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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Combination antiviral therapy for respiratory virus infections.

A limited number of antiviral drug combinations have been shown to have enhanced activity for important human respiratory viruses. Rimantadine or amantadine combined with ribavirin shows increased antiviral effects in vitro and in experimental animal models. This combination warrants testing in human influenza. Immunoglobulin containing neutralizing anti-RSV antibody combined with ribavirin shows enhanced antiviral effects in experimental animal infections and provides clinical benefit in severe RSV infections of transplant patients. Generally, more effective treatments for acute respiratory viral infections will likely involve combinations of both antivirals and agents that modulate host inflammatory responses to infection.

Amantadine↗
PubMed1999

Molecular detection and typing of human picornaviruses.

Picornaviruses include several important clinical pathogens which cause diseases varying from common cold to poliomyelitis and hepatitis. Introduction of RT-PCR methods for the detection of these viruses has significantly facilitated the diagnosis of picornavirus infections and elucidated their etiological role in clinical illnesses. Partial sequence analysis of the genomes has been used for typing of the viruses and in studies of molecular epidemiology of picornaviruses. These molecular approaches are likely to become the most predominant techniques for the diagnosis and epidemiological analysis, particularly in the enterovirus infections.

Genome, Viral↗
PubMed1998

Very-low-density lipoprotein receptor fragment shed from HeLa cells inhibits human rhinovirus infection.

The large family of human rhinoviruses, the main causative agents of the common cold, is divided into the major and the minor group based on receptor specificity. Major group viruses attach to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, whereas minor group viruses use low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) for cell entry. During early attempts aimed at isolating the minor group receptor, we discovered that a protein with virus binding activity was released from HeLa cells upon incubation with buffer at 37 degreesC (F. Hofer, B. Berger, M. Gruenberger, H. Machat, R. Dernick, U. Tessmer, E. Kuechler, and D. Blaas, J. Gen. Virol. 73:627-632, 1992). In light of the recent discovery of several new members of the LDLR family, we reinvestigated the nature of this protein and present evidence for its being derived from the human very-low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). A soluble VLDLR fragment encompassing the eight complement type repeats and representing the N-terminal part of the receptor was then expressed in the baculovirus system; both the shed protein and the recombinant soluble VLDLR bind minor group viruses and inhibit viral infection of HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Viral respiratory diseases in childhood].

Viral infections of the respiratory apparatus occur more frequently and their aetiology is often different, but there is no substantial difference between cases in children and in adults. Some clinical pictures, such as colds, laryngitis and bronchiolitis do, however, have an aetiology, symptomatology and course that deserves consideration. Features and diagnostic and therapeutic problems of these forms are analysed in brief.

Bronchiolitis, Viral↗
PubMed1992

Treatment of the picornavirus common cold by inhibitors of viral uncoating and attachment.

The human rhinoviruses are the leading cause of the ubiquitous, mild, and self-limiting infections generally referred to as the common cold. Considerable research effort has been expended in the search for well tolerated antiviral agents capable of preventing and treating the common cold. Although no antirhinovirus drug is yet commercially available, considerable progress has been made in the discovery and development of novel, viral specific inhibitors of rhinovirus replication. This report reviews the history and current status of the research that has focused on inhibitors of the early steps in the virus life cycle: attachment to the cellular receptor and uncoating of the viral RNA. Molecules directed at these targets currently possess the greatest potential for generating a safe and efficacious treatment for the rhinovirus common cold.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1998

Asthma and natural colds. Inflammatory indices in induced sputum: a feasibility study.

We examined the feasibility of using induced sputum to evaluate the airway inflammatory response to natural acute respiratory virus infections. We recruited eight asthmatics and nine healthy subjects on Day 4 of a cold. Viral infection was confirmed in six of the asthmatics (influenza A or B) and six of the healthy subjects (influenza A, rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus). In the subjects with confirmed virus infection, five of the asthmatics had an objective exacerbation of asthma during the cold. Their sputum on Day 4 showed a high median total cell count of 19.7 x 10(6) cells/ml with a modest neutrophilia (58. 5%) and high levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) (16,000 pg/ml), eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) (1,880 microgram/L) and very high levels of fibrinogen (250 mg/L). In contrast, the proportion (1.3%) and absolute number of eosinophils was low. IL-2 levels were within the normal range, whereas IL-5 and interferon gamma were under the limit of detection of the assays. In the healthy subjects with a confirmed virus infection the sputum findings were qualitatively similar but significantly less prominent. Sputum IL-8 on Day 4 was strongly correlated with neutrophils (rs = 0.8, p < 0.001). This correlation was also significant when each group was analyzed separately. On Day 21 there was a fall in the absolute number of neutrophils and in ECP and fibrinogen levels in both groups. Similar results were found in the two asthmatic and three healthy subjects with a cold of comparable severity but in whom viral infection was not confirmed. We conclude that induced sputum examination can be used to study the effects of natural colds and influenza on the airways of the lungs. The results also suggest that natural colds, on Day 4, cause neutrophilic lower airway inflammation that is greater in asthmatics than in healthy subjects. The greater inflammatory response in asthmatics may be due to the changes associated with trivial eosinophilia or to the different viruses involved.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1982

