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PubMed2006

Cognitive plasticity as a modulating variable on the effects of memory training in elderly persons.

Cognitive plasticity is a topic of interest since it allows us to analyse the potential cognitive modifiability of a person. Previous research has demonstrated the existence of plasticity in old age [Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 611-626] regardless of presence or absence of cognitive deterioration [Calero, M. D., & Navarro, E. (2004). Relationship between plasticity, mild cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 653-660]. In this context, the present study was designed to analyse the presence of plasticity in elderly persons who seemed to present cognitive deterioration, and to explore the relation between cognitive plasticity and the results obtained from a memory training programme. One hundred and thirty-three elderly persons participated in the study and were evaluated by means of a cognitive plasticity test (Position test) and various tests for measuring the effects of the training. Part of the elderly population received the memory training, whose effects were measured immediately after the training and again after 9 months. The results demonstrate that the programme significantly improves cognitive performance, while plasticity is shown to be an important modulating variable on the improvement achieved.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Assertion training outcome and generalization effects under didactic vs. facilitative training conditions.

One hundred and eleven college undergraduates (25% male) participated in one of two cognitive behavioral training programs, which included behavior rehearsal, modelling, coaching, cognitive-restructuring, and emphasis on the transferability of skills. Neither self-report nor behavioral outcome differences between the facilitative vs. the didactic approaches were noted. Both programs produced impressive self-report and behavioral gains in comparison to pretest scores; these gains were maintained 1 to 2 years after the program. There was also evidence of verbal and nonverbal bilateral transfer between request behavior and refusal behavior in the short term. The generalization results were interpreted on the basis that the distinctive components of request behavior (such as enunicating a statement of a problem and a specific request) are more difficult than those of refusal behavior, such than there is transfer of request training to refusal behavior, but not vice versa. Request behavior involves the mobilization and personal initiation of a complex interaction with another person rather than the more reactive non-compliance with the initiative of another, as is the case in refusal behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Preventive parent training: results in the cognitive area].

In an intervention study, parents were offered courses on interpersonal interaction and child education. The evaluation procedures are briefly described and results concerning two types of course contents (knowledge of definition of a technical term; familiarity with an educational concept) are presented. It appears that after 45 months, knowledge transmitted in the course is still present, although with a loss of differentiation, depending on practical relevance of the course materials.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Training issues in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy.

Because of changes in the health-care system that tend to emphasize short-term treatment, the number of graduate students and psychotherapists interested in learning cognitive-behavioral techniques is increasing. The present study examines how pre-existing biases toward cognitive-behavioral therapy may affect acquisition of knowledge, attitude change, and use of cognitive-behavioral techniques over a nine-month practicum. Forty graduate students were classified by their theoretical orientation: cognitive-behavioral, not cognitive-behavioral, and undecided. Results indicated that all students gained significant amounts of knowledge, had greater positive attitudes about cognitive-behavioral therapy, and used more cognitive and behavioral techniques at the end of the practicum than at the beginning. These findings suggest that pre-existing theoretical orientations may not significantly affect learning of cognitive-behavioral techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Heart rate variability and its relation to prefrontal cognitive function: the effects of training and detraining.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness, heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive function in 37 male sailors from the Royal Norwegian Navy. All subjects participated in an 8-week training program, after which the subjects completed the initial cognitive testing (pretest). The subjects were assigned into a detrained group (DG) and a trained group (TG) based on their application for further duty. The DG withdrew from the training program for 4 weeks after which all subjects then completed the cognitive testing again (post-test). Physical fitness, measured as maximum oxygen consumption (VO2(max)), resting HRV, and cognitive function, measured using a continuous performance task (CPT) and a working memory test (WMT), were recorded during the pre-test and the post-test, and the data presented as the means and standard deviations. The results showed no between-group differences in VO2(max) or HRV at the pre-test. The DG showed a significant decrease in VO2(max) from the pre- to the post-test and a lower resting HRV than the TG on the post-test. Whereas there were no between-group differences on the CPT or WMT at the pre-test, the TG had faster reaction times and more true positive responses on tests of executive function at the post-test compared to the pre-test. The DG showed faster reaction times on non-executive tasks at the post-test compared to the pre-test. The results are discussed within a neurovisceral integration framework linking parasympathetic outflow to the heart to prefrontal neural functions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Training in thinking for beginning students: a new approach to cognitive development].

