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PubMed1982

Red cell metabolism in buffaloes and camels.

Red cell GSH, GSH regeneration rates, and the activities of ten enzymes were measured in the red blood cells of camels and buffaloes. The activity of G6PD was found to be much higher in both the species compared to that found in other ruminants such as sheep, goats, and cattle. Although there were no significant differences in the level of red cell GSH in the two species, there was a striking differences in the rate of GSH regeneration, the mean rate of 0.162 +/- 0.009 mumoles/min/gHb in the camels was significantly higher than the 0.082 +/- 0.011 mumoles/min/gHb observed in the buffaloes.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Involvement of a disulfide bridge in catalytic activity of camel lens xi-crystallin.

Chemical modification studies were performed to elucidate the role of cysteine residues in the catalytic activity of camel lens xi-crystallin. 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) titration of the camel lens xi-crystallin revealed that it contained 3 SH-groups and a disulfide bridge per subunit. One of the three SH-groups was readily accessible, whereas the other two were buried. Inactivation of xi-crystallin by DTNB was caused by a modification of one cysteine residue per subunit. The resulting DTNB-modified enzyme was reactivated by dithiothreitol (DTT) or KCN. The inactivation was partially protected by NADPH, whereas 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ) enhanced the modification of the enzyme. These results indicate that the SH- group being modified is located at/near the NADPH binding site which is not essential for catalysis. Incubation of the enzyme with DTT led to a substantial loss of the enzyme activity. However, DTT inhibition was prevented completely by preincubation of enzyme with PQ but not by NADPH indicating that an essential disulfide-bridge is present at the substrate binding site of xi-crystallin.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Renin-aldosterone axis and arginine-vasopressin responses to sodium depletion in camels.

Urinary output, urinary sodium and potassium excretion, plasma electrolyte concentrations and osmolality, plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) concentrations were determined in eight camels in Tadla (Morocco). After administration of furosemide (2 mg.kg-1 body wt) urinary water, sodium and potassium excretions increased, inducing hypovolemia (as reflected by 14.6% increase in hematocrit), hyponatremia (142 +/- 1.0 vs 150 +/- 2.1 mmol.liter-1 in controls; P < 0.05), plasma hypo-osmolality (287.5 +/- 11.5 vs 307 +/- 1.4 mOsm.kg-1 H2O in controls; P < 0.05), and hypokalemia (3.7 +/- 0.2 vs 4.6 +/- 0.1 mmol.liter-1 in controls; P < 0.05). Such body fluid volume and composition changes were associated with parallel increases in PRA and plasma aldosterone concentrations (5.9 +/- 0.6 vs 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng AI.ml-1.hr-1 and 132.4 +/- 35.5 vs 25.1 +/- 6.5 pg.ml-1 in controls, respectively; P < 0.05). They were also associated with a fourfold increase in plasma arginine-vasopressin concentrations (0.8 +/- 0.2 vs 0.2 +/- 0.1 pg.ml-1; P < 0.05). In furosemide-treated animals, plasma aldosterone concentrations correlated positively with PRA (r = 0.85; n = 64; P < 0.01) and negatively with plasma sodium concentrations (r = -0.80; n = 64; P < 0.01), suggesting that in sodium-depleted camels the nexus between the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone was restored.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1998

The specific variable domain of camel heavy-chain antibodies is encoded in the germline.

The variable domains of the functional heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs) discovered in camels are related to the human VH subgroup III. They are nevertheless clearly distinguishable from the VHs of conventional four-chain immunoglobulins by the presence of important amino acid substitutions, located in the solvent-exposed surface normally covered by the variable domain of the light chain. The analysis of an unrearranged dromedary DNA library revealed that the specific VHH gene with its characteristic amino acid substitutions is encoded in the germline. Therefore, it is concluded that the VHHs do not arise through an ontogenic process of somatic hypermutation. The presence of putative DNA recombination signals that are more prevalent in the camel VHH, compared to the VH germline gene, might play a role in the formation and efficient expansion of the VHH repertoire.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Purification of carnitine acetyltransferase from skeletal muscle of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The enzyme carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) catalyzes the reversible transfer of short-chain acyl groups between coenzyme A and L-carnitine, and hence, plays an important role in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Purification and characterization of CAT from desert animal species may help in explaining the involvement of secondary pathways for energy production in these species. In this paper, we report the purification and partial characterization of CAT from the Arabian camel. CAT was purified from the skeletal muscle of the Arabian camel by ammonium sulfate and acetone fractionation, followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, agarose-Co A and Superose 12 gel filtration columns. CAT was purified by 2937-fold to a specific activity of 94 Units mg-1. The purified CAT was a monomer of 59 kDa as judged by native and SDS-PAGE, and showed a pI of 5.2. The enzyme displayed maximum activity with propionyl-Co A. Apparent Km for acetyl-, propionyl- and butyryl-Co A were 27.7, 17.3 and 29 microM respectively, while palmitoyl-Co A was not a substrate.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Hydatidosis in camels in Kuwait.

