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PubMedDate not supplied

[Auditory cognitive event-related potentials in migraine with and without aura in children and adolescents].

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cognitive Event-Related Potentials (CERP) reflect sensory information processing: cognitive function and early memory. Studies of CERP in adult migraneurs yielded contradictory results. The aim of our study was to evaluate CERP in children and adolescents with migraine with and without aura during the interictal period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 111 children aged 7-18 years (mean 12.92 (2.78) with idiopathic attack headaches. In this group migraine with aura (MA) was diagnosed in 27 patients, migraine without aura (MO) in 36 children and episodic tension-type (TH) headaches in 48 patients. RESULTS: The latencies N2 and P3 were significantly longer (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) in the group of all migraneurs (MA + MO, n = 63) as compared with the TH group. In the MO group not only N2 and P3 latency, but also P2 latency (p < 0.05) were longer, if particular types of migraine were compared with tension-type headaches. There were no statistically significant differences between mean latencies in MA and TH groups. Analyzing CERP amplitudes, the N1/P2 amplitude was significantly higher in MO patients than in the TH group only. We found longer P2, N2 and P3 latencies and higher N1/P2 amplitude in MO patients in comparison with MA patients. We found correlation between P3 latency and the age of patients with migraine. There were no statistically significant correlations for either headache type between CERP parameters and illness duration, sex of patients and unilateral localisation of headache. CONCLUSIONS: The CERP parameter changes in children with migraine point out the disturbances of cognitive functions also for auditory modalities. It suggests generalized dysfunction of cortical information processing in the interictal period of migraine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effect of progression of disease on cognitive performance in HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND: HIV infection causes a range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms that become more frequent and severe as the immune system deteriorates and symptomatic illness ensues. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of disease progression on cognitive abilities of Nigerian Africans who present in the HIV/AIDS clinic of the University Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, using the CD4 levels as the measure of disease progression. METHODS: A total of 288 subjects comprising 96 randomly selected symptomatic AIDS patients, 96 randomly selected asymptomatic HIV-positive patients and 96 HIV-negative controls participated in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect HIV infection, and CD4 levels were obtained for all subjects. The Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI 'D') was used to assess cognitive performance of subjects. Subjects were matched for age, sex and level of education. RESULTS: Each category of subjects comprised 48 males and 48 females. The mean ages were 32.94 +/- 8.0 years, 31.47 +/- 6.7 years and 33.56 +/- 7.1 years for the controls, asymptomoatic HIV-positive and symptomatic AIDS subjects respectively (p = 0.127). The mean CD4 levels were 684 +/- 44/microL (controls), 284 +/- 62/microL (asymptomatic HIV positive) and 142 +/- 36/microL (symptomatic AIDS). The mean CS1 'D' scores were 66.46 +/- 1.90 (controls), 66.31 +/- 2.14 (asymptomatic HIV positive) and 56.62 +/- 4.23 (symptomatic AIDS). CONCLUSION: Cognitive abilities of HIV/AIDS patients decline as the disease progresses. This is reflected in the cognitive performances of the symptomatic AIDS patients. The lower the CD4 levels, the worse the cognitive deficits. There was, however, no significant difference in the performance of asymptomatic HIV-positive patients and the controls.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sources of influence on rate of cognitive change over time in Swedish twins: an application of latent growth models.

The use of latent growth models to examine influence on individual differences on ability level versus rate of change were examined for measures of fluid ability, memory, and perceptual speed in a sample of twins from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Results indicated a larger amount of individual variation for average ability level (i.e., intercept) than rate of change (i.e., slope) for all three traits: Block Design, Thurstone's Picture Memory, and Symbol Digit. Generally, genetic influences were of greater importance to individual variation in ability level whereas variation for rate of change exhibited a larger environmental component. These findings support theories of increasing environmental influences with age. When genetic and environmental sources of covariation between educational attainment and pulmonary function with latent growth parameters were considered, the sources of covariation between the latent cognitive growth model parameters (i.e., intercept and slope) and both covariates were primarily genetic for ability level (intercepts) but environmental for rate of change (slopes). Such findings suggest that the forces important to timing or entry into cognitive decline may reflect stochastic processes or external environmental factors, primarily nonshared, that may differentially hasten cognitive decline in twins. These same forces may overlap with those that influence higher or lower educational attainment or those leading to better or worse pulmonary functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cognitive profiles in Alzheimer's disease and in mild cognitive impairment of different etiologies.

