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PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence and health correlates of gambling problems in substance abuse counselors.

This study examined the prevalence of disordered gambling in substance abuse counselors. Participants (N = 328) completed an anonymous self-report survey assessing lifetime disordered gambling, past two-month gambling behavior, and current mental and physical health. The lifetime prevalence rates of pathological and problem gambling in this sample (11.9% and 6.4%, respectively) were higher than rates reported in general population surveys. Poorer physical health was associated with pathological gambling, but mental health was not. These results suggest that substance abuse counselors may benefit from education, prevention, and intervention efforts for disordered gambling.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Rhinotillexomania: psychiatric disorder or habit?

BACKGROUND: Conditions once considered bad habits are now recognized as psychiatric disorders (trichotillomania, onychopagia). We hypothesized that nose picking is another such "habit," a common benign practice in most adults but a time-consuming, socially compromising, or physically harmful condition (rhinotillexomania) in some. METHODS: We developed the Rhinotillexomania Questionnaire, mailed it to 1000 randomly selected adult residents of Dane County, Wisconsin, and requested anonymous responses. The returned questionnaires were analyzed according to age, sex, marital status, living arrangement, and educational level. Nose picking was characterized according to time involved, level of distress, location, attitudes toward self and others regarding the practice, technique, methods of disposal, reasons, complications, and associated habits and psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-four subjects responded. Ninety-one percent were current nose pickers although only 75% felt "almost everyone does it"; 1.2% picked at least every hour. For 2 subjects (0.8%), nose picking caused moderate to marked interferences with daily functioning. Two subjects spent between 15 and 30 minutes and 1 over 2 hours a day picking their nose. For 2 others, perforation of the nasal septum was a complication. Associated "habits" included picking cuticles (25%), picking at skin (20%), biting fingernails (18%), and pulling out hair (6%). CONCLUSION: This first population survey of nose picking suggests that it is an almost universal practice in adults but one that should not be considered pathologic for most. For some, however, the condition may meet criteria for a disorder-rhinotillexomania.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder.

A wide range of psychiatric and medical disorders have been hypothesized to be related to obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and thus, together, to form a family of disorders known as obsessive compulsive (or OCD) spectrum disorder. The grouping of these conditions is based on their phenomenological similarities with OCD (i.e., obsessive thinking and/or compulsive behaviors), as well as their having courses of illness, comorbidity and family history patterns, biological abnormalities, and treatment responses similar to OCD. Proposed OCD spectrum disorders have included body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, anorexia nervosa, trichotillomania, and some forms of delusional disorder, among others. However, conditions with impulsive features have also been hypothesized to belong to this family, including impulse control disorders in general, paraphilias and nonparaphilic sexual addictions, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, and Tourette's disorder. We review the evidence supporting the grouping of these conditions into an OCD spectrum disorder family. We conclude that these disorders are different in some ways from OCD, but that they also have many similarities with OCD, and may therefore be related to one another and to OCD. In addition, we hypothesize that some of the differences among them may be explained in part by variation along a dimension of compulsivity versus impulsivity. Finally, because most of these conditions appear to be related to mood disorder, we hypothesize that the OCD spectrum disorder family may belong to the larger family of affective spectrum disorder.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed1983

Clinical uses of lithium salts.

A comprehensive overview of the clinical aspects of lithium therapy is presented. Emphasis is placed on recent developments regarding the clinical uses of Li2CO3 in non-psychiatric conditions. The established efficacy of the drug in the treatment and prophylaxis of mania and bipolar affective disorders is noted, and the evidence supporting the use of lithium salts as a prophylactic agent in unipolar depression, aggressive behavior, schizophrenic disorders and organic brain dysfunction is discussed. The use of lithium carbonate in various disorders of movement and in certain extrapyramidal diseases is summarized, as are the results of its trials in alcoholism and drug abuse. In addition, uses of Li2CO3 in asthma, thyroid diseases, granulocytopenia, headache, bowel disease, anesthesiology, cardiology, and sleep disorders are summarized. The data suggests the potential effectiveness of Li2CO3 in a variety of clinical conditions other than those for which it is classically indicated, provided more detailed double-blind studies are performed.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed2005

The dopamine transporter gene and the impulsivity phenotype in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case-control association study in a Korean sample.

