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PubMed1993

Response to the Distilled spirits Industry Council of Australia Inc. position paper 'Alcohol Availability'.

A critique is offered of the Distilled Spirits Industry Council position paper 'Alcohol Availability'. It is argued that this position paper presents a simple-minded analysis of the complex relationship between the availability of alcohol and its consumption which pays no attention to the importance of price in determining consumption. As a consequence, it misconstrues the lessons to be drawn from the Victorian experiment in liberalization and fails to consider its implications for the incidence of alcohol related problems.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicity evaluation of petroleum blending streams: inhalation subchronic toxicity/neurotoxicity study of a light catalytic cracked naphtha distillate in rats.

A 15-week, whole-body inhalation study of the vapors of a distillate (LCCN-D) of light catalytic cracked naphtha (CAS no. 64741-55-5, LCCN) was conducted with Sprague-Dawley rats. Target exposure concentrations were 0, 750, 2500, and 7500 ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week. Over the course of the study, animals received at least 65 exposures. For a portion of the control and 7500-ppm groups, a 4-week postexposure period was included in the study. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated using standard parameters. During life, neurotoxicity was evaluated by motor activity assessment and a functional observational battery. Selected tissues from animals in all exposure groups were examined microscopically. Neuropathologic examination of selected neuronal tissues from animals in the control and high-exposure groups was also conducted. No compound-related effects were seen on survival, clinical chemistry, food consumption, or physical signs. No evidence of neurotoxicity was seen at any exposure level. Slight decreases in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations were seen in male rats at the end of exposure to 7500 ppm LCCN-D. However, values were within normal physiological ranges and recovery occurred. Slight decreases in mean body weights and body weight gain were observed in high-exposure females during the first 7 weeks of exposure, but this decrease was not seen during the second half of the study. Male rat nephropathy involving hyaline droplet formation and alpha-2micro-globulin accumulation was seen in mid- and high-exposure males, an effect not relevant to humans. The incidence and severity of goblet cell hypertrophy/hyperplasia and respiratory epithelium hyperplasia in nasoturbinal tissues were greater in high-exposure animals, but recovery occurred. None of the effects observed were considered toxicologically significant. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for subchronic and neurotoxicity of LCCN-D was > or = 7500 ppm.

Alkanes↗

PubMed1984

Fabric protectors. Part II - Propane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and petroleum distillates levels in air after application of fabric protectors.

Propane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and petroleum distillates levels in air which were generated during the use of aerosol type fabric protectors were monitored by means of the NIOSH charcoal tube, a glass bulb grab sampling, and the GASBADGE passive device techniques. Although 1982 ACGIH TLV-STEL were readily exceeded in an unventilated test room, when fabric was sprayed with 450 g of fabric protector in an unconfined area within a home the generated vapors quickly dispersed and STEL and 8-hour TWA-TLV were not exceeded.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1953

Sporulation in distilled water.

Spores are formed when vegetative cells of sporing aerobes are shaken with distilled water at 37 degrees . These spores are derived from the small number of cells which survive lysis. The sporulation process involves increase and concentration of solid material in the cell, and is achieved at the expense of the products of lysis of 80 to 90 per cent of the resuspended cells.

Bacillus↗

PubMed2000

Application of high-temperature simulated distillation to the residuum oil supercritical extraction process in petroleum refining

The gas chromatographic method of high-temperature simulated distillation (HTSD) is described, and the results are presented for the application of HTSD to the characterization of petroleum refinery feed and products from solvent deasphalting operations. Results are presented for refinery residual feed, deasphalted oil, and asphaltene fractions from the residual oil supercritical extraction process. Asphaltene removal from petroleum residuum using solvent deasphalting results in the improved quality and high recovery of deasphalted oil product for use as lube oil, fluid catalytic cracking, or hydrocracker feedstocks. The HTSD procedure presented here proves valuable for characterizing the fractions from the deasphalting process to obtain the percentage yield with boiling point data over the range from approximately 36 degrees C (97 degrees F) to 733 degrees C (1352 degrees F), which covers the boiling range of n-paraffins of carbon number C5 to C108.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Using microwave distillation-solid-phase microextraction--gas chromatography--mass spectrometry for analyzing fish tissue.

