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PubMed2000

[ret/PtC1 and ret/PTC3r1 rearrangement in thyroid cancer cells, arising in residents of Belorus in the period after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant].

After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, a considerable increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer among children in Belarus was observed. In the present study, the frequency of the c-ret protooncogene rearrangements in samples of thyroid carcinomas resected and diagnosed in 1998 from individuals in Belarus was investigated. The ret/PTC1 oncogene was detected in 19% of the samples, and the ret/PTC3r1 oncogene, in 14%. The number of ret/PTC1 rearrangements observed in tumor cells from the patients whose age at the time of the accident was from 1 to 10 years, was greater compared to those whose age at the time was from 10 to 20 years, irrespective of the year of surgery (1996 or 1998). The majority of the patients with ret/PTC3r1 rearrangements lived in Gomel oblast, which was contaminated by the Chernobyl meltdown.

Child↗

PubMed2001

[Value of bone densitometry in the determination of vertebral mineral density in participants of the clean-up after Chernobyl accident].

Scanning osteodensitometry helped to study mineral saturation of lumbar vertebra in individuals who liquidated Chernobyl accident consequences. Bone mineral density appeared to depend on radiation dose obtained by the examinees. High risk of osteoporosis revealed in the examinees who participated in the liquidation in 1986. The authors stress that the examinees should be covered by the skeletal state monitoring possible only with osteodensitometry. The article justify that biphotonic scanning osteodensitometers are expedient in Health Care Centers for individuals who liquidated Chernobyl accident consequences.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Chernobyl clean-up workers erythrocyte membrane lipid content at the remote period.

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident clean-up workers were exposed to different radiation doses. Realization of remote effects depends on cellular membrane structure and function. We studied lipid composition of erythrocyte ghost and blood plasma in clean-up workers on the 12-th year after the accident. Groups of Chernobyl accident clean-up workers, non-irradiated patients with the same diseases and healthy controls were studied. Phospholipids were analyzed by two dimentional thin layer chromatography on silica gel. To analyse fatty acids and cholesterol gas chromatography was used. Total cholesterol and total phospholipids amounts in clean-up workers erythrocyte ghost were increased. The level of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine raised. In some of the studied irradiated patients lysophosphatidylethanolamine appeared. The distribution of (diacyl)- and plasmalogen forms of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was not affected. The fatty acid composition changed slightly except 22:5 n-3, which level significantly increased and 22:5 n-6, which quantity lowered. The unsaturation index remains unchanged. No change in lipid composition of blood plasma was detected. All the changes in lipid composition of erythrocyte ghost of irradiated and unexposed patients were very similar. The obtained results confirm the suggestion about non-specific remote effects after exposure to low doses of ionizing irradiation.

Cholesterol↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Radiogenic (Chernobyl) thyroid cancer].

Thyroid carcinoma is a documented medical consequence of the Chernobyl accident, but medicobiological and other aspects of this problem are not yet understood completely because Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma (CTC) is not a single nosological entity but an integrated notion including various groups of population of different age and sex, pollution of the territory, various histogenesis (A-, C-cells) and morphogenesis, latent period (minimal 4 years, maximal not yet known), variable clinical and morphological manifestations. Further CTC studies are needed on a special long-term program.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative clinical pathology of encephalopathy with circulatory dysfunction in those who participated in the clean-up after the Chernobyl accident and in non-irradiated patients].

A comparison was done of incidence and degree of main symptoms and syndromes of dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE) in liquidators of the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident and in those patients who have not come to be exposed to radiation. Established in the study were statistically significant differences suggesting that in liquidators injuries in the hypothalamic, truncal and cochlear zones of the brain occur 2 to 4 times as frequently as in unexposed patients. The incidence of the most severe variants of a third-degree DE comes up to 19.4 and 8.9 percent in liquidators and unexposed patients respectively. The severity of the disease course correlates in liquidators with the blood content of medium-molecular weight peptides and is of a significantly higher degree than in unexposed patients and in essentially healthy persons. This suggests a progressive endogenous intoxication in the body of DE liquidators of the Chernobyl accident.

Blood Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Ceruloplasmin, transferrin and insulin blood levels in those with diabetes mellitus type II and in nondiabetics who participated in the clean-up after the Chernobyl accident].

