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PubMed2003

Comments on the St. Gallen Consensus 2003 on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer.

This final paper of the proceedings of the recent Eighth St. Gallen Conference 2003 on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer comments on the Consensus Paper put forth by the international expert panel and emphasizes new information, that has emerged during the 2 years since the seventh such meeting in 2001. More than 3200 breast cancer specialists from various medical fields-coming from 75 countries and all six continents-have attended the meeting and the process of scientific consensus development. Recommendations for patient care are so critically dependent on assessment of endocrine responsiveness that the importance of high-quality steroid hormone receptor determination and standardized quantitative reporting cannot be overemphasized. The Panel modified and simplified the risk categories so that only endocrine receptor-absent status was sufficient to reclassify an otherwise low-risk, node-negative disease into the category of average risk. Absence of steroid hormone receptors was also recognized as indicating endocrine non-responsiveness. Some important areas highlighted especially in the 2003 consensus include: recognition of the separate nature of endocrine non-responsive breast cancer, both invasive cancers and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); improved understanding of the mechanisms of acquired endocrine resistance, offering exciting prospects for extending the impact of successful sequential endocrine therapies; presentation of high-quality evidence indicating that chemotherapy and tamoxifen should be used sequentially rather than concurrently; availability of a potential alternative to tamoxifen for treatment of postmenopausal women with endocrine responsive disease; promise of newly defined prognostic and predictive markers.

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗
PubMed2005

Comment on "Preparation and electrorheological property of rare earth modified amorphous Ba(x)Sr(1-x)TiO3 gel electrorheological fluid".

The comments on the recent results on electrorheological (ER) property of rare earth modified amorphous barium strontium titanate gel based ER fluid are given via analysis of its dynamic yield stress data as a function of applied electric field strengths. Using our previously reported universal yield stress equation, we obtained the critical electric field strength and collapsed their data onto a single curve.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Orthographic ambiguity: comments on Baxter and Warrington.

In this note, I comment on a recent study by Baxter and Warrington of an acquired dysgraphic patient, KT, that appeared in Cortex, 23, 1987. The focus of my discussion centers around Baxter and Warrington's findings that: (1) KT shows a striking orthographic "regularity" effect in his spelling performance and; (2) KT's use of sound-to-spelling mapping options does not reflect the distribution of use of these options in the word corpus examined. If well-founded, the implications of these results call into question specific features of the dominant model of spelling. However, a close scrutiny of the procedures used by Baxter and Warrington in analyzing their data indicates that they collapsed across factors that have elsewhere been shown to influence spelling performance (i.e., within-syllable frequency of occurrence of phoneme-grapheme mapping options). Therefore, results obtained for patient KT cannot, in their current form, be used to speak to the specific issues of spelling that Baxter and Warrington originally set out to address.

Brain↗
PubMed1990

Eosinophilic cystitis presenting as invasive bladder cancer: comments on pathogenesis and management.

Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare bladder lesion that usually presents with hematuria and has the cystoscopic appearance of a bladder tumor. Ten cases (only 4 adults) have been reported in which this disease has presented with a palpable mass. We report a case in which the lesion presented as an invasive bladder tumor with a palpable mass in an adult and comment on the possible etiology.

Cystitis↗
PubMed2002

Redescriptions of two echinostomes from birds in Paraguay, with comments on Drepanocephalus Dietz, 1909 and Paryphostomum Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae).

Two species of echinostomatid trematodes from Paraguayan birds are redescribed: these are Drepanocephalus spathans Dietz, 1909 from Phalacrocorax olivaceus and Paryphostomum segregatum Dietz, 1909 from Coragyps atratus. The genera Drepanocephalus Dietz, 1909 and Paryphostomum Dietz, 1909 are redefined and the species previously assigned to them reviewed. Paryphostomum mexicanum (Lamothe-Argumedo & Pérez-Ponce de León, 1989) n. comb. and P. parvicephalum (Rietschel & Werding, 1978) n. comb. are transferred from Drepanocephalus to Paryphostomum. A key to the species of Paryphostomum is presented, and the nominal species of Echinostoma Rudolphi, 1809, Nephrostomum Dietz, 1909 and Artyfechinostomum Lane, 1915 previously ascribed to this genus are commented upon. New combinations for species previously attributed to Paryphostomum are: Echinostoma pentalobum (Verma, 1936) n. comb.; E. baiyangdienense (Ku, Pan, Chiu, Li & Chu, 1973) n. comb.; Nephrostomum dollfusi (Agarwal, 1959) n. comb.; and Artyfechinostomum neotoma (Jain, 1953) n. comb. Species attributed to Paryphostomum which are here considered species inquirendae are: Paryphostomum (Lepustomum) mehrii Jain, 1953 sp. inq.; P. fragosum (Dietz, 1909) sp. inq.; P. horai Baugh, 1950 sp. inq.; P. huaccaci Ibáñez, 1974 sp. inq.; P. agrawali Gupta & Singh, 1986 sp. inq.; P. siddiqui Gupta & Singh, 1986 sp. inq.; P. durgensis Sapre, 1969 sp. inq.; and P. globorchum Oshmarin, 1970 sp. inq.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Anthobothrium lesteri n. sp. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in Carcharhinus melanopterus from Heron Island, Australia, with comments on its site, mode of attachment, reproductive strategy and membership of the genus.