A technique for the analysis of the volatile compounds from fish tissue employing microwave distillation-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is described. A qualitative listing of 174 compounds observed in the headspace is given, and a quantitative method for the determination of the off-flavor contaminants (2-methylisoborneol and geosmin) is presented. Borneol and decahydro-1-naphthol are used as the surrogate and internal standards, respectively. A linear calibration curve is obtained for 0.1 to 5 ppb with a recovery level of 60% at 2.5 ppb. Comparison of the instrumental method with a human flavor checker showed good agreement.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Direct thermal desorption in the analysis of cheese volatiles by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: comparison with simultaneous distillation-extraction and dynamic headspace.

Direct thermal desorption (DTD) has been used as a technique for extracting volatile components of cheese as a preliminary step to their gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. In this study, it is applied to different cheese varieties: Camembert, blue, Chaumes, and La Serena. Volatiles are also extracted using other techniques such as simultaneous distillation-extraction and dynamic headspace. Separation and identification of the cheese components are carried out by GC-mass spectrometry. Approximately 100 compounds are detected in the examined cheeses. The described results show that DTD is fast, simple, and easy to automate; requires only a small amount of sample (approximately 50 mg); and affords quantitative information about the main groups of compounds present in cheeses.

Cheese↗

PubMed1999

Petroleum distillate solvents as risk factors for undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD).

Occupational solvent exposure may increase the risk of connective tissue disease (CTD). The objective of this case-control study was to investigate the relation between undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) and solvent exposure in Michigan and Ohio. Women were considered to have UCTD if they did not meet the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for any CTD but had at least two documented signs, symptoms, or laboratory abnormalities suggestive of a CTD. Detailed information on solvent exposure was ascertained from 205 cases, diagnosed between 1980 and 1992, and 2,095 population-based controls. Age-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for all exposures. Among 16 self-reported occupational activities with potential solvent exposure, furniture refinishing (OR = 9.73, 95 percent CI 1.48-63.90), perfume, cosmetic, or drug manufacturing (OR = 7.71, 95 percent CI 2.24-26.56), rubber product manufacturing (OR = 4.70, 95 percent CI 1.75-12.61), work in a medical diagnostic or pathology laboratory (OR = 4.52, 95 percent CI 2.27-8.97), and painting or paint manufacturing (OR = 2.87, 95 percent CI 1.06-7.76) were significantly associated with UCTD. After expert review of self-reported exposure to ten specific solvents, paint thinners or removers (OR = 2.73, 95 percent CI 1.80-4.16) and mineral spirits (OR = 1.81, 95 percent CI 1.09-3.02) were associated with UCTD. These results suggest that exposure to petroleum distillates increases the risk of developing UCTD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as a feed ingredient for broilers.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from modern ethanol plants in broiler diets. Experiment 1 was a 2 x 2 factorial experiment with diets containing 2 levels of DDGS (0 and 15%) and 2 diet densities (high and low). The high- and low-density diets were formulated to contain 22% CP and 3,050 kcal MEn/kg and 20% CP and 3,000 kcal MEn/kg, respectively. Eight pens of 6 chicks were fed an experimental diet from 0 to 18 d of age. Weight gain and feed efficiency (gain:feed ratio) of the chicks receiving the high-density diets were (P < 0.05) better than those of chicks fed the low-density diets. However, within the 2 density levels there was no difference in performance of chicks fed diets with 0 or 15% DDGS. In experiment 2, 6 replications of 50 chicks were fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42 d. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous and contained 0, 6, 12, or 18% DDGS. There was no significant difference in performance or carcass yield throughout the 42 d experiment except for a depression in BW gain and feed conversion when chicks were fed diets with 18% DDGS in the starter period. These studies indicate that DDGS from modern ethanol plants is an acceptable feed ingredient for broiler diets and can be safely used at 6% in the starter period and 12 to 15% in the grower and finisher periods.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2004

Content and relative bioavailability of phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks.