In those persons who had taken part in the elimination of the effects of the Chernobyl accident (AEEP), an oxidative stress with disturbed functioning of the antioxidant defence extracellular factors ceruloplasmin and transferrin is recordable over a long time range together with direct and indirect manifestations of insulin resistance. Submitted in the paper is an analysis of indices for ceruloplasmin, transferrin, free iron (FI), and insulin in the blood plasma of AEEP in different age groups and in those AEEP suffering from type II diabetes mellitus (DM) as well. The group of comparison was participants in the military operations (MOP) in Afghanistan. In the older age group AEEP (beyond 40 years of age) and in those AEEP presenting with type II DM similar alterations have been shown to be the case, such as decrease in the content of transferrin and augmentation of ceruloplasmin against the background of hyperinsulinemia. The above alterations can be regarded as a risk factor for origination of type II DM in Chernobyl AEEP.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Aerial contamination of agroecosystems following the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear plant].

The regularities of the aerial contamination of agricultural ecosystems are described in the early period after the Chernobyl NPP accident. The aerial contamination is shown to be caused by the development of the above-ground biomass of plants and fallout characteristics. A specific coefficient of primary retention varied between 0.46 and 1.2 m2 kg-1 for 137Cs. The first half-life period varies from 9.7 to 13.4 days. The second period varies from 46.2 to 52.2 days. It has been found that parameters of aerial contamination from the Chernobyl accident well correlate with the results of observation in the period of global fallout.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Methodological approach to countermeasure options in rural settlements in the long terms after the accident at the Chernobyl NPP].

A methodological approach for the justification of rational countermeasure options in agricultural production in the long term after the Chernobyl NPP accident is presented. The decrease in the scale of countermeasures in 1993-1996 in the most affected regions has resulted to a rise in internal exposure doses to the population. A need for further application of protective measures in the long term after the Chernobyl NPP accident is estimated. It has been shown that the remediation of some rural settlements should be continued till 2045.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

[The number of nucleoli in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the Chernobyl accident liquidators].

The number of nucleoli in lymphocyte nuclei was compared in the peripheral blood of the Chernobyl liquidators and non-irradiated persons (control). The former was significantly distinguished from the latter (p < 0.01) by the parameter "the number of nucleoli in lymphocytes", mean numbers of nucleoli per nucleus in these being 1.18 and 1.12, respectively. The increased number of nucleoli in lymphocytes of the Chernobyl liquidators may be associated with cytogenetic radiation effects.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Meeting psychological needs after Chernobyl: the Red Cross experience.

The explosion that took place in reactor number 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on April 26, 1986 triggered the worst civilian nuclear disaster ever reported. Following requests for assistance by the Red Cross National Societies of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia, the International Federation of Red Cross Societies set up the Chernobyl Humanitarian Assistance and Rehabilitation Program in 1990. Although the initial needs assessment mission mentioned psychological needs as an area of interest, it was not until 1997 that the first Psycho-Social Support pilot project started in Belarus. Objectives and strategy for the psycho-social support program are detailed, as well as the challenges currently faced by the program. The specific role of the media is also reviewed. Finally, the lessons learned from this experience are reviewed, and suggestions are made for future disaster planning.

Anxiety↗

PubMed2001

[The results of 14-year cytogenetic monitoring of priority follow-up groups of Chernobyl accident victims].

The paper presents the results of 14-year (1987-2000) random cytogenetic monitoring of the Ukraine's population exposed to radiation due to the Chernobyl Atomic Power Plant accident. Conventional, G-banding, and molecular (FISH-WCP) cytogenetic methods were used to examine groups of victims exposed to radiation of varying intensity (reconvalescents diagnosed as having acute radiation disease, liquidators, Chernobyl power plant staff, and persons who had lived in the radionuclide-polluted areas, etc.). The examinees from all groups were found to have a considerable increase in the incidence of chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral lymphocytes as compared to their spontaneous levels. There was an interindividual variability in the chromosomal aberrations under identical radiation conditions. It was ascertained that even small human doses of long-term ionizing radiation could induce specific chromosomal aberrations. The findings show that conventional cytogenetic monitoring, and particularly by applying FISH and WCP methods, is an good procedure for assessing the human cell genetic apparatuses after radiation.

Chromosome Aberrations↗

PubMed2002

Chernobyl and iodine deficiency in the Russian Federation: an environmental disaster leading to a public health opportunity.