The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) has been extensively studied as one of the candidate genes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several studies have reported on the association between the DAT1 10-repeat allele and cognitive variables in ADHD. However, few studies have been designed to ascertain the association between DAT1 genotypes other than the 10-repeat allele and cognitive endophenotypes in ADHD. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the DAT1 genotypes and the candidate endophenotypes, inattention and impulsivity symptoms, as measured by the continuous performance test (CPT), in a Korean sample of 85 children diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD. Compared to the normal control group, the frequencies of the 9/10 genotype were significantly higher in the ADHD probands (chi(2)=13.45, p=0.02, OR=4.12, 95% CI: 2.21-12.34) and parents of probands (chi(2)=11.60, p=0.03). The 9-repeat allele frequencies were significantly higher in the ADHD probands (chi(2)=11.55, p=0.03, OR=4.43, 95% CI: 1.55-11.78) and parents of probands (chi(2)=12.70,p=0.03) than the normal control group. Compared to the ADHD probands without the 9-repeat allele (n=74), the mean T-score, with regard to the commission errors of the CPT, was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the ADHD probands with the 9-repeat allele (n=11). Compared to the ADHD probands with other DAT1 genotypes, the mean T-score, with respect to the commission errors of the CPT, was significantly higher in the ADHD probands with the 9/10 genotype (p<0.05). The results of this study suggest the possibility of an association between the DAT1 9-repeat allele and the impulsivity phenotype of ADHD.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

A procedure to teach self-control to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

This study examined the use of a progressive delay procedure combined with verbal mediation to teach self-control to children with attention deficit disorder. Results showed that when participants were initially given the choice between an immediate smaller reinforcer and a larger delayed reinforcer, all participants chose the smaller reinforcer. When slight delays to obtain a larger reinforcer were instated in conjunction with intervening verbal activity, all participants demonstrated self-control regardless of the content of the verbal activity.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1988

Pathological gamblers are neither impulsive nor sensation-seekers.

Ten pathological gamblers, ten alcoholics, ten heroin addicts and twenty five non-patients were compared using Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and Barratt's Impulsivity Scale (BIS). The pathological gamblers did not differ from the non-patient group on either measure. Drug addicts scored significantly higher and alcoholics significantly lower than the pathological gamblers and the non-patient group on the SSS, while drug addicts scored significantly higher than the other groups on the BIS. The difficulties in defining impulsivity are discussed. It is suggested that the classification of pathological gambling as a disorder of impulse control should be reconsidered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pathological gamblers, with and without substance use disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates.

Pathological gambling is classified as a disorder of impulse control, yet little research has evaluated behavioral indices of impulsivity in gamblers. The rates at which rewards delayed in time are subjectively devalued may be a behavioral marker of impulsivity. This study evaluated delay discounting in 60 pathological gamblers and 26 control participants. Gamblers were divided into those with (n = 21) and without (n = 39) substance use disorders. A hypothetical $1,000 reward was delayed at intervals ranging from 6 hr to 25 years, and immediate rewards varied from $1 to $999. Pathological gamblers discounted delayed rewards at higher rates than control participants, and gamblers with substance use disorders discounted delayed rewards at higher rates than non-substance-abusing gamblers. These data provide further evidence that rapid discounting of delayed rewards may be a feature central to impulse control and addictive disorders, including pathological gambling.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Impulsivity as a risk factor for eating disorder behavior: assessment implications with adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the current study were to determine if impulsivity serves as a risk factor for eating disorder behavior and to examine whether different risk outcomes are obtained depending on the assessment strategy used to measure impulsivity. METHOD: Three independent studies are reported, each of which examined the relationship of impulsivity and eating disorder behavior in a prospective longitudinal design with adolescent subjects recruited from both public and private schools. Individuals displaying eating disorder behavior at initial assessments were not included in the analyses, to ensure that we were testing the role of impulsivity in the onset of eating disorder behavior. RESULTS: Trait impulsivity, measured with traditional personality scales, failed to predict the onset of eating disorder behavior in all three studies. However, when behavioral constructs associated with impulsivity, such as delinquency or substance abuse, were examined, they significantly predicted the onset of eating disorder behavior in most of the analyses conducted. DISCUSSION: These results provide moderate support for the idea that impulsivity serves as a risk factor for the onset of eating disorder behavior. However, this is only true when more objective behavioral measures were utilized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Follow-up of pathological gamblers after treatment.

