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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources

PubMed1996

The non-human primate endocrine pancreas: development, regeneration potential and metaplasia.

An investigation into the development of the Vervet monkey endocrine pancreas revealed a sequence of occurrence of pancreatic peptides that differed from previous reports in mice, dog and human with PP and somatostatin occurring before glucagon and insulin. All four pancreatic peptides were identified, immunohistochemically, in only one of the pancreatic primordial buds, before fusion of the two buds to form the pancreas. This questions the hypothesis that the heterogeneous endocrine cell distribution seen in the adult pancreas is due to the contribution of only PP cells by the ventral bud and non-PP cells by the dorsal bud. Co-localization of glucagon and PP was observed extensively in the developing pancreas and the predominant expression of one over the other in an apparently organized non-random manner accounted for the glucagon- and PP-rich areas seen in the developing pancreas. A small number of cells immunoreactive to glucagon and PP were also observed in the adult. Reports of plasticity of differentiation of other pancreatic cells led us to investigate regeneration potential of the adult monkey pancreas. Partial obstruction of the Vervet monkey main pancreatic duct, by cellophane wrapping, resulted in duct cell proliferation and differentiation to form new endocrine tissue in a way that mimics normal organogenesis. Focal areas of hepatocytes were found in the regenerated pancreas of one monkey, illustrating further the latent developmental capabilities of adult pancreas cells. These findings could lead to interesting new therapies for pancreas and liver disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Axial intensity distribution analysis of the human retina with a confocal scanning laser tomograph.

We have analysed the change of reflected light intensity along the optical axis or axial intensity distribution in images acquired with a confocal scanning laser tomographic system in human fundus examination. We hypothesized that confocal light detection units used in scanning laser tomographs register light originating from multiple layers within the human macula and that intraretinal structures might also be observable. To test this hypothesis we examined the axial intensity distribution in human maculas of normal volunteers, patients with cystic and other macular abnormalities and in an artificial retina in a plastic eye model. A total of over 140 patients and volunteers were examined. We analysed this distribution in 20 normal healthy volunteer eyes found the origin of the artifacts that cause retinal vessels to appear elevated. We examined four patients with cystic maculas and were able to detect the presence of two structures in axial direction contributing to the axial intensity distribution. A plastic eye model with a cellophane sheet covering a fluid pocket was developed to mimic the appearance of a large macular cyst. The axial intensity distribution analysis showed the presence of two distinct gaussian profiles. The results of this study show that confocal scanning laser tomographic imaging of the human fundus allows extraction of information regarding the axial position of intraretinal layers and that correction for the deeper retinal reflections may allow more precision in imaging of the retinal surface.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Germination of Phyllosticta ampelicidaPycnidiospores: Prerequisite of Adhesion to the Substratum and the Relationship of Substratum Wettability

Pycnidiospores of Phyllosticta ampelicida, the causal agent of black rot of grape, were found to germinate only on substrata on which they were firmly attached. Such surfaces were poorly wettable and had advancing contact angles (straight thetaa) formed by a water drop of >80°, e.g., grape leaf, polystyrene, Teflon, polycarbonate, collodion, and glass treated with the silanes n-octadecyltrichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, or diphenyldichlorosilane. When pycnidiospores were deposited on more wettable surfaces they did not attach firmly and did not germinate. Such highly wettable surfaces had straight thetaa </= 40° and were represented by heat-treated glass, cellophane, nutrient- and water-agars, polystyrene treated with UV-irradiation or sulfuric acid, and glass silanized with n-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, n-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine triacetic acid trisodium, or 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Adhesion of pycnidiospores was assessed with and without a hydraulic shearing force. Pycnidiospore adhesion occurred over several minutes in distilled deionized water, unless it was first acidified, which decreased attachment time to <0.03 s. Attachment of pycnidiospores treated with sodium azide, formaldehyde, or boiled in water for 10 min was similar to nontreated conidia. Possible mechanisms of adhesion of the conidia to surfaces include hydrophobic and ionic interactions.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Microconidia of Neurospora crassa.

Neurospora crassa produces two types of vegetative spores-relatively small numbers of uninucleate microconidia and very large numbers of multinucleate macroconidia (blastoconidia and arthroconidia). The microconidia can function either as spermatia (male gametes) or as asexual reproductive structures or both. In nature they probably function exclusively in fertilization of protoperithecia. The environmental conditions favoring their formation and the pattern of their development are quite distinct from those of macroconidia. Mutants of N. crassa have been isolated in which macroconidiation is selectively blocked without affecting microconidiation, showing that these two types of conidial differentiation involve distinct developmental pathways. Unlike microconidia of some related ascomycetes, those of Neurospora are capable of germination, providing viable uninucleate haploid cells which are desired in several types of investigations. A technique of selectively removing macroconidia from culture initiated on cellophane overlying agar medium allows pure microconidia to be obtained even from the wild-type strains of Neurospora. The conditional microcyclic strain, mcm, allows either macroconidia or microconidia to be obtained at will, depending on the conditions of culture. The new methods of obtaining pure microconidia from normal laboratory strains will make it quick and easy to purify heterokaryotic transformants following introduction of DNA into multinucleate protoplasts. Moreover, these methods allow the detection of genetic variability that remains hidden within an individual fungus and the estimation of the frequency of nuclear types in laboratory-constructed heterokaryons. The discovery, function, and development of microconidia are described and their research applications are discussed in this review.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1997