There has been increasing interest in determining whether amnestic, nonamnestic and multiple-domain subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) reflect different disease etiologies. In this study, we examined the extent to which cognitive profiles of nondemented patients with MCI diagnosed with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) differed from those MCI patients diagnosed with vascular disease. We also compared these diagnostic groups to mildly demented patients diagnosed with AD and normal elderly controls. Results indicate that a majority of both MCI-AD and MCI-vascular patients experienced amnestic features and that multiple-domain was the most common presentation. MCI-AD and MCI-vascular groups did not differ on neuropsychological measures tapping memory, language, visuospatial skills/praxis or executive function. Further both MCI groups could be distinguished from dementia patients with regards to performance on measures of memory but not on non-memory measures. Considerable variability was observed in the degree of memory impairment among MCI patients with scores as much as 6 standard deviations below expected mean values. MCI-AD and MCI-vascular patients frequently exhibit both common and overlapping amnestic and nonamnestic features. The implication of these findings for future clinical research is discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Balance marks cognitive changes in old age because it reflects global brain atrophy and cerebro-arterial blood-flow.

In healthy old age biomarkers such as Balance robustly correlate with measures of mental abilities such as scores on tests of intelligence, reaction times and memory. A plausible explanation is that balance reflects general physiological fitness and so also neurophysiological integrity, but direct evidence is lacking. Brain scans measured age-associated loss of brain volume and cerebro-arterial blood flow (CBf) in 69 volunteers aged from 62 to 81 years who also took the Tinetti Balance test battery, 3 tests of fluid intelligence, 3 tests of decision speed and a memory test. Balance, but not atrophy or CBf, predicted intelligence test scores. Balance, atrophy, and CBf all independently predicted speed and memory scores but, after variance in atrophy and CBf had been considered, predictions from Balance were no longer significant. It appears that in these tests Balance marks cognitive performance in old age because it reflects gross age-related neurophysiological changes.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Reflection-impulsivity and behavioral problems in emotionally disturbed boys.

In order to investigate the difference in the behavioral problems presented by cognitively impulsive and reflective emotionally disturbed boys, the parents of 17 impulsive and 13 reflective boys in residential treatment were asked to rate their sons' behavior. Results indicated that in contrast to reflective emotionally disturbed boys, impulsives were more likely to talk of others blaming them unfairly, threaten to harm themselves, hit and bully other children, and be excessively rough in play. On the other hand, reflectives were more unwilling to talk with adults outside the family. Results were discussed in terms of supporting both previous research and Kagan and Kogan's (6) "fear of failure" hypothesis.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The revision of a workload measurement tool to reflect the nursing needs of patients with traumatic brain injury.

Rehabilitation for persons with head injuries is a multifaceted process that requires structure, consistency, and predictability. This article discusses the process followed by nurses on one rehabilitation unit to revise a standard nursing workload measurement tool to reflect the physical, cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial needs of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Family education and support, a critical component of care, was also addressed. The flexibility of the tool, known as GRASP, allowed the incorporation of neurobehavioral items based on the Rancho Los Amigos cognitive functioning scale and the inclusion of important therapeutic nursing interventions. The revised tool reflects the time required to deliver comprehensive nursing care to TBI patients and, thus, promotes the desired rehabilitation outcomes for patients and their families.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1988

Pubertal maturation and cognitive maturity in adolescents.