Infection of indigenous camels, Camelus dromedarius, with hydatid cysts has been recorded for the first time in Kuwait. From February 1982 to April 1983, 293 camels slaughtered for human consumption were examined. The overall rate of infection was 39.6%: 18.5% in animals less than 6 years old, and between 40.1% and 45.2% in older animals. The infection rate in females (44.9%) was significantly higher than in males (24.7%). Females also showed higher susceptibility to infections in multiple organs (22.7%) than males (10.5%). The lung was the most predominant site infected (63.0%). Pulmonary cysts showed a higher fertility rate than hepatic cysts (71.7% vs 29.2%) and were smaller and more numerous. The high infection rate recorded for this animal is probably related to recent shifts in animal maintenance from the traditional free-grazing to the corralling system.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

A survey on spontaneous atherosclerosis of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran.

In a survey carried out on 200 camels (Camelus dromedarius) from different parts of Iran, three cases were diagnosed positive for atherosclerosis on gross and microscopic examination. A sex and age predilection is suspected. The complications of atherosclerosis were not present. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first report of atherosclerosis in camels.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

Camel production in Kenya and its constraints. I. Productivity.

Initial results from an ongoing study of the productivity in three herds of camels are presented. The effects of different management systems, traditional nomadic vs. commercial ranching, on growth, fertility and early mortality are described as well as the differences in the genetic potential of two types of indigenous camels.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1977

The slide agglutination test for the diagnosis of filariasis in camels.

The slide agglutination test was adapted for the diagnosis of filariasis in camels, using an antigen prepared from the microfilariae by a simple lytic technique. The preliminary results were satisfactory as the test detected 86 per cent of the infected animals. Only 6 per cent of the healthy camels with no blood parasites or microfilariae in their blood gave positive results and no positive reactions were obtained from 18 animals suffering from Trypanosoma infection.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1992

Productivity and health of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Somalia: associations with trypanosomosis and brucellosis.

In Somalia, one of the world's largest dromedary populations of about 5.3 million animals are kept by nomadic pastoralists under traditional management. Interest in the development potential of camel herds in the semi-arid areas of central Somalia initiated an investigation to determine the productivity of herds, their major diseases and likely associations among these parameters. Using a systems approach, data were collected for herd production parameters, environmental factors, management and production systems, and health variables. One thousand and thirty nine camels in 33 herds were studied in the central regions of Somalia. Trypanosoma evansi prevalence ranged from 1.7% in blood-smears to 56.4% using enzyme-linked immunosorbent micro-assay (microELISA). Seroprevalence for brucellosis was determined as 1.9% by the standard agglutination test (SAT) and 0.3% by the complement fixation test (CFT). Using multiple regression, 15% of the total variation of the general fertility rate was explained by the results of the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and the microELISA for T. evansi, CFT results for brucellosis, herdsize, and young stock death rate. Among herd production variables, herd size differed significantly for different management units. Young stock death rates, as well as general fertility rates varied in the ecological subzones with a marked effect in the zones labeled "Inland". Various other associations were noted among demographic, husbandry and disease variables. The importance of trypanosomosis and brucellosis to the productivity of herds and measures to control their limiting effects on production were discussed.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1976

The prevalence and diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels in southern Ethiopia.