Altered expression of troponin T isoforms in mild left ventricular hypertrophy in the rabbit.

Alterations in troponin T (TnT) isoforms have been reported in severe human and experimental heart failure (HF), and may play a role in the depressed myofibrillar ATPase activity observed in this condition. It is unclear whether these alterations reflect very severe hemodynamic derangement or are a component of mild hypertrophic stress. Therefore, we studied the expression of TnT isoforms (SDS-PAGE, Western blots), myosin isoforms, myofibrillar ATPase activity, and left ventricular (LV) mechanoenergetics (rbc perfused, isovolumically contracting isolated heart) in a rabbit model of mild hypertrophy (LVH) due to gradual hypertension caused by 12 weeks of cellophane wrap of the kidneys (n=12). LV/body weight ratio increased by 28% in LVH compared to shams (P<0.001); no animals had evidence of HF. In LVH, the percentage of TnT2 was modestly but significantly increased compared to shams [6.2+/-1.9 (+/-S.D. ) v 3.7+/-1.0%, P<0.05], mainly as a consequence of a parallel decrease in TnT4 (P=0.07). Sham hearts ranged from 75-100% V3 isomyosin, whereas all LVH hearts had 100% of the V3 form. There were no significant differences in myofibrillar ATPase activity or mechanical variables, including contraction and relaxation rates. The slope of the VO2-pressure-volume-area relation (a measure of the energy conversion efficiency of the contractile machinery) was also unchanged. We conclude that in the rabbit, shifts in TnT isoforms toward a more "fetal" pattern occur during mild LVH and, therefore, are likely to be a general feature of the response to hemodynamic stress, rather than a phenomenon confined to end-stage disease. These modest shifts are not associated with major alterations in LV myofibrillar ATPase activity or mechanoenergetics.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1975

Encapsulation of implanted foreign bodies by hemocytes in Locusta migratoria and Melolontha melolontha.

Sterile fragments of cellophane, cat-gut, cotton, or beef muscle implanted into the body cavity of Locusta migratoria and Melolontha melolontha are immediately surrounded by granular hemocytes which form a multi-layered capsule around each foreign body. The cytoplasm of the granular hemocytes of the outer zone of the capsule in both species shows an accumulation of fibrous material (microtubules and microfilaments). None of the implanted material appeared to be degraded.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

In vitro replication of a DNA fragment containing the vicinity of the origin of E. coli DNA replication.

The restriction nuclease cleavage pattern of E. coli DNA synthesized in vitro in the cellophane membrane system (Schaller et al., 1972) is similar to the one obtained after labelling E. coli in vivo. This is shown for exponentially growing cells and for cells synchronized by amino acid starvation followed by thymine starvation. In synchronized cells a piece of some 180 kilobase pairs is labelled containing oriC and neighbouring regions at 82 min on the genetic map of E. coli. A pulse label in vitro is incorporated into the same piece of DNA, but the center of this region, i.e. the EcoR1 fragment of 8.6 kbp length which contains the oriC region (Marsh and Worcel, 1977; v. Meyenburg et al., 1977; Yasuda and Hirota, 1977) is missing.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1981

DNA replication intermediates synthesized by lysates of dnaB, dnaG and dnaB dnaG mutants in vitro.

Isogenic dnaB, dnaG, and dnaB dnaG mutants were constructed and used as extracts in the cellophane-disc in vitro DNA replication system. The increased proportion of 5S DNA characteristics of the dnab extract and the lack of Okazaki piece synthesis characteristic of the dnaG extract were both apparent in analysis of the dnaB dnaG mutant extract reaction. A hypothetical scheme to explain these results and those of others is presented.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1986

Glutamicin CBII, a bacteriocin-like substance produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Corynebacterium glutamicum CBII, in the stationary phase of growth, was found to produce spontaneously a substance resembling bacteriocins by its bactericidal properties. This substance designated glutamicin CBII was observed to exhibit bactericidal activity against coryneform bacteria (12 species tested) but not against unrelated gram-positive (3) and gram-negative (3) bacteria, while its action on bacteria with no quite known relatedness to the coryneform group (14) was found to be variable. Glutamicin CBII was partially purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate (70% saturation), selective heat precipitation and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The antibacterial substance diffused through cellophane membrane with an approximate cut-off of 10,000 dalton and its sedimentation coefficient was determined to be 1.1 S by ultracentrifugation. Heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min had no effect on its activity. Glutamicin CBII was proved to be resistant to chloroform, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pronase, and subtilisin. According to its staining behaviour and 1H NMR spectra it probably represents a glycoprotein containing only a minor protein component.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1988

A modified semipermeable membrane technique for carbonic anhydrase histochemistry of the nervous system.

