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Unusual complications of pancreatitis.

The computed tomography (CT) appearances of varying grades of severity of acute pancreatitis, and its complications, have been described. Bodywall ecchymosis in the periumbilical region (Cullen's sign) and loins (Grey Turner's sign), though rare, are frequently mentioned in the clinical literature. Massive, exclusively retroperitoneal, involvement is also exceedingly rare. Computed tomography depiction of these signs is sparsely documented. The CT documentation, with clinicosurgical correlation, of two cases of severe acute pancreatitis with these unusual complications, is presented.

Acute Disease↗

Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in anorexia nervosa.

A 15 year old boy with anorexia nervosa developed disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC). Because of severe cachexia he had been admitted to the Shimane Prefectural Central Hospital. During his hospitalization he developed generalized massive ecchymosis. Laboratory data revealed not only DIC but also multiple organ complications. The patient was treated intravenously with FOY (gabexate mesilate, a protease inhibitor), heparin, a transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, antithrombin III concentrates and platelets. Intravenous hyperalimentation was also administered. The laboratory data, the general condition and the emotional state of the patient improved remarkably. We emphasize the importance of keeping in mind coagulopathy as a complication in anorexia nervosa.

Adolescent↗

Clinical characteristics of children with snakebite poisoning and management of complications in the pediatric intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Venomous snakebite is an emergency condition with high morbidity and mortality in childhood. Nearly all venomous snakes in Turkey are members of the Viperidae family and show poisonous local and hematotoxic effects. METHODS: A total of 77 children (mean age 9.9 +/- 2.9 years; age range 3-14 years) with venomous snakebites were investigated. General characteristics of the children, species of the snakes, localization of the bite, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment approaches, complications and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: The male to female ratio was 1.4. Ninety-one per cent of cases were from rural areas. Most of the bites were seen in May and June. Mean duration between snakebites and admissions to our department was 13 +/- 6.5 h. According to a clinical grading score, 57.1% of patients presented to us as grade II. Mean leukocyte count, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine phosphokinase and protrombin time levels were above the normal ranges and mean activated partial tromboplastin time was below the normal range. Platelet counts inversely correlated with the grading score and duration of hospitalization. The most common complication that occurred during the treatment was tissue necrosis (13%). The mean hospital stay time was 6.3 +/- 6 days. Three children with disseminated intravascular coagulation died. Fasciotomies were performed to seven (9.1%) children due to compartment syndrome. Of 10 children with tissue necrosis, three (3.9%) had finger amputation and seven (9.1%) had toe amputation. Higher grading score on admission, platelet count below 120 000/mm3, AST over 50 IU/L and existence of evident ecchymosis were found as significant risk factors for development of serious complications by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Snakebite poisoning is an emergency medical condition that is particularly important in childhood. The envenomations are still considerable public health problems with a high morbidity and mortality in rural areas of Turkey.

Adolescent↗

Bladder trauma in the long-distance runner: "10,000 metres haematuria".

Profuse, short-lived haematuria occurring as an occasional event in a number of long-distance runners has been found to originate from lesions in the bladder. These lesions are either ecchymosis or frank contusions which have a typical distribution. They are sited on the inter-ureteric bar, the posterior half of the rim of the internal meatus and on the posterior bladder wall in which position there is "mirroring" of the trigonal lesions. The possible mode of injury is discussed.

Adult↗

Treating erectile dysfunction with a vacuum tumescence device: a retrospective analysis of acceptance and satisfaction.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the quality of erections, ability to perform sexual intercourse, incidence of complications and satisfaction of patients using an external vacuum erection device in the treatment of erectile failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of the 61 impotent men who participated in this clinical trial, 49 used the device and were surveyed. The mean follow-up period was 12.8 months. A subjective rating scale from 1 to 10 was used to assess the patients' satisfaction with the device, where 1 indicated 'dissatisfied' and 10 indicated 'very satisfied'. RESULTS: The ease of using the device, satisfaction with the quality of erections and ability to perform intercourse were given scores > 5 by 88, 84 and 82% of the patients, respectively. Sixteen (33%) of the men withdrew from the trial, primarily because they were unable to achieve and maintain a full erection, or suffered conflicts in their relationship, or for reasons not related to the device. Overall, the effectiveness rate was 67%. Of 32 patients with arteriogenic impotence, 28 (88%) had satisfactory results and had an improvement in their capacity for spontaneous erections with the device. The most frequent adverse effects were blocked ejaculation, bruising or the development of ecchymosis, discomfort during pumping and discomfort from using the constriction bands. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the vacuum device is an effective and safe treatment for impotence of various aetiologies, especially for those patients with arteriogenic impotence.