Anthobothrium lesteri n. sp. in Carcharhinus melanopterus from Heron Island, Australia is described and figured. A combination of characters, namely the number of testes, a weakly laciniate strobila and mature proglottis which is conspicuously longer than wide distinguishes it from other species that appear to be consistent with van Beneden's original concept of Anthobothrium . The scolex and the peduncle are relatively small and frail when compared with the rest of the strobila and with the detached proglottis. A myzorhynchus is absent and the stalked, undivided, simple bothridia have thickened margins. Two circular areas of muscles, which resemble accessory suckers, occur in the centre of each bothridium. There is a distinct cephalic peduncle with spiniform blade-like microtriches followed by craspedote proglottides which have a posterior four-lobed velum. Apolysis is well developed and the oncosphere has a polar filament and a dense covering of spines. Comments are made on the site, the mode of attachment, an aspect of the reproductive strategy of the new species in relation to intestinal eversion in some sharks, and membership of the genus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of the Halstead Category Test and the revised Category Test: comment on Russell and Levy.

Russell and Levy recently published an article describing a new shortened version of the Halstead Category Test. They compared their revised Category Test (RCAT) with the Category Test (CAT) and reported it to be highly correlated with and as accurate as the CAT in predicting the presence or absence of brain damage. However, they substantially modified the CAT and claimed the two versions to be comparable without having administered the RCAT to a single person. This comment critiques their revision from a theoretical perspective and additionally questions the methodology reported by the authors to establish the RCAT's validity. We conclude that the Russell and Levy modifications of the CAT make the RCAT a new, different, and as yet unvalidated instrument. Suggestions are offered for future research in the area of modifying the CAT or its scoring system.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1999

Caveats concerning comparisons of change rates obtained with five methods of identifying significant client changes: comment on Speer and Greenbaum (1995).

Various methods have been proposed to identify clients who have improved, have not changed, or have deteriorated in psychotherapy. D. D. Speer and P. E. Greenbaum (1995) compared empirically determined change rates (proportions of clients identified as improved, unchanged, or deteriorated) obtained with 5 of these methods, tested the hypothesis that 1 method would be more sensitive than the other 4 in detecting significant changes, and recommended 2 of the 5 methods. This comment draws attention to problems related to the meaning of their comparisons of change rates and to some implications of their recommendations. These problems include misinterpretation of formulas; use of methods with questionable standard errors; confounding of effects of methods with effects of norms, data sets, and risks of misclassifying patients who do not change; absence of valid external criteria of client changes; and excessive reliance on the Jacobson-Truax method for evaluation of 2-wave data.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Models of interlimb coordination--equilibria, local analyses, and spectral patterning: comment on Fuchs and Kelso (1994).

This article is a comment on A. Fuchs and J. A. S. Kelso's (1994) theoretical note on models of interlimb coordination. The generality of the order parameter equation derived by H. Haken, J. A. S. Kelso, and H. Bunz (HKB; 1985) for correlated limb movements is underscored through the correct and nonintuitive predictions it makes about steady state behavior. Local and global dynamical models are contrasted, and experimental situations in which local models are pragmatic alternatives to global models, like the HKB equation, are described. Questions are raised about the basis for interpreting detuning in HKB as a simple frequency difference and about the ability of the system of coupled nonlinear oscillators proposed by A. Fuchs and J. A. S. Kelso (1994) to model fully the experimental findings on the spectrum of relative phase.

Extremities↗
PubMed2000

Separate features versus one principle: comment on Shimaya (1997).

In his article "Perception of Complex Line Drawings," A. Shimaya (1997) proposed a quantitative theory that was designed to predict perceived segmentations and amodal completions of line drawings. Shimaya further evaluated the integrative approach of structural information theory (SIT; R. Van Lier, P. Van der Helm, & E. Leeuwenberg, 1994) to pattern interpretation. It is argued in this comment that Shimaya's evaluation of the SIT approach is based on a misconception of SITs basic assumptions and an inappropriate data analysis.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed1980

Attention switching is not a fatigable process: methodological comments on Axelrod and Guzy (1972).