To determine the relationship between puberty and cognitive development, 135 students, ages 11 through 19 years, were studied. The participants were 73% white, 55% female, and of predominantly middle-class backgrounds with a mean Hollingshead score of 37.1 +/- 16.3. Measures of general intelligence (IQ), cognitive complexity (conceptual level), and cognitive style (perceptual field dependence-independence) were administered. Students rated their own level of sexual maturity (Tanner stage). Mean Tanner stage of 4.0 +/- 0.9 was consistent with the mean age of 14.2 +/- 2.2 years. General intelligence was average (105 +/- 18.2). Most did not demonstrate the use of mature cognitive processes, as reflected in low conceptual level scores (1.19 +/- 0.5) and a more field-dependent cognitive style (7.9 +/- 4.9). Older adolescents (r = 0.377; p less than 0.001), females (r = 0.217; p less than 0.005), and those with a higher IQ (r = 0.329; p less than 0.001) were cognitively more complex. Using an analysis of covariance to control for colinearity of variables, differences in conceptual level and cognitive style as functions of levels of sexual maturity were compared. Once the statistically significant colinear effects of age, gender, and IQ (p less than 0.0001) were removed, no statistical contribution was left attributable to the level of sexual maturity. In other words, when the effects of age were controlled, more advanced Tanner stage was not a predictor of more mature cognitive processes. Physical growth and development during puberty do not appear to affect cognitive development.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Dimensions of pain-related cognitive coping: cross-validation of the factor structure of the Coping Strategy Questionnaire.

Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between cognitive pain coping activity and adjustment in pain patients. The empirically derived dimensions of coping activity, as measured by scales from the Coping Strategy Questionnaire (CSQ), however, have varied across investigations. The purpose of this investigation was to determine both the content and number of dimensions of the CSQ and to explore the potential moderating influence that sociodemographic and patient history variables may have on the latent structure of the CSQ. A total of 620 patients from 5 different chronic pain patient samples were used to assess the generalizability of the dimensions across samples. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures identified a 3-factor solution in most of the samples that was robust across various demographic characteristics. Two factors appeared particularly robust: one reflected conscious use of cognitive coping strategies (with high loadings on ignoring pain and coping self-statements) and another reflected self-efficacy beliefs concerning pain (with high loadings on ability to control and decrease pain). A third factor, which was somewhat less stable, appeared to reflect avoidance of pain by attention to non-pain-related mental activity (with high loadings on diverting attention and praying and hoping). Scales reflecting catastrophizing cognitions and behavioral coping strategies did not consistently load on the above dimensions. Issues concerning the conceptualization and measurement of pain-related cognitive coping dimensions are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2026

Genetic modifiers of APOE-&#x3b5;4-associated cognitive decline.

The APOE-&#x3b5;4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. However, APOE-&#x3b5;4 is not deterministic, highlighting the need to identify additional genetic and environmental factors. APOE-&#x3b5;4 has been linked to accelerated cognitive decline, so we sought to investigate genetic factors that modify APOE-&#x3b5;4-associated cognitive decline. We conduct cross-ancestry APOE-&#x3b5;4-stratified and interaction GWAS using harmonized cognitive data from 32,778 participants, including 29,354 non-Hispanic White and 3,424 non-Hispanic Black individuals. Our primary outcome is late-life cognition, measured using harmonized composite scores for memory, executive function, and language, modeled as continuous traits reflecting both normative cognitive aging and disease-related decline. We identify two genome-wide significant loci in APOE-&#x3b5;4 carriers, reaching genome-wide significance for executive function. These loci also demonstrate nominal associations across the other domains, suggesting broad effects on cognition. In non-carriers, we identify a genome-wide significant association at ITGB8 restricted to executive function, and another locus associated with language. We further link these loci to SEMA6D, GRIN3A, and ITGB8 through expression and methylation databases. Post-GWAS analyses implicate additional genes including SLCO1A2, and DNAH11. Genetic correlation analyses reveal differences by APOE-&#x3b5;4 status for immune-related traits, suggesting immune-related predispositions may exacerbate cognitive risk in APOE-&#x3b5;4 carriers.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Auditory and visual cognitive styles and adult reading performance.