Modern cognitive psychology uses training methods not only as research methods but also as means for cognitive fostering. This article deals with a new experimentally tested theory on inductive thinking and an training program based upon that theory. The program has been tried out several times. The results of four training experiments are reported. They show constantly high effect sizes lasting at last over several months. The program is applicable for normal children of age 5-7 as well as for older retardates or younger bright children.

Child↗
PubMed2005

An open trial of outpatient group therapy for bulimic disorders: combination program of cognitive behavioral therapy with assertive training and self-esteem enhancement.

The purposes of this study were to examine the therapeutic efficacy of combined group cognitive behavioral therapy (CGCBT) and to explore the characteristics of the patients who failed to complete it. Our group cognitive behavioral therapy combined with assertiveness training for alexithymia and self-esteem enhancement therapy were attended over a 10-week period. Twenty-five participants were enrolled in the study. The clinical symptoms were assessed before and after treatment, using rating scales including the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Global Assessment of Functioning. Sixteen participants (64%) completed the CGCBT program. Completion of the CGCBT resulted in significant improvements in reducing binge-eating behavior and improving social functioning. Eight patients (32%) significantly improved using the Clinical Global Impression Change (CGI-C). Stepwise logistic regression analysis of the results indicated that a lower age (P=0.04) and psychiatric comorbidity (P=0.06) were predictors of dropout from the CGCBT program. Our CGCBT program is a promising first-line treatment for bulimic outpatients. Lower age and the presence of comorbidity had effects on dropout rates.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Improvement in the face/name association performance after three months of physical training in elderly women.

Several lines of evidence suggest that physical exercise not only influences the development of muscles, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, but also exerts a significant influence on the central nervous system. We examined the influence of strength and endurance training on cognitive performance in 33 healthy elderly volunteers (women, mean age 63.5 +/-4.5 yr) over a 3-month period of supervised training program. A control group consisted of 8 age-matched (mean age 66.3 +/-4.6) healthy volunteers who did not participate in any exercise training program. To evaluate the cognitive performance in our subjects we used two tests: face/name association test and Stroop test. The tests were applied shortly before and immediately after the training program. In the experimental group, a significant improvement in the association test performance, on average, from 71.6 +/-7.3% to 79.7 +/-7.2% (P<0.0001) was observed over the 3-month training period. There were no changes in the Stroop test results over the same time. Likewise, there were no changes in the control groups. Our data demonstrate that the training regime that is strictly followed over a relatively short period of time may improve the performance in associative memory tasks in elderly subjects. The study supports the notion that physical exercise influences cognitive performance and extend this notion to be valid for healthy elderly subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

A study of cognitive and technical skill deterioration among trained paramedics.

Thirty trained paramedics were studied to measure cognitive and technical skill deterioration 6 to 30 months after completion of their individual training programs. The group of 30 paramedics included those with six months and those with one year of training. The purpose of the study was to identify areas in need of continuing education and to see if the rate of skill deterioration correlated with the time from completion of the training program. The trained paramedics were given the same final written and technical skill examination they had taken at the end of their training and the individuals' two scores were compared. The skills requiring the most technical knowledge deteriorated the fastest. Also, basic skills, despite frequent use in the field, had deteriorated. The amount of skill deterioration was greatest among the group of trained paramedics that had completed their training 30 months prior to this study.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Remediation of impairments in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: efficacy and specificity of a new training program.