Total phosphorus analysis was performed on 20 samples of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and three experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of P in different samples of DDGS varying in Lys digestibility and heat processing (autoclaving). Relative bioavailability of P was estimated from tibia ash using the slope ratio method after chicks were fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0.05 or 0.10% P from KH2PO4 or supplemented with 2 levels of the test DDGS (7 to 25%). The mean total P value for the 20 DDGS samples was 0.73 +/- 0.04% (SD), with an average dry matter value of 88 +/- 0.8% (SD). In experiment 1, the bioavailability coefficient for P in a random sample of DDGS relative to KH2PO4 was 69%. In experiment 2, the relative bioavailabilities of P in low digestible Lys DDGS 1, low digestible Lys DDGS 2, and high digestible Lys DDGS 3 were 102, 82 and 75%, respectively (P < 0.05). For experiment 3, the P bioavailability coefficients for a light-colored nonautoclaved DDGS and the same DDGS autoclaved at 121 degrees C and 124 pKa were 75 and 87%, respectively (P < 0.05). Our results showed that the total P content of DDGS was similar to the 0.72% value reported by the NRC (1994), but the relative P bioavailability is higher than the value estimated from NRC (1994) based on table values for total and nonphytate P content. Our results also indicated that there is substantial variability in P bioavailability among different DDGS samples and suggest that increased heat processing may increase the bioavailability of P in DDGS.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The bioavailability of lysine and phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles.

Five experiments were conducted to determine Lys and P bioavailabilities of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which was derived from corn fermentation in a modern nonbeverage ethanol plant. In experiment 1, we used the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay and estimated the true digestibility of Lys in DDGS to be 75%. In experiments 2, 3, 4, and 5 the relative bioavailabilities of Lys and P were assessed using slope-ratio chick growth experiments. In experiments 2 and 3, Lys-deficient basal diets containing 0.40 or 0.60% digestible Lys respectively, were formulated. A linear growth response (P < 0.05) was observed from the addition of 0.10 and 0.20% L-Lys from L-Lys x HCl and 10 and 20% DDGS to the basal diets. Body weight gain was regressed on Lys intake from L-Lys x HCl and DDGS, and the ratio of the slopes indicated the relative bioavailable Lys in DDGS. The values as a percentage of total Lys (0.83) in DDGS yielded availability estimates of 80% for experiment 2 and 100% for experiment 3. In experiments 4 and 5, a P-deficient basal diet containing 0.12% nonphytate P was formulated. A linear growth and tibia bone ash (%) response (P < 0.05) were observed from the addition of 0.05 and 0.10% P from K2HPO4 and 2 levels of DDGS (5 and 10% for experiment 4 and 7 and 14% for experiment 5). Tibia bone ash (%) was regressed on P intake from K2HPO4 and DDGS, and the ratio of slopes indicated the relative bioavailability of P in DDGS. The values as a percentage of total P (0.74%) in DDGS yielded availability estimates of 68% for experiment 4 and 54% for experiment 5.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

Effect of microbial phytase and citric acid on phosphorus bioavailability, apparent metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of OptiPhos phytase and citric acid for releasing the P that is not bioavailable in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The effect of OptiPhos phytate on AME(n) and amino acid digestibility was also determined. New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were fed experimental diets from 8 to 21 d of age. For Experiment 1, a basal P-deficient diet contained 40% DDGS plus supplemental amino acids, and DDGS was the only source of P. The basal diet was then supplemented with 1,000 or 10,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of OptiPhos phytase or with 0.2% of P from KH2PO4. In Experiment 2, a slope-ratio chick growth and tibia ash assay used a P-deficient soybean meal basal diet, and it was found that the bioavailability of P in DDGS was 67%. For Experiment 3, a P-deficient basal diet with 30% DDGS plus supplemental amino acids was supplemented with 0.05 or 0.1% P from KH2PO4, with 3% citric acid, or with 1,000 or 10,000 FTU/kg of OptiPhos phytase. In Experiment 1, both 1,000 and 10,000 FTU/kg of phytase increased tibia ash but had no effect on AME(n). Both 10,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of phytase and supplemental P increased digestibility of amino acids. In Experiment 3, supplemental phytase and citric acid increased tibia ash (mg/tibia), and it was estimated that phytase and citric acid could release from 0.04 to 0.07% P from DDGS. In terms of bioavailability coefficients, the bioavailability of the P in DDGS was increased from 62 to 72%. These results indicate that phytase and citric acid increase the bioavailability of P in DDGS, but phytase at 1,000 FTU/kg had no consistent effect on AME(n) and amino acid digestibility.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed2006

Amino acid availability and true metabolizable energy content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in adult cecectomized roosters.