College students performed match-to-sample tasks in the visual and auditory modalities. These tasks assessed reflective and impulsive cognitive styles. Cognitive style performance was related to achievement on a standardized test that measured Comprehension, Rate, Vocabulary, and Total reading achievement. Differential performance on several of these reading measures was a function of classification by auditory cognitive style, but not for visual style. Auditory assessment of cognitive style may have important implications for adults' as well as children's reading.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Requirement of tryptophan hydroxylase during development for maturation of sensorimotor gating.

Deficits in sensorimotor gating, a function to focus on the most salient stimulus, could lead to a breakdown of cognitive integrity, and could reflect the "flooding" by sensory overload and cognitive fragmentation seen in schizophrenia. Sensorimotor gating emerges at infancy, and matures during childhood. The mechanisms that underlie its development are largely unclear. Here, we screened the mouse genome, and found that tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is implicated in the maturation of sensorimotor gating. TPH, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of serotonin, proved to be required only during the weaning period for maturation of sensorimotor gating, but was dispensable for its emergence. Proper serotonin levels during development underlie the mature functional architecture for sensorimotor gating via appropriate actin polymerization. Thus, maintaining proper serotonin levels during childhood may be important for mature sensorimotor gating in adulthood.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

Variability not ability: another basis for performance decrements in neglect.

OBJECTIVE: To determine reaction time (RT) and its variability, as a function of horizontal spatial position, in subjects with neglect. BACKGROUND: In neglect, performance is frequently reported a as mean and a decreased ability to perform the task inferred by comparison to control groups. Few studies have examined how consistency and optimal performance relate to spatial neglect. METHODS: Ten subjects with brain damage, five with and five without spatial neglect, were assessed on a RT task. Subjects responded by pushing a computer key to the onset of a white square appearing on a black screen. The locations of stimuli were randomly varied along the horizontal meridian. RESULTS: For three of five neglect subjects, optimal RT showed no or little relation to horizontal location. Four of five neglect subjects demonstrated an increased variability in RT that correlated with spatial position and which was not present in our brain damaged subjects without neglect. The relationship was not an artifact of left sided stimuli, in general, being processed differently. For the two neglect subjects with the most trials, a significant correlation between RT variability and spatial position existed for left-sided trials alone. Increased variability was not a consequence of simply looking left proportionately less often, nor could a model of multiple compensatory systems operating in parallel explain the enhanced variability. Neither hemianopsia alone nor brain damage per se could account for the spatial modulation of RT variability. CONCLUSIONS: That neglect subjects perform the RT task normally on some trials, even in their 'neglected field', challenges the notion that neglect must reflect an irreparably damaged cognitive system. Performance decrements in neglect can reflect an inability to consistently detect and respond. Evaluating optimal performance and variability of performance can indicate if a capacity has been lost absolutely or merely degraded such that normal performance cannot be sustained.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cognition after major surgery in the elderly: test performance and complaints.

There is evidence that older people in particular have a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction after surgery under general anaesthesia. We have investigated the severity and character of postoperative cognitive dysfunction after major non-cardiac surgery in patients older than 65 yr. Also, cognitive complaints were studied. Cognitive function was assessed using cognitive tests measuring memory and attention, such as ability to shift between two sequences, ability to ward off distractions, simple cognitive speed and speed of general information processing. These tests were performed before, 1 week (short-term) and 3 months (long-term) after surgery. Cognitive performance of the patients was compared with that of healthy subjects not undergoing surgery who were also subjected to repeated cognitive measurements. After 1 week, patients had a poorer performance on tests measuring simple cognitive speed and speed of general information processing. Three months after surgery, patients and controls showed improved cognitive performance compared with the first measurement. These results suggest that major non-cardiac surgery in older patients causes short-term but not long-term cognitive dysfunction. However, after 6 months, 14 of 48 patients (29%) reported having experienced a decline in cognitive abilities after discharge from hospital. Eight of these 14 patients (17%) were still experiencing these cognitive complaints and reported 'not being the same since the operation'. These findings emphasize that cognitive complaints after major surgery may not reflect actual changes in cognitive performance but may be caused by other factors such as depression or awareness of age-related changes.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Tardive dyskinesia and antipsychotics: a 5-year longitudinal study of frequency, correlates and course.

