of fat distribution variables (percentage extramyocellular fat, percentage abdominal visceral fat, and percentage abdominal subcutaneous fat; r(2)(inc)=0.08, r(2)=0.44, P=0.058), and then a block of serum IGF-I and log((10)) leptin concentrations (r(2)(inc)=0.07, r(2)=0.51, P<0.05) increased r(2). Mean nocturnal GH release was not related to HOMA (r=-0.04, P=0.75) and therefore was not included in the hierarchical regression models. CONCLUSION: Increases in insulin resistance at puberty were most related to FM. Accumulation of fat in the abdominal visceral, subcutaneous and muscular compartments may increase insulin resistance at puberty beyond that due to total body fat. Serum concentrations of leptin and IGF-I may further modulate HOMA beyond the effects of adiposity and fat distribution. However, the results are limited by the cross-sectional design and the use of HOMA rather than a criterion measure of insulin resistance.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1992

Research techniques for body composition assessment.

Although a variety of techniques are currently available to measure body composition in human beings, each has limitations with respect to its applicability in addressing nutrition research issues. Several methods "directly" determine an individual's body fat or lean tissue mass with sufficient precision and accuracy such that the data are appropriate for making fine distinctions between individuals or within an individual over time. Such direct methods are most useful in nutritional/metabolic research that requires such distinctions. Each of these techniques will be discussed. There also exist a number of "indirect" measures of body composition. These techniques require more interpretative assumptions and are perhaps better suited to population studies, in which it is often less critical to make fine distinctions between individuals. The appropriate design and interpretation of many nutrition-related research studies depend upon the correct use of body composition data. This review will attempt to help the reader understand the principles of each of the currently available body composition techniques and its optimal use.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2006

Anthropometry and body composition of south Indian babies at birth.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the consequences on body composition of increasing birth weight in Indian babies in relation to reported values in Western babies, and to assess the relationship between maternal and neonatal anthropometry and body composition. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Bangalore City, India. SUBJECTS: A total of 712 women were recruited at 12.5+/-3.1 weeks of gestation (mean+/-standard deviation, SD) and followed up until delivery; 14.5% were lost to follow-up. Maternal body weight, height, mid upper-arm circumference and skinfold thicknesses were measured at recruitment. Weight and body composition of the baby (skinfold thicknesses, mid upper-arm circumference, derived arm fat index and arm muscle index; AFI and AMI, respectively) were measured at birth in hospital. RESULTS: The mean+/-SD birth weight of all newborns was 2.80+/-0.44 kg. Birth weight was significantly related to the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness of the baby. In a small number of babies with large birth weight for gestational age, there was a relatively higher normalised AFI relative to AMI than for babies with lower or appropriate birth weight for gestational age. Maternal height and fat-free mass were significantly associated with the baby's length at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Skinfold thicknesses in Indian babies were similar to those reported in a Western population with comparable birth weights, and the relationship of AFI to birth weight appeared to be steeper in Indian babies. Thus, measures to increase birth weight in Indian babies should take into account possible adverse consequences on body composition. There were no significant relationships between maternal anthropometry and body composition at birth on multivariate analysis, except for sum of the baby's skinfold thicknesses and maternal fat-free mass (P<0.02).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Traversing the menopause: changes in energy expenditure and body composition.

The menopause transition is associated with several physiological changes that may impact women's health outcome. Among the changes associated with the loss of ovarian function is an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. The present review focuses on changes in energy expenditure, body composition and body fat distribution during the postmenopausal transition. Previous work indicates that the most important component of total daily expenditure, resting metabolic rate, may be reduced by the menopause, independently of the effects of the normal aging process. This effect is mainly attributable to a decrease in fat-free mass. The energy expenditure associated with physical activity is the most variable component of total daily energy expenditure. However, small changes in this component may have a substantial impact on body composition. Longitudinal data from our laboratory indicate that the menopause transition also leads to significant decreases in physical activity energy expenditure. The changes in body composition that accompany the menopause transition have been studied by several groups and, although some studies suggested increases in body mass index or total body fat mass with the menopause, currently available cross-sectional data preclude a firm conclusion. Nevertheless, results from our longitudinal study showed significant increases in fat mass with the menopause. The accumulation of abdominal fat, which may be a better correlate of the comorbidities associated with obesity, has also been shown to be accelerated by the menopause transition. In this regard, it has been shown that treatment with hormone replacement therapy prevents the increase in the rate of abdominal adipose tissue accumulation that was noted with the menopause. Thus, it appears that the loss of ovarian function induces a reduction in resting metabolic rate, physical activity energy expenditure, fat-free mass, and an increase in fat mass and abdominal adipose tissue accumulation. These modifications probably contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease of postmenopausal women.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