Five sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which varied in darkness of color, were collected from several processing plants in the Midwestern United States. Sources of DDGS were analyzed for their amino acid and energy contents, measured for color score, and evaluated for TMEn, apparent amino acid digestibility, and true amino acid digestibility. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (25 g) to adult cecectomized roosters, and the excreta were collected for 48 h. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates. Seven adult roosters (averaging 75 wk of age) were used in each period, with 5 fed the DDGS sources and 2 fasted to estimate basal endogenous amino acid losses. One source (no. 5) was the darkest, 2 sources (no. 2 and 4) were light, whereas 2 other sources (no. 1 and 3) were intermediate in color as measured by a colorimeter. Total lysine content of the DDGS sources ranged from 0.48 to 0.76%, with the lowest lysine content in the darkest DDGS source. Apparent and true lysine digestibility was approximately 30 and 15 percentage units lower (P < 0.05), respectively, in the dark-colored source (no. 5) than in the other 4 sources. Average apparent and true digestibility of the essential amino acids were 10 and 8 percentage units lower (P < 0.05), respectively, in source 5 than the other 4 sources. The TMEn content of the 5 DDGS sources was also lower (P < 0.05) in the darkest DDGS (no. 5). Our results suggest that when the color score of a DDGS source, as measured by a colorimeter, reached a certain threshold (lightness between 28 and 34), amino acid availability and true metabolizable energy content may be reduced. This reduction was particularly evident for lysine, which had the lowest digestibility in the darkest DDGS source. These results suggest that dark-colored DDGS may have been overheated during drying, causing Maillard reactions to be more extensive and resulting in a lowered total lysine content, lysine digestibility, and TMEn content.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1999

The role of dermal irritation in the skin tumor promoting activity of petroleum middle distillates.

Petroleum middle distillates (PMDs), a class of hydrocarbons which boil between 350-700 degrees F, are tumor promoters in mouse skin. The promotional activity is produced under conditions that also result in local changes, including chronic irritation and epidermal hyperplasia. The present study was conducted by comparing equal weekly doses of irritating and minimally or nonirritating test materials, to assess whether tumor promotion was a secondary response to these effects. Four PMDs, C10-C14 normal paraffins (NP), lightly refined paraffinic oil (LRPO), Jet Fuel A (JF), and steam-cracked gas oil (SCGO), were evaluated. Test materials were applied undiluted (2x/week) or as 28.6% (7x/week) or 50% (4x/week) concentrations in mineral oil for 52 weeks following initiation with dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). When applied undiluted, all materials produced moderate irritation and significant increase in tumor incidence. When NP, LRPO, or JF were applied in mineral oil diluent, skin irritation was generally ameliorated and few, if any, tumors were produced. SCGO was irritating and produced a significant increase in tumor frequency when administered in mineral-oil diluent. These data indicate that the promotional activity of straight-run PMDs is likely related to chronic irritation at the application site and not to dose. Thus, when used appropriately in the absence of prolonged irritation, these materials should not present a tumorigenic hazard to humans.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed2005

Lactobacillus concavus sp. nov., isolated from the walls of a distilled spirit fermenting cellar in China.

Two novel Lactobacillus strains, C-5-1(T) and HB5, were isolated from the walls of a distilled spirit fermenting cellar in Hebei province, China. The strains were Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile curved rods and were facultatively anaerobic. They produced 5% (-)-D/95% (+)-L lactic acid exclusively from glucose fermentation, but were catalase-negative. Both strains fermented N-acetylglucosamine, arbutin, salicin, cellobiose, maltose, trehalose and beta-gentiobiose. The mean DNA G+C content of the two strains was 46.9+/-0.8 mol% (46.4 mol% for the type strain, C-5-1(T)). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that strain C-5-1(T) was clustered in the Lactobacillus casei/Pediococcus phylogenetic group and was closely related to Pediococcus dextrinicus JCM 5887(T) (97.9% similarity), followed by Lactobacillus algidus JCM 10491(T) (93.9% similarity). The DNA-DNA relatedness between the type strain C-5-1(T) and P. dextrinicus JCM 5887(T) and L. algidus JCM 10491(T) was only 5.4 and 4.3%, respectively. Therefore, based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, a novel Lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus concavus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is C-5-1(T) (=AS 1.5017(T)=LMG 22739(T)).