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia patients often exhibit impairments in facial affect recognition which contribute to their poor social functioning. These impairments are stable in the course of the disorder and seem not to be affected by conventional treatment. The present study investigates the efficacy and specificity of a new training program for the remediation of such impairments. METHOD: A newly developed training program tackling affect recognition (TAR) was compared with a cognitive remediation training program (CRT) and treatment as usual (TAU) within a randomized three group pre-post design in n=77 post-acute schizophrenia patients. The TAR is a computer-aided 12-session program focussing on facial affect recognition, whereas the CRT aims to improve attention, memory and executive functioning. Facial affect recognition, face recognition, and neurocognitive performance were assessed before (T0) and after (T1) the six week training phase. During the training period all patients received antipsychotic medication. RESULTS: Patients under TAR significantly improved in facial affect recognition, with recognition performance after training approaching the level of healthy controls from former studies. Patients under CRT and those without special training (TAU) did not improve in affect recognition, though patients under CRT improved in verbal memory functions. CONCLUSION: According to these results, remediation of disturbed facial affect recognition in schizophrenia patients is possible, but not achievable with a traditional cognitive rehabilitation program such as the CRT. Instead, functional specialized remediation programs such as the newly developed TAR are a more suitable option.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive remediation of working memory deficits: durability of training effects in severely impaired and less severely impaired schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether augmenting work therapy (WT) with neurocognitive enhancement therapy (NET) yields greater improvement in working memory performance than WT alone and whether there is an interaction with severity of impairment. METHOD: A total of 102 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were categorized as severely or less severely cognitively impaired and randomly assigned to receive NET + WT or WT alone. NET consisted of cognitive training exercises in attention, memory, executive function, and social information processing, and WT was a 6-month work program. RESULTS: Comparison on Digits Backwards from intake to follow-up revealed significantly greater improvement for participants receiving NET + WT, but there was no interaction with severity group. Follow-up 6 months after training showed that training effects endured. CONCLUSION: NET + WT improved working memory for most participants regardless of impairment severity. Intensity and duration of training may have contributed to duration of effects. Findings support continued exploration of cognitive remediation.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Supplementing behavioral marital therapy with cognitive restructuring and emotional expressiveness training: an outcome investigation.

The current study investigated whether the effectiveness of behavioral marital therapy (BMT) would be increased by the addition of cognitive restructuring (CR) and/or emotional expressiveness training (EET) for maritally distressed couples. Sixty such couples were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 therapists and 1 of 5 treatment conditions (BMT Alone, CR + BMT, BMT + EET, CR + BMT + EET, or waiting list) for 12 weeks of conjoint marital therapy. Within each treatment condition, couples typically improved on the variables focused on in treatment. However, comparisons among active treatment conditions showed few significant differences among treatments; the treatments were equally effective in increasing marital adjustment. Thus, the addition of CR and EET did not appear to increase the overall effectiveness of treatment. Possible reasons for the current findings are provided, and suggestions for future marital outcome investigations are outlined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

A cognitive-experiential approach to the interpersonal and intrapersonal development of counselors and therapists.

Examined the effects of a training program for counselors and therapists based upon configurations of (a) systematic human relations training; (b) cognitive restructuring of counselor beliefs; and (c) systematic performance feedback. Criterion measures consisted of post vs. pre-gain scores on selected scales of the Personal Orientation Inventory and the seven Carkhuff scales. Results indicated that the most significant gains made on the criterion measures were evidenced by those Ss who participated in the training program that consisted of all three of the training conditions.

Cognition↗
PubMed2006

Development of a rating system for surgeons' non-technical skills.

BACKGROUND: Analyses of adverse events in surgery reveal that many underlying causes are behavioural, such as communication failure, rather than technical. Non-technical (i.e. cognitive and interpersonal) skills are not addressed explicitly in surgical training. However, surgeons need to demonstrate these skills, which underpin their technical excellence, to maximise patient safety in the operating theatre. This paper describes the method used to identify surgeons' non-technical skills, and the development of a skills taxonomy and behavioural rating system to structure observation and feedback in surgical training. METHODS: Cognitive task analyses (critical incident interviews) were conducted with 27 consultant surgeons in general, cardiac and orthopaedic surgery. The interviews were coded and a multidisciplinary group of surgeons and psychologists used an iterative process to develop a skills taxonomy. This was supported by data gathered from an attitude survey, literature review, analysis of surgical mortality reports and observations in theatre. RESULTS: Five categories of non-technical skills were identified, including situation awareness, decision making, task management, leadership and communication and teamwork. This provided a structure for a prototype skill taxonomy (v1.1), which comprised 14 non-technical skill elements. Observable behaviours (markers) indicative of good and poor performance were developed for each element by 16 consultant surgeons to form a prototype behaviour rating system. CONCLUSIONS: The prototype skills taxonomy and behaviour rating system are grounded empirically in surgery. The reliability of the system is currently being tested using standardised scenarios. If this evaluation proves successful, the system could be used to structure feedback and guide non-technical skills training.