Body composition of gilts at puberty.

The relationship between body composition and the occurrence of puberty was evaluated using 93 Yorkshire x Landrace gilts. At approximately 60 d of age gilts were purchased and placed in a heated confinement unit where they were housed for the duration of the study. Ad libitum access to feed was provided throughout the study. Gilts were moved, mixed, and initially exposed to mature boars at approximately 120 d of age to encourage the earliest possible occurrence of puberty. Empty body weights of water, fat, protein, and ash at puberty were estimated using a deuterium dilution technique and prediction equations developed for this gilt population. There was considerable variation in age, weight, and all measures of body composition at puberty. Gilts were 138 to 240 d old and weighted 64.9 to 150.8 kg. Backfat thickness ranged from 17.5 to 44.0 mm. Gilts were composed of 32.4 to 64.3 kg of water, 15.6 to 53.9 kg of fat, 9.03 to 20.56 kg of protein, and 1.24 to 3.10 kg of ash. The coefficient of variation for fat to lean ratio at puberty was 15.39%. Linear and quadratic regressions showed that lifetime (birth to puberty) growth rate was not related to age at puberty (P > .10). Based on the variation in body composition observed it was concluded that the occurrence of puberty in gilts given ad libitum access to feed during rearing and initially exposed to mature boars at approximately 120 d of age was not related to certain minimum threshold amounts of body tissues or to a specific rate at which body tissue reserves were accumulated.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Which alternative method to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessing body composition in overweight and obese adolescents?].

CONTEXT: Professionals in charge of overweight and obese children and adolescents need a simple, reliable and precise method for assessing body composition. OBJECTIVES: To compare body composition as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the skinfold thickness (SFT) method in overweight and obese adolescents, and to establish and validate new predictive equations of body composition from BIA measurements using DXA as standard method. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Body composition was assessed in 143 obese adolescents (Z-score = 3.2 +/- 1.4) aged 12 to 17 years by DXA, BIA (RJL System, Analycor and Analycor XF models) and SFT (Siri and Slaughter's equations). New prediction equations of fat mass (FM) as assessed by DXA were computed from BIA measurements in a calibration group, and validated in an homologous group of subjects. Results. - The Bland-Altman test showed that compared to DXA, BIA underestimated FM by 2.8 +/- 2.0 kg and 2.3 +/- 2.1 kg using the RJL System and Analycor impedancemeter, respectively (P < 0.001). With the Analycor XF model, FM was underestimated by 3.3 +/-2.6 kg in boys, and over-valued by 0.6 +/- 2.4 kg in girls. On the contrary, the predictive equation of Wabitsch et al. overvalued FM by 6.2 +/- 2.9 kg. The SFT method overvalued FM by 2.1 +/- 5.0 kg in boys and underestimated FM by 2.3 +/- 3.5 kg in girls using Slaughter et al. equation, while Siri's equation underestimated FM by 4.0 +/- 2.9 kg (P < 0.001). The alternative to the DXA method to assess FM was BIA with new prediction equations including gender, body weight, height(2)/resistance and reactance. CONCLUSION: DXA, BIA and the SFT method were not directly interchangeable. The SFT method was inadequate to assess body composition in overweight and obese adolescents. BIA and new prediction equations could be an alternative to the DXA method in overweight and obese adolescents.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Body composition by three-compartment model and relative validity of some methods to assess percentage body fat in mexican healthy elderly subjects.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, there is scarce information about the body composition in the elderly. Some researchers have measured body fat by anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance. These techniques are practical and can be used in the field; however, proper validation is required. This implies the use of accurate and precise methods. In the elderly, Siri's three-compartment (3C) model has been proposed as feasible alternative to the gold standard four-compartment model. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the body composition by the 3C model and the relative validity of densitometry and hydrometry methods to assess the percentage body fat (%BF) in 37 healthy Mexican elderly subjects. METHODS: The body density was measured by air displacement plethysmography, total body water was evaluated by means of an isotopic dilution technique, and two different hydration factors were used to determine the fat-free mass. These measurements were used to calculate %BF by the 3C model. Accuracy and precision of the methods were tested by a two-way analysis of variance and regression procedures and bias by Bland and Altman analysis. RESULTS: In men and women as a whole group, the %BF by the 3C model was 34.4 +/- 8.01. Women had higher values of %BF as compared with men (41.7 +/- 3.7 vs. 29.4 +/- 6.4; p < 0.0001). The regression procedures showed that air displacement plethysmography was accurate and precise only in women and in the whole group. Regression analyses of %BF by total body water (using both hydration factors) and 3C model showed that the intercepts were not different from zero and that the slopes were not different from 1.0 in men and women separately and as group. CONCLUSION: In this study, the total-body water method revealed a good relative validity (accuracy, precision, and freedom from bias) as compared with the 3C model in men and women both separately and as a group and may be acceptable for the estimation of %BF in individuals or groups of healthy elderly subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1985