Base Composition↗

PubMed2005

Pediococcus cellicola sp. nov., a novel lactic acid coccus isolated from a distilled-spirit-fermenting cellar.

Two novel Pediococcus strains, Z-1 and Z-8(T), were isolated from a distilled-spirit-fermenting cellar in Hebei Province, China. The cells were Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, non-motile cocci, occurring in pairs or tetrads. The strains were facultatively anaerobic and produced 50 % (-)-D-/50% (+)-L-lactic acid exclusively from glucose fermentation, but did not produce catalase. Both strains fermented rhamnose, ribose, xylose, lactose, maltose, trehalose and sucrose, and tolerated 10% ethanol. The mean G+C content of the two strains was 38+/-1 mol% (37 mol% for the type strain, Z-8(T)). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain Z-8(T) clustered within the Pediococcus damnosus-Pediococcus inopinatus-Pediococcus parvulus group, with 98.3-98.5% 16S rRNA gene similarity. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain Z-8(T) and P. damnosus LMG 11484(T), P. inopinatus LMG 11409(T) and P. parvulus LMG 11486(T) was 19+/-4, 35+/-5 and 31+/-5%, respectively. Therefore, based on the distinctive phenotypic characteristics, and genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, a novel Pediococcus species, Pediococcus cellicola sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is Z-8(T) (=AS 1.3787(T)=LMG 22956(T)).

China↗

PubMed2006

Oenococcus kitaharae sp. nov., a non-acidophilic and non-malolactic-fermenting oenococcus isolated from a composting distilled shochu residue.

Six strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated in Japan from a composting distilled shochu residue. The six isolates grew poorly on MRS agar and slowly in MRS broth. The 16S rRNA gene sequences did not show high levels of similarity to those of the recognized species of lactic acid bacteria, and formed a subcluster within the cluster comprising obligately heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria closely related to Oenococcus oeni. The levels of DNA-DNA relatedness revealed that the isolates belonged to the same taxon and were genetically separate from O. oeni. Furthermore, various phenotypic characteristics such as the optimum pH for growth, malolactic fermentation and resistance to 10 % ethanol revealed that the isolates are distinguishable from O. oeni. On the basis of their phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, the isolates represent a novel species, for which the name Oenococcus kitaharae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NRIC 0645(T) (=JCM 13282(T)=DSM 17330(T)).

Alcoholic Beverages↗

PubMed2006

Syntrophomonas cellicola sp. nov., a spore-forming syntrophic bacterium isolated from a distilled-spirit-fermenting cellar, and assignment of Syntrophospora bryantii to Syntrophomonas bryantii comb. nov.

A spore-forming, anaerobic, syntrophic fatty-acid-oxidizing bacterium, strain 19J-3(T), was isolated from a distilled-spirit-fermenting cellar in Hebei Province, China. The cells were slightly curved rods with a spore at the end of the cell. The optimal temperature for growth was around 37 degrees C and growth occurred in the range 25-45 degrees C. The pH range for growth was 6.5-8.5 and the optimum pH was 7.0-7.5. Crotonate was the only substrate that allowed the strain to grow in pure culture. However, the strain could oxidize saturated fatty acids with four to nine carbon atoms syntrophically in co-culture with Methanobacterium formicicum DSM 1535(T). The strain was not able to utilize sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, DMSO, nitrate, fumarate or Fe(III) as electron acceptor. The DNA base composition was 48.8 mol% G+C. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 19J-3(T) was related to members of the family Syntrophomonadaceae and most closely to Syntrophospora bryantii DSM 3014(T) (94.3 % similarity) and Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. wolfei DSM 2245(T) (93.6 % similarity). Considering the phylogenetic relationship and phenotypic features, strain 19J-3(T) (=CGMCC 1.5041(T)=JCM 13582(T)) is designated as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Syntrophomonas, Syntrophomonas cellicola sp. nov. Based on the close phylogenetic relationship between the genera Syntrophospora and Syntrophomonas, the presence of sporulation-specific genes in the genome of Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. wolfei DSM 2245(T) and the description of a spore-forming member of Syntrophomonas, 'Syntrophomonas erecta subsp. sporosyntropha', we propose the assignment of Syntrophospora bryantii to the genus Syntrophomonas as Syntrophomonas bryantii comb. nov.

Alcoholic Beverages↗