The present study comprised a naturalistic, multicentre, 5-year study of course and correlates of tardive dyskinesia (TD). One hundred and sixty-six patients treated with risperidone were included during 1995/96 and followed once a year for 5 years. Mean age at inclusion was 38 years, and mean illness duration was 12 years. Tardive dyskinesia was assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, and each patient's cognitive function was tested with a comprehensive computerised test battery. At study entry, 14% had TD according to a criterion index. Fifty percent were aware of it, but few reported distress. Age and sex did not correlate with TD, but schizophrenia and bipolar diagnoses did. The presence and intensity of TD correlated with all Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia symptom dimensions except the affective factor, but not with type of medication or chlorpromazine-equivalent levels. Tardive dyskinesia patients were cognitively impaired in tests reflecting mental speed, but not in other cognitive modalities. Over the 453 patient years of exposure, five patients developed TD and 14 became free of it. Our findings support the view that TD: (i) is a dynamic phenomenon; (ii) is only partly drug-induced; (iii) has a mild course during treatment with modern neuroleptics; and (iv) appears to have some correlation with mental slowness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Modulation of effective connectivity by cognitive demand in phonological verbal fluency.

Verbal fluency is a classic neuropsychological measure of language production. Phonological verbal fluency involves the generation of words beginning with a specified letter, and its functional neuroanatomy is comprised of a distributed network of regions which is modulated by cognitive load. In order to investigate the functional relationship of these regions, the effective connectivity was analyzed with covariance structural equation modeling under conditions of varying cognitive load. Significant path coefficients were evident between the anterior cingulate, left middle frontal gyrus, and precuneus. The left middle frontal gyrus showed a facilitory projection to the precuneus which had a suppressive influence on anterior cingulate activation. With increasing cognitive demand, the left middle frontal projection to the precuneus became suppressive, and the path coefficient from the precuneus to the anterior cingulate showed a marked diminution in strength. The path analysis suggests that the lead-in process for letter verbal fluency may primarily involve an orthographic visual strategy. The marked changes in path coefficients with the increased cognitive load may reflect the greater demands placed on executive function. The significant changes in path coefficient values with increased cognitive demand indicate the importance of accounting for task difficulty not only in the interpretation of brain activation maps but also for effective connectivity measurements.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cognitive function and prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation.

It is clear from the many studies of the prenatally exposed survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki that exposure to ionizing radiation during gestation has harmful effects on the developing human brain, particularly if that exposure occurs at critical stages in the development of the neocortex. Data on a variety of measures of cognitive function, including the occurrence of severe mental retardation as well as variation in the intelligence quotient (IQ) and school performance, show significant effects on those survivors exposed 8-15 weeks and 16-25 weeks after ovulation. Studies of seizures, primarily those without known precipitating cause, also exhibit a radiation effect on those individuals exposed in the first 16 weeks after ovulation. The cellular and molecular events that subtend these abnormalities are still largely unknown although some progress toward an understanding has occurred. For example, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of some of the mentally retarded survivors has revealed a large region of abnormally situated gray matter, suggesting an abnormality in neuronal migration, but cell killing could also contribute importantly to the effects on cognitive function that have been seen. The retardation of growth in stature observed in individuals exposed in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy suggests that the development of an atypically small head size, without conspicuously impaired cognitive function, may reflect a generalized retardation of growth.

Child↗