An investigation of trypanosomiasis in camels indicated a high prevalence of infection in southern Ethiopia. Various direct and indirect laboratory methods for the diagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma evansi were compared and evaluated. At the present time inoculation of camel blood into laboratory rodents appears to be the best direct diagnostic method. The formol-gel test and the Takata test appear to be the most sensitive and accurate of the biochemical methods available. However, there still remains a need for an accurate diagnostic test for individual cases.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Taxonomic position and geographical distribution of the common sheep G1 and camel G6 strains of Echinococcus granulosus in three African countries.

The taxonomic and phylogenetic status of Echinococcus granulosus strains are still controversial and under discussion. In the present study, we investigated the genetic polymorphism of E. granulosus isolates originating from three countries of Africa, including a region of Algeria, where the common G1 sheep and the camel G6 strains coexist sympatrically. Seventy-one hydatid cysts were collected from sheep, cattle, camels, and humans. Two mitochondrial markers (cox1 and nad1) were used for strain identification. Two nuclear markers (actII and hbx2) were used to study the possible occurrence of cross-fertilization. Despite the heterogeneity observed among the G1 isolates, they were all localized within one robust cluster. A second strong cluster was also observed containing all of the G6 isolates. Both strains appeared as two distinct groups, and no cases of interbreeding were found. Thus, the attribution of a species rank can be suggested. We also found the Tasmanian sheep G2 strain for the first time in Africa. Because of the slight variations observed between the common sheep and the Tasmanian sheep strains, further studies should be carried out to elucidate the epidemiological relevance of this genetic discrimination.

Algeria↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The use of milk progesterone analysis to monitor reproductive activity in the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Milk progesterone profiles were used to monitor the ovarian changes during the post-partum period of five she-camels. Milk samples were collected daily for 60 days from four suckling camels (1-4) and from one animal whose calf died on day 3. Progesterone was determined using the Ovucheck Bovine progesterone kits. The first increase of progesterone level in the five animals occurred on days 28, 26, 21, 24 and 20 respectively. At least two progesterone peaks of 6 +/- 2 SD days' duration occurred during the 60 days. An early one day peak was also noticed in three animals.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pyometra in camels: case report.

Pyometra was recorded in five camels and Actinomyces pyogenes (Corynebacterium pyogenes) was isolated from pus of the affected camels.

Actinomyces↗

PubMed1984

Peripheral blood levels of progesterone in female camels during various reproductive stages.

Determination of serum progesterone concentrations over a period of 2 years in female camels during various reproductive stages (estrus, pregnant, nonpregnant, and lactating) suggests that the progesterone levels exceeding 1 ng/ml are reached only if mating is fertile. A cycling camel does not have a luteal phase and mating is probably indispensable for ovulation to occur.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Immunocytochemical evidence for vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Immunoperoxidase staining was applied to the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary of the camel. Vasopressin and oxytocin cells and fibers were identified in different nuclei of the hypothalamus. Immunoreactive fiber tracts were followed to the median eminence and the posterior pituitary. In the median eminence, two different pathways were found for vasopressin, one passing to the posterior lobe and the other contacting capillaries of the portal system. The oxytocin antiserum stained one unique pathway in the internal zone on its way to the posterior pituitary. The two immunoreactivities were shown in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, vasopressin staining being the more intense. Relations between these data and the physiology of the camel are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

The camel jockey's tibial fracture.

An isolated fracture of the middle and lower third of the tibia occurred with marked regularity in a large number of camel-racing jockeys. The mechanism of this fracture was analysed. It was concluded that the compression-rotation of the leg below the knee between the trunks of adjacent racing camels produced this injury, but the sparing of the fibula could not be explained. Simple measures are described such that the incidence of these and other injuries sustained by the jockeys can be markedly reduced.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Purification and characterization of camel liver glutathione S-transferase.

Glutathione S-transferases have been purified (18-fold) in 65-70% yield from the liver of one humped camel using affinity chromatography on glutathione-linked agarose. Chromatofocusing technique resolves the glutathione S-transferases into seven distinct isoenzymes with apparent pI of 8.7, 8.4, 8.0, 7.8, 7.3 and 6.5. The major isoenzyme (pI 8.7) which accounted for over 95% of the total activity was composed of two identical subunits of molecular mass 24,000 and was immunologically similar to the other six isoenzymes. The substrate specificities and the effect of various inhibitors on the activity of the abundant camel liver isoenzyme were also examined.

Animals↗