The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of April 26, 1986, triggered a chain of devastating events that later included an unexpected increase in childhood thyroid cancer and evidence of iodine deficiency (ID) in Russia. For the Russian people the Chernobyl event had profound psychological impacts, provoking anxiety about nuclear technology and mistrust of governmental control efforts. Frequently in public health a crisis is required to create the political will to manage longstanding problems, and public health officials must rapidly mobilize to take advantage of the opportunity. In this case, ID, previously not seen as a problem in Russia, was recognized to be potentially serious, and the Russian Federation, assisted by the catalytic bi-national effort of the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation (Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission (GCC)) established a model salt iodization policy, developed a planning process, and implemented a program to prevent ID through a systematic approach that included the people, government, and private groups using open communication, dissemination of the findings, and action plans. By 1999, political will had been mobilized and over 20% of the nation's salt was being iodized, up from about 1% in 1996. Universal iodization of salt was not a specific objective of the GCC; however, the increasing availability of iodized salt is leading to the elimination of ID, which is now a political goal in Russia. The full realization of this goal will require more time for education, marketing, and possibly legislative action.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Growth characteristics of microscopic fungi capable of growing actively under the conditions of the 4th unit of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant].

Growth parameters of fungi species which, from the preliminary data, were brought to those growing actively under the conditions of the Chernobyl NPP 4th unit have been studied in the presented work. Radial growth velocity, hyphal growth unit and intensity of the substrate colonization were such growth indices. All the investigations were carried out on two media--the wort agar, being of full value for fungi, and deficient agar limited as to major sources of nutrition. Two main types of population of the 4th unit rooms with the studied fungi have been found. The first method was characteristic of fungi capable to form the great number of small conidia and, respectively, fungal colonies, and to grow with low growth velocity, which was considerably higher at the initial stages than during the following ones. The second method was characterized by sufficiently high averaged growth velocity of mycelium; by its slowing down at the initial stages and its considerable increase in the process of further ontogenesis. Weak conidium formation was characteristic of this type; sometimes sporulation was lost at all. It has been shown that fungal species ascribed to those growing actively in the rooms of the unit 4 of the Chernobyl NPP are such ones, and they play the major part in the population and biodestruction of the building structures of the 4th unit.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1992

[Status of the vestibular analyzer and psychophysiologic parameters in miners and crew members cleaning up the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident].

Status of the vestibular analyzer and psychophysiologic parameters were studied in 20 miners with the long length of service and in 16 liquidators of Chernobyl atomic power station accident consequences. Liquidators showed the reliably increased latent periods of P1, N1 and P2 spikes of vestibular evoked potentials, considerably increased latent time of the complicated oculomotor reaction and lowered rate of information processing. Exposure to increased radiation dose during the work at Chernobyl atomic power station was a main factor to influence on the functional status of vestibular analyzer.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Genetic monitoring in connection with the Chernobyl accident].

The complex investigation has been provided to control the genetically influenced processes after Chernobyl accident in some Ukrainian regions. Some dangerous trends in genetic populational status were revealed in the Ukrainian regions surrounding Chernobyl power plant allowing for the increasing number of congenital anomalies among the newborns and the spontaneous abortions as well as higher proportion in aberrations of chromosome type in human somatic and embryos cells, higher incidence of structural defects in embryonal bone system and higher, compared with control, proportion of children with intensive catabolism (R-protein homeostasis).

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The possibility of using the preparation MIGI-K in districts exposed to radioactive contamination following the accident at the Chernobyl AES].

A preparation from mussels, MIGI-K, used as an additive to the diet of people working at the Chernobyl power plant has proved to be efficient in increasing the total resistance of the body, including the resistance to ionizing radiation. In experiments with animals, MIGI-K has been shown to accelerate excretion of 45Ca and 86Rb from the body. The combination of these properties of MIGI-K permits us to consider it an efficient drug to be used within the regions affected by the Chernobyl disaster.

Accidents↗

PubMed1992

[A scientific knowledge analysis of the problem of the biomedical sequelae of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

The authors carried out a scientific-research analysis of publication on the problem of medico-biological sequels of the Chernobyl Atomic Station. Systematization of 282 native and 45 foreign publications are presented as information models emphasizing the main trends of research, especially changes in the nervous system as well as in related systems of the body. Further detailed studies of the Chernobyl disaster sequels are important.

Accidents↗

PubMed1992

[The hormonal functions regulating carbohydrate metabolism in participants in the cleanup of the sequelae of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station with a neurocirculatory dystonia syndrome].

Radioimmunoassay revealed in participants of Chernobyl disaster sequelae preclinical changes of some hormonal functions: moderate increase of the basal concentration of blood insulin, somatotropin, C-peptide against the background of persistent hypercortisolemia. Increase of the level of "hyperglycemic" hormones (cortisol, somatotropin, C-peptide) is explained by adaptative and compensatory reactions of the body in response to lesioning effects of ionizing radiation and other negative factors of the Chernobyl accident. Relative hyperinsulinemia is, apparently, compensating the total hyperglycemic effect of these hormones leading to stabilization of the blood sugar level.

Accidents↗