Adult↗

Laparoscopic treatment of infiltrative rectosigmoid colon and rectovaginal septum endometriosis by the technique of videolaparoscopy and the CO2 laser.

OBJECTIVE: To present the technique and results of videolaparoscopy and the CO2 laser as a treatment for deep, infiltrative endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum, uterosacral ligaments, pouch of Douglas and anterior wall of the rectosigmoid colon. DESIGN: Observational study with 1-5 year follow up. SETTING: Sub-specialty practice: Endometriosis clinic and centre for special pelvic surgery. SUBJECTS: 185 women, aged 25-41 years. All had pelvic endometriosis and were referred because of the failure of previous medical and/or surgical treatment. INTERVENTIONS: Vaporization and excision of endometriotic implants and nodules, ureterolysis, ureteric stents, laparoscopic anterior rectal wall resection and reanastomosis, presacral neurectomy, laparoscopic hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy and appendicectomy using the CO2 laser. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 174 patients were followed for 1-5 years after surgery by office visit questionnaire or telephone interview. Eleven were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: 175 patients were discharged within 24 h. Nine with bowel perforations and one with a partial bowel resection were discharged 2-4 days postoperatively. Two patients required ureteric stents, which were removed 6 weeks postoperatively without sequelae. 162 women reported moderate to complete pain relief (145 after one procedure, 13 after two and four after three). 12 reported persistent or worse pain following the surgery. Seven eventually underwent total hysterectomy, four had bowel resections and one had a salpingo-oophorectomy. Of 61 with infertility, 25 achieved pregnancy. Postoperative complications included shoulder pain, anterior abdominal wall ecchymosis, urine retention and dyschezia for one to two weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience suggests that rectosigmoid colon and infiltrative rectovaginal septum endometriosis can be effectively treated via videolaparoscopy in the hands of experienced endoscopic gynaecologists.

Adult↗

Spontaneous retroperitoneal and rectus muscle hemorrhage as a potentially lethal complication of cirrhosis.

AIMS/BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis may be complicated by bleeding from varices at sites of porto-systemic anastomosis and may be exacerbated by coagulopathy. METHODS: We describe two cases with decompensated cirrhosis who developed spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage, with rectus sheath hematoma additionally in one case. RESULTS: The diagnosis was readily made by physical examination as both patients had Grey Turner's sign - ecchymosis of the flank. In addition, non-contrast computed tomography was very useful in confirming the diagnosis. The hemorrhage in both patients was associated with the coagulopathy typical of liver disease. However, one patient had features of disseminated intravascular coagulation initially while the other developed this complication during the course of the illness. Both patients died despite vigorous efforts to correct the coagulopathy together with surgical exploration in one case and angiography in the other. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that the hemorrhage may have originated from varices within the retroperitoneum and abdominal wall, as both patients had significant hypertension. This suggests that variceal decompression may be useful in the management of such cases in the future.

Fatal Outcome↗

CO2 laser blepharoplasty: a comparison to cold steel and electrocautery.

Thirteen patients underwent blepharoplasty in a paired comparison study. A carbon dioxide laser was employed for one side while standard cold steel surgery and electrocautery was used on the contralateral side. In addition to reduced intraoperative time and bleeding, we found less postoperative ecchymosis and edema on the laser-treated side. Long-term follow-up showed no difference between the two sides when cosmetic end result and scars were compared.

Adult↗

Liposuction under local anesthesia: a retrospective analysis of 100 patients.

Liposuction was used for the purpose of body contouring in 100 patients. Among these patients, three had lipoma, and one had gynaecomastia. The 100 consecutive patients had liposuction surgery performed on an outpatient basis, using local anesthesia. Ninety-one patients were women, and 9 were men. Seventy-one had bilateral procedures and 29 had liposuctions in one region of the body. The most common areas treated were lateral thighs, followed by the neck for treatment of "double chin." The youngest patient was 19 years of age and the oldest 73. There were no significant complications. The most common postoperative complaints were pain, ecchymosis, edema, and temporary hyperethesia. Four patients required "touch-up" procedures.

Adipose Tissue↗

Current trends in laser blepharoplasty. Results of a survey.

BACKGROUND: The use of lasers in cosmetic surgery has been expanded fairly recently to include blepharoplasties. Controversy exists as to the efficacy of this procedure. This survey is designed to gain an understanding of the efficacy of blepharoplasty performed by laser versus conventional scalpel techniques. METHODS: A group of surgeons who perform the procedure were questioned. Over 4,000 cases of upper and lower lid laser blepharoplasty were reported by the responding physicians. RESULTS: The results of this survey indicate that carbon dioxide is by far the most common laser used in laser blepharoplasty (96%). A laser is used as a sole cutting tool by 70% of the responders and as a sole hemostasis tool by 88% of surgeons. Overall, both the intraoperative time and postoperative recovery period were reported as significantly reduced when blepharoplasty is performed by laser as compared with scalpel. In general, the incidences of edema, ecchymosis, and postoperative pain were reported as less severe with laser. No serious complications related to the laser were documented by the survey responders. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that laser blepharoplasty techniques can be safe and effective in skilled hands and may even have some potential advantages over conventional blepharoplasty.