Body composition of patients with malnutrition and cancer. Summary of methods of assessment.

Body composition is determined, by multiple isotope dilution, to obtain an accurate and precise measure of the nutritional state and to evaluate the response to specialized nutritional therapy. Malnutrition results in a loss of body cell mass (BCM) accompanied by an expansion of the extracellular mass (ECM). Thus, in 75 malnourished patients the BCM was 40.5% less and the ECM was 24.6% greater than that of 25 normal volunteers, resulting in a body weight difference of only 16.3%. In 19 normally nourished patients undergoing major elective surgery, by the fifth postoperative day the BCM decreased by 13.9% and the ECM increased by 9.6%, resulting in a 3.9% loss of body weight. During an 18-month period, body composition was determined in 43 patients with cancer. Eighteen patients were nutritionally normal, whereas 25 were malnourished. In 17 of the malnourished patients, body composition was determined at 2-week intervals while they were receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Body composition remained unchanged in nine but improved in eight, with a BCM increase from 14.6 +/- 1.1 to 18.4 +/- 1.2 kg. These data demonstrated that an improvement in the nutritional state can be achieved in patients with cancer.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice.

We investigated the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) preparations, which were enriched for the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer or the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer, on body composition in mice. Body composition changes (reduced body fat, enhanced body water, enhanced body protein, and enhanced body ash) were associated with feeding the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the trans-10,cis-12 isomer reduced lipoprotein lipase activity, intracellular triacylglycerol and glycerol, and enhanced glycerol release into the medium. By contrast, the cis-9,trans-11 and trans-9,trans-11 CLA isomers did not affect these biochemical activities. We conclude that CLA-associated body composition change results from feeding the trans-10,cis-12 isomer.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1980

Longitudinal studies of anthropometric data and body composition. The population study of women in Götenberg, Sweden.

Anthropometric data and body composition, estimated from total body potassium and total body water determinations, were studied in 1968 to 1968 and 1974 to 1975 in a population sample of middle-aged women. Altogether 1302 women participated in the anthropometric studies and 79 women in the body composition studies on both occasions. Body height decreased with age both secularly and biologically. The reduction of body height was greater at higher ages. Body weight increased with age, the change being partly a cohort effect and partly an effect of age. Evidence of a reduced muscle mass in the arms with age was found. Body cell mass increased with age in some age strata. There was an increase in subcutaneous fat with age, both in the arms and in the trunk. Body fat did not change significantly with age in the age strata studied. A change in body weight was accompanied by a smiliar change in both body fat and body cell mass.

Adult↗