We present a modification of Hansson's method for the demonstration of carbonic anhydrase activity. Using a semipermeable membrane together with a fluid incubation medium, frozen sections of aldehyde-fixed tissue were incubated without floating or dipping. Thin sections (thickness, 20-40 microns) were mounted on the outer surface of a tubular-shaped, semipermeable cellophane dialysis membrane containing the incubation fluid. After incubation for 25-30 min at room temperature, the sections were rinsed in buffer and treated with 0.5% (NH4)2S solution. The histochemical reaction was fully inhibited by 10(-4) M acetazolamide.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Cultural conditions for Aeromonas hydrophila affect the production of haemolysins with differing host specificities.

Five strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were studied for production of haemolysin specific for erythrocytes of various animal species using three cultural methods. All the strains produced haemolysin for all the erythrocyte species when the organisms were cultured on blood agar. Using cellophane overlay method, all the strains produced haemolysin for fish erythrocytes and variable activity to mammalian erythrocytes. Only one strain produced haemolytic activity for various though not all of the erythrocyte species when grown in brain heart infusion broth. Data suggest that A. hydrophila produces multiple haemolysins with specificities for erythrocytes of different animals. This was confirmed for trout and horse erythrocyte targeted haemolysins, by using iso-electric focussing separation and by measuring the effect of addition of ammonium sulphate to the growth medium.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗

PubMed1986

History of blood gas analysis. IV. Leland Clark's oxygen electrode.

The electrochemical reduction of oxygen was discovered by Heinrich Danneel and Walter Nernst in 1897. Polarography using dropping mercury was discovered accidentally by Jaroslav Heyrovsky in Prague in 1922. This method produced the first measured oxygen tension values in plasma and blood in the 1940s. Brink, Davies, and Bronk implanted platinum electrodes in tissue to study oxygen supply, or availability, from about 1940, but these bare electrodes became poisoned when immersed in blood. Leland Clark sealed a platinum cathode in glass and covered it first with cellophane; he then tested silastic and polyethylene membranes. In 1954 Clark conceived and constructed the first membrane-covered oxygen electrode having both the anode and cathode behind a nonconductive polyethylene membrane. The limited permeability of polyethylene to oxygen reduced depletion of oxygen from the sample, making possible quantitative measurements of oxygen tension in blood, solutions, or gases. This invention led to the introduction of modern blood gas apparatus.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus strains from clinical isolates.

The enterotoxigenicity of 208 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens and four strains isolated from food was investigated. All strains were examined for production of enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E in cellophane-over-agar cultures using a modified optimum-sensitivity-plate method. Strains from systemic infections were also examined for production of toxic-shock toxin. The overall frequency of enterotoxigenic strains among the clinical isolates was 42%. Enterotoxin A was the predominant enterotoxin found among positive strains (45/88). Enterotoxins B to E were found in decreasing order of frequency. Twenty-three strains produced two enterotoxins and one strain three toxins. A significant association was observed between multi-resistance of strains (defined as resistance against penicillin and at least two other antibiotics) and enterotoxin B production. Strains from phage groups I and III produced predominantly enterotoxin A. Four of the five strains producing toxic shock toxin belonged to phage group I; one was not classifiable.

Bacteriophage Typing↗

PubMed1983

Fluorescein angiography after retinal detachment microsurgery.

The eyes of 78 patients who underwent retinal detachment microsurgery (82 eyes) were prospectively evaluated postoperatively with fluorescein angiography. Of these 14.6% showed angiographic evidence of cystoid macular oedema (CMO.). A significantly greater risk of developing cmo was discovered in aphakic eyes (30% CMO.) as compared to phakic eyes (7% CMO.) and in eyes where the maculae were detached pre-operatively (23% CMO.), as compared to eyes where the maculae were attached pre-operatively (5% CMO.). Eyes which had undergone several surgical procedures for retinal reattachment (38% CMO.) were compared to eyes which had undergone only one surgical procedure (6.5% CMO.). It was found that 4.9% of the 82 eyes showed cellophane premacular membrane without dye leakage. A further 6% of the eyes showed premacular membranes associated with dye leakage. No statistically significant risk factor associated with the development of macular pucker was disclosed in this series.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Terminal bronchiolar-alveolar (TB-A) units in circumfusion system cultures.