Eyelids↗

The emerging technique of the antiptosis subdermal suspension thread.

BACKGROUND: The improvement in and rejuvenation of facial features through the array of facioplasty techniques currently available remains intimately linked with the risk of complications associated with the cosmetic surgery procedure. The need for novel approaches to cosmetic facial surgery that achieve the desired end result for the patient while minimizing inherent risks and complications for the surgeon is acute. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of the Aptos subdermal suspension thread technique as an alternative to current facioplasty options through a studied series of this procedure. METHODS: Three hundred fifty Aptos procedures were performed on female patients as office-based, single-surgery procedures over a 43-month period. The procedure outcome was assessed in each case through patient interviews and surgeons' observations. RESULTS: Three hundred forty eight of the 350 Aptos procedures resulted in a completely satisfactory end point of facial rejuvenation. No major complications were reported, and mild asymmetry, ecchymosis, erythema, bleeding, visible threads, swelling, and discomfort were the only minor. Transient complications and side effects were noted. CONCLUSION: Our case study strongly suggests that the Aptos subdermal suspension thread technique provides an effective and much safer alternative to current facioplasty procedures for facial rejuvenation.

Female↗

Tumescent liposuction with dermal curettage for treatment of axillary osmidrosis and hyperhidrosis.

BACKGROUND: Axillary osmidrosis and hyperhidrosis are distressing social problems, particularly in Asian societies. Various treatment methods have been developed for removal of the apocrine and eccrine glands. But conventional surgical methods often lead to significant scarring and frequent recurrence. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of liposuction with curettage using a new device, the Fatemi cannula, in the treatment of axillary osmidrosis and hyperhidrosis. METHODS: From August 2003 through December 2004, 25 patients (15 women and 10 men) with axillary osmidrosis or hyperhidrosis were treated by tumescent liposuction and curettage. The results of malodor elimination were graded by the patients as excellent, good, fair, and poor. Changes in axillary sweating and hair growth, postoperative scarring, patient satisfaction degree, and complications were also evaluated. Biopsies of the axillary skin were performed in 14 patients. RESULTS: Of the 50 axillae, 38 (76.0%) were graded as excellent results, 11 (22.0%) were good, and one (2.0%) was fair. No serious complications were noted except temporary ecchymosis and local infection in minor cases. The preoperative histologic examinations showed large and numerous apocrine glands and postoperative significant decrease and degeneration of them. CONCLUSION: Tumescent liposuction with dermal curettage using the Fatemi cannula is an effective and safe method in the treatment of axillary osmidrosis and hyperhidrosis.

Adolescent↗

A study of the agreement between patient self-assessment and study personnel assessment of bleeding symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials investigating new platelet transfusion therapies frequently require the assessment of bleeding for the study outcome. These assessments are commonly performed by study personnel and can be time-consuming. The purpose of this study was to assess whether patients were able to reliably assess their bleeding status on a daily basis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Patients admitted to hospital to receive chemotherapy for acute leukemia or to undergo allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant were included. Patients were given an introduction to a form for documenting the occurrence of 16 bleeding symptoms. Patients completed this form and were examined daily by a study assessor. A weekly health record review was also performed by a study assessor. The agreement between raters was determined by calculating the raw agreement, chance-corrected agreement, and chance-independent agreement. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients completed 458 assessment forms that were paired with 559 forms completed by a study assessor with 450 matched forms available for analysis (mean, 12.86 per patient). Agreement for most individual bleeding symptoms was high. Thirteen items had agreement greater than 90 percent and all items had agreement greater than 77 percent. The lowest agreement was seen for skin symptoms: petechiae (89.2%), purpura (80.9%), and ecchymosis (77.6%). The negative predictive value of patient self-assessment was high (range, 71.1%-100%) whereas the positive predictive value was lower (range, 0%-86.5%). CONCLUSION: The reliability was very good between patients and study assessors with the patients reporting excellent negative predictive value and variable positive predictive value.

Adolescent↗

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma with hemophagocytic syndrome successfully treated with cyclosporin A.

A 17-year-old girl previously in good health presented with a 2-month history of recurrent, high-grade fever; general fatigue; anorexia; a 10-kg weight loss; and multiple