Shedding of infected ciliated epithelial cells in rhinovirus colds.

Specimens of nasal mucus were collected from 17 volunteers experimentally infected with rhinovirus and from 10 uninfected control subjects. Ciliated epithelial cells (CECs) were found in the nasal mucus of 16 of the infected volunteers but of none of the control subjects. The CECs were shown to contain rhinovirus antigen by indirect immunoperoxidase and fluorescent antibody staining. The pattern of CEC shedding was similar to the mean nasal symptom score pattern of the volunteers. However, the amount of CED shedding for an individual was not correlated with the severity of the symptoms. This finding suggests that the symptoms of a rhinovirus cold may be produced in part by processes that are independent of the severity of direct virus-induced damage to the epithelium.

Cilia↗
PubMed1979

Health care cost containment.

Upper respiratory infections make up 90 per cent of the practice of the general medical doctor during the winter months. The common cold and related complications lead the list of causes of acute morbidity during the cold weather. The medical expense resulting from these ailments is a substantial part of the cost of health care, which is in urgent need of containment. Man, migrating from the warm climates of his origin, quickly learned how to protect himself against the cold but is still very much remiss in compensating for the low humidity created by indoor heating. A viral etiology for the common cold has been established, but efforts to produce an effective vaccine have failed except in special circumstances. It has been shown, however, that the virus is destroyed in the presence of adequate humidification. Furthermore, maintenance of proper indoor humidity will not only improve health but will also act to make more acceptable the 65 degrees F. limit to indoor heating newly mandated by law as an energy conservation measure. A graphic representation and pertinent relative humidity tables are used to develop the subject.

Common Cold↗
PubMed1990

Bacterial expression of antibody fragments that block human rhinovirus infection of cultured cells.

Human rhinoviruses are the major causative agents of the common cold in humans and have been divided into major and minor groups based on receptor specificity. cDNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of a murine monoclonal antibody that recognizes the major group receptor were cloned, abundantly expressed in Escherichia coli, and renatured into Fab fragments that blocked virus binding and protected HeLa cell monolayers from rhinovirus infection. Elimination of the cysteines normally bridging the heavy and light chains yielded molecules indistinguishable from wild-type Fab fragments in virus binding assays. Single-chain antibodies with covalently linked light and heavy variable domains were also expressed and showed receptor binding and cell protection activities. These recombinant antibody fragments are potentially useful in preventing or treating common colds in humans.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Prechallenge antibodies: moderators of infection rate, signs, and symptoms in adults experimentally challenged with rhinovirus type 39.

This study determined the influence of serum neutralizing antibody titers on infection rate, symptom manifestations, and provoked signs and pathophysiologies in adults experimentally exposed to rhinovirus type 39 (RV-39). Antibody status was determined for 151 healthy volunteers who were then cloistered in a hotel for 6 days. At the end of the first cloister day, the volunteers were challenged with RV-39 in a median tissue culture infective dose of 100. On each of the 6 days, a nasal examination was performed, symptoms were scored, and objective tests of nasal mucociliary function, nasal airway patency, secretion production, and middle ear pressures were completed. Both subjects and investigators were blinded to the prechallenge serum homotypic antibody titers of the subjects. Four subjects presented with a wild virus and were excluded from the analysis. Of the 147 included subjects, prechallenge serum antibody titers to RV-39 were low (under 2) in 56 subjects, intermediate (2 to 8) in 51 subjects, and high (above 16) in 40 subjects. The high-titer group was significantly different from the low-titer group with respect to viral shedding, symptom load, subjective extent of illness, and secretion production, as well as in the frequency of subjects with abnormal nasal mucociliary clearance and positive middle ear pressures. The study results document that for experimental RV-39 exposure, high levels of homotypic serum neutralizing antibody titers are associated with protection from infection and a lessened degree of disease expression, but not with a reduction of otologic complications.

Adolescent↗