Long-term (more than 75 days) recirculating circumfusion system cultures of 15-day fetal mouse lungs gave rise to terminal bronchiolar-alveolar (TB-A) units detached from the respiratory tree. TB-A units established in serum-free microenvironments under reconstructed cellophane membranes became especially flat and optically accessible in fast-flowing 6-chamber systems devoid of a pulse pressure. Time-lapse cinephase movies showed that the alveoli was maintained debris-free by the phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages which entered the alveoli by penetrating the pneumocytic walls. The terminal bronchioles with active ciliary cells communicated with the alveoli and together they formed a flat fluid-filled tubule-like closed system composed of ultrastructurally typical differentiated cellular constituents, viz. types I and II pneumocytes, endocrine-like cells, ciliary cells. Clara cells, and septal cells. TB-A units were observed throughout 150 days of cultivation at which time their phase morphological differentiation remained stable and their functional activity observable as smooth-muscle contractions, ciliation, and alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. A 1000-foot motion-picture film complementing the descriptions of the TB-A units and the alveolar macrophages in the text is deposited with the Motion Picture Film Rental Collection of the Tissue Culture Association, Inc., at the W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Lake Placid, New York.

Basement Membrane↗

PubMed1999

Radiotracer analysis of cadmium speciation in soil solutions using electrophoresis, dialysis, centrifugation, and ultrafiltration.

Speciation of carrier-free 109Cd, added in cationic form to pre-filtered extracts obtained by leaching forest soil samples with distilled water, was analyzed using electrophoresis, dialysis, centrifugation, and ultrafiltration. Rapid establishment of isotopic equilibrium between the added 109Cd and stable cadmium present in the extracts was observed. All the data obtained indicated that 109Cd and also stable cadmium were present in the analyzed extracts in the form of neutral or negatively charged organic complexes or small colloids. The results of electrophoresis enabled the characterization, at least semiquantitative, of the abundance and electrophoretic mobility of the forms present. The incomplete dialysis of 109Cd from the soil extracts through cellophane membrane against water proved the presence of organic associates with molecular weights higher than 10(4). Dialysis against the same, but unlabeled extract was always complete, indicating the reversible (labile) nature of the organic forms of cadmium. Assessment of the stability constants of the organic forms using a simple discrete two-site model suggested that humate and/or fulvate complexes of cadmium were formed.

Cadmium↗

PubMed1978

Regenerative proliferation of mouse epidermal cells following application of a carcinogenic skin irritant (MCA). Micro-flow fluorometric DNA measurements and 3H-TdR incorporation studies of isolated basal cells.

0.025 ml of a 1% solution of the complete skin carcinogen 20-methylcholanthrene (MCA) dissolved in benzene was applied to the back skin of hairless mice. At different time intervals up to 3 days after the carcinogen application groups of animals were injected i.p. with 30 muCi 3H-TdR 30 min before they were killed. Single cell suspensions of epidermal basal cells were prepared by a combined enzymatic and mechanical separation method, and the DNA frequency distribution pattern from each cell suspension was measured by means of micro-flow fluorometry. Smears for autoradiography were made from each cell suspension and the labeling index and mean grain count assessed. After a short initial delay, MCA induced an increase in the labeling index similar to that observed after non-specific cell injury and cell loss. Thereafter, the cells were considerably delayed in their progression through the S phase, with a low exit from S resulting in a transient emptying of the G2 compartment, without indications of any significant delay of the passage through G2 phase. The cells that had been injured by the MCA application in or just before S phase proceeded into the G2 phase and mitosis more than 24 h after the initiation of DNA synthesis. The cell kinetic reaction of epidermis to a single application of MCA is thus very different from that caused by a nonspecific cell damage, e.g. application of the vesicant agent cantharidin or removal of surface cells by cellophane tape stripping.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Indigenous helminthiasis].

Worldwide an estimated 1.5-2 billion people are infested with helminths. Over the last decades, in industrialized countries prevalence rates of human helminthic infections were decreased by means of wastewater and food control. In this article, we review the geographic distributions as well as the impact on the public health system of the most prevalent helminthiases. Special emphasis is given to Echinococcus, Enterobiasis, and Toxocariasis. Intestinal larvae or eggs of helminths can be detected in faeces. Pinworms are collected with a strip of cellophane tape with the sticky side towards the anus. Tissue helminthosis, like Toxocariasis or Trichinosis are associated with eosinophilia and can be diagnosed with sensitive immunological methods or by biopsy. Infection with Echinococcus multilocularis is the most serious parasitic disease in central Europe. Although current therapeutic options are limited, 5 year survival rates were markedly improved by the combination of medical and surgical treatment.

Demography↗