Consultants↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive behaviour therapy with coping training for persistent auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a naturalistic follow-up study of the durability of effects.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the durability of positive effects of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) with coping training on psychotic symptoms and social functioning. METHOD: Forty patients with schizophrenia or related psychotic disorders and refractory auditory hallucinations were given CBT and coping training in an integrated single family treatment programme. In a naturalistic study patients were followed after 2 and 4 years since the start of treatment. RESULTS: The treatment improved overall burden of 'hearing voices', with a generalization into daily functioning. Improvement with regard to fear, loss of control, disturbance of thought and interference with thinking was sustained by 60% of the patients while one-third improved further. Complete disappearance of hallucinations occurred in 18% of the patients. CONCLUSION: CBT with coping training can improve both overall symptomatology and quality of life, even over longer periods of time, but a status of persistent disablement indicates a continuing need for mental health care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

The effects of neurofeedback training on the spectral topography of the electroencephalogram.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of EEG frequency band biofeedback (neurofeedback) training on spectral EEG topography, which is presumed to mediate cognitive-behavioural training effects. In order to assess the effect of commonly applied neurofeedback protocols on spectral EEG composition, two studies involving healthy participants were carried out. METHODS: In Experiment 1, subjects were trained on low beta (12-15 Hz), beta1 (15-18 Hz), and alpha/theta (8-11 Hz/5-8 Hz) protocols, with spectral resting EEG assessed before and after training. The specific associations between learning indices of each individual training protocol and changes in absolute and relative spectral EEG topography was assessed by means of partial correlation analyses. Results of Experiment 1 served to generate hypotheses for Experiment 2, where subjects were randomly allocated to independent groups of low beta, beta1, and alpha/theta training. Spectral resting EEG measures were contrasted prior and subsequent to training within each group. RESULTS: Only few associations between particular protocols and spectral EEG changes were found to be consistent across the two studies, and these did not correspond to expectations based on the operant contingencies trained. Low-beta training was found to be somewhat associated with reduced post-training low-beta activity, while more reliably, alpha/theta training was associated with reduced relative frontal beta band activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results document that neurofeedback training of frequency components does affect spectral EEG topography in healthy subjects, but that these effects do not necessarily correspond to either the frequencies or the scalp locations addressed by the training contingencies. The association between alpha/theta training and replicable reductions in frontal beta activity constitutes novel empirical neurophysiological evidence supporting inter alia the training's purported role in reducing agitation and anxiety. SIGNIFICANCE: These results underline the complexity of the neural dynamics involved EEG self-regulation and emphasize the need for empirical validation of predictable neurophysiological outcomes of training EEG biofeedback protocols.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Coping-skills training and cue-exposure therapy in the treatment of alcoholism.

Coping-skills training (CST) and cue-exposure treatment (CET) are two relatively new approaches in alcoholism treatment. With CST, the therapist tries to strengthen the patient's skills in coping with situations associated with a high risk of drinking. These skills can be specific to certain high-risk situations or involve general social skills. Specific CST treatment approaches include relapse prevention training, social or communication skills training, urge-specific coping-skills training, and cognitive-behavioral mood management training. Several studies have shown that CST can be more effective than comparison treatments in improving the outcome (e.g., the frequency and severity of relapses) of alcoholic patients. CET exposes the patient to alcohol-related cues (e.g., the sight or smell of alcohol), thereby allowing the patient to practice responses to such cues in real-life situations. In addition, CET teaches a variety of coping skills for dealing with urges caused by such cues. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of CET, but the existing results demonstrate favorable treatment outcomes (e.g., reduced drinking severity).

Adaptation, Psychological↗