Guzy and Axelrod investigated auditory attention switching by means of the click-counting paradigm and concluded that attention switching is a fatigable process. In the present comment it is shown that this conclusion is based on a faulty analysis of the data: The scores subjected to the analysis of variance were transformed such that they were no longer linear combinations of the factorial effects. Reanalyzing the data in the correct way renders perfectly linear conting functions that deviate from theoretical fatigue functions. It is concluded that the attention-switching mechanism is not fatigable.

Attention↗
PubMed1988

Is it smart to play the horses? Comment on "A day at the races: a study of IQ, expertise, and cognitive complexity" (Ceci & Liker, 1986).

Ceci and Liker (1986b) presented data that they contended shows two things: (a) Handicapping harness races is a cognitively complex undertaking that can be captured by a multiple regression model, and (b) neither overall skill at handicapping nor the complexity of the mental model used is related to standard measures of intelligence. The first contention is not at issue. But the second contention, that handicapping performance is unrelated to IQ, is not supported by the data presented; in fact, the opposite conclusion seems more likely. The purpose of this comment is to point out errors frequently made in individual-differences research concerning population definition, sample selection, dependent and independent variable reliability and validity and interpretation of results.

Cognition↗
PubMed1999

Models of intelligence in late life: comment on Hultsch et al. (1999).

The authors comment on D. F. Hultsch, C. Hertzog, B. J. Small, and R. A. Dixon's (1999) report of the latest results of the Victoria Longitudinal Study, which are presented as a test of the engagement hypothesis, and on their reanalysis of the data from the Veterans Study (Pushkar Gold et al., 1995), which proposes an alternative model of intellectual function. Differences between the methodologies, variables, and concepts of engaged lifestyle in the 2 studies lead to different tests of the engagement hypothesis and different conclusions. Failure to report specified paths and unjustified assumptions lessen the credibility of the Hultsch et al. model for the Veterans Study data. The authors conclude that their original model, which indicates a small but significant effect of engaged adult lifestyle on the maintenance of intellectual verbal abilities in later life, provides a better explanation of the Veterans Study data.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Integrating family routines and rituals with other family research paradigms: comment on the special section.

The articles in this special section represent cutting edge research on family routines and rituals. This comment discusses how this work may inform and be informed by other family research. This includes studying how routines develop, are maintained, and reorganize as well as how they influence individual outcomes through effects on socialization, security, and adaptation to stress. Applications of research on family routines to enhance prevention and treatment are also discussed. New directions for the study of family rituals are discussed, including how ritual events may have long-term effects on family interaction through discontinuous changes in relationship expectations of family members.

Ceremonial Behavior↗
PubMed2002

Theory development should begin (but not end) with good empirical fits: a comment on Roberts and Pashler (2000).

S. Roberts and H. Pashler (2000) argued against using goodness of fit as evidence to support theories. The authors agree with their suggestions for how to go beyond good fits but disagree with their starting point. In this comment, the authors argue that good fits are part and parcel of theory development, that they are part and parcel of the processes suggested by S. Roberts and H. Pashler, and that they must be the starting point (though far from the ending point) in theoretical development. The authors discuss historical examples of scientific theory development, recent examples of psychological theory development, and development of a particular theory (social contagion theory; J. L. Rodgers & D. C. Rowe, 1993) that S. Roberts and H. Pashler criticized.

Decision Support Techniques↗
PubMed1993

TODAM and the list-strength and list-length effects: comment on Murdock and Kahana (1993a).

B. B. Murdock and M. J. Kahana (1993a) presented a continuous memory version of the theory of distributed associative memory (TODAM) model; they claimed that this model predicts list-strength and list-length findings, including those reported by R. Ratcliff, S. E. Clark, and R. M. Shiffrin (1990) and K. Murnane and R. M. Shiffrin (1991a). This model is quite similar to one discussed by R. M. Shiffrin, R. Ratcliff, and S. Clark (1990), who rejected the model on the basis of its inability to predict both an absent or negative list-strength effect (when strength is varied by repetitions) and a present list-length effect. In this comment we elaborate the earlier discussion and demonstrate that the version of TODAM proposed by B. B. Murdock and M. J. Kahana (1993a) indeed fails for this reason. We show this first for a somewhat simplified version of the model for which derivations are obvious and then in a simulation of the complete version using the parameter values suggested by B. B. Murdock and M. J. Kahana (1993a).

Female↗
PubMed2003

Family psychology and family law--a family court judge's perspective: comment on the special issue.

This comment presents the responses of an experienced family court judge to the eight articles published in this special issue. The value of these scholarly articles to family court judges is enormous. Judges have little, if any, formal training in family dynamics and child development, yet are called upon to make rulings in complex cases that have life-long ramifications for all family members. The changing demographics and current realities of traditional and nontraditional family structures in our society as well as the increasing divorce rates have widened the gap between legal precedence and current social science research. It is essential that the material covered in this issue can be accessible to family law personnel in language that they can understand and learn from.

Family↗