Pathological gamblers entering a comprehensive treatment program were thoroughly assessed before treatment and 6 months after completion of treatment. The reports of gamblers and collateral informants were highly consistent. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 57 of the 66 patients entering treatment. Total abstinence was reported by 56% (N = 32) of the patients located for follow-up, and significant improvement on a wide range of measures was documented. The authors feel that the results demonstrate that pathological gambling is a treatable mental disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Dimensional analysis of ADHD subtypes in rats.

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a heterogeneous disorder that is classified into three subtypes in which the main symptoms, inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, are expressed with various degrees of severity. The nature of the biological dysfunction sustaining each subtype (common or distinct) is unknown, and animal models encompassing different subtypes are needed. METHODS: A cluster analysis separated subgroups of rats on the basis of similarities in both impulsivity and attentional scores in the five-choice serial reaction time task. These subgroups were characterized behaviorally and were compared for several aspects of spontaneous hyperactivity in different environmental contexts. The dose effects of two agents used clinically (methylphenidate and atomoxetine) were tested on attention and impulsivity. RESULTS: Four distinct subgroups were demonstrated: efficient, middle, inattentive, and inattentive-impulsive. Hyperactivity expressed in a cage, characterized the last subgroup. Subgroups were differentially sensitive to environmental and pharmacologic challenges. Methylphenidate increased impulsivity mainly in the combined subgroup, whereas atomoxetine decreased impulsivity, neither with any effect on the efficient subgroup and on accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: This new approach is the first to demonstrate behavioral subtypes in rats that parallel those observed in human beings and is a promising tool to clarify the biological bases of these behavioral subtypes and to explain therapeutic effects.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
PubMed2006

Eating attitudes, weight concerns and beliefs about drug effects in women who use ecstasy.

The drug ecstasy has appetite suppressant and exercise promoting effects that may appeal to young women who are concerned about weight and body image. This study therefore aimed to determine whether young women who use ecstasy differ from those who do not use this drug in concerns about eating and weight, and in beliefs about how these are affected by recreational drugs. One hundred and thirty young women, all cigarette smokers, were recruited; 73 who used ecstasy were compared with 57 who did not. All were assessed on Garner's (1991) Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2), body mass index (BMI), depression and beliefs about the effects of different drugs on appetite, exercise and weight. The two groups did not differ on number of cigarettes smoked per day, depression scores, current BMI, lowest achieved BMI or ideal BMI. Ecstasy users had significantly higher scores than controls on four of the 11 sub-scales of the EDI: bulimia, impulse dysregulation, social insecurity and interpersonal distrust. For ecstasy users, scores on all four scales correlated positively with frequency of ecstasy use. However there were no group differences in "drive for thinness" or "body dissatisfaction" which may suggest that differences on other factors are related more to use of club drugs than to any specific eating pathology. Ecstasy users were more likely than controls to agree that ecstasy aids weight loss and that they exercise more when they use drugs. However, our findings indicated that women are not using ecstasy as a deliberate means of weight control.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Joy riding: multiple criminal car rides in an intoxicated state in relation to dyssocial personality with addictive tendencies].

Going out from the case report of a young unskilled worker, the author introduces a little known behavioral disorder, named "joy riding". This highly problematic pattern of misbehavior includes the stealing of usually high-powered motorcars in order to take fast and joyful trips without any goal and leaving them anywhere in a more or less damaged state. As our case report shows, this special behavior sometimes develops features of an addiction and thereby similarities to addictive behaviors like pathological gambling, kleptomania, pyromania and others. Rightly, we find in literature several statements denying clearly the nosological independence of all these non-substance-bound addictive behaviors, pointing out the underlying deficiency of impulse control building the common ground to all these addiction-like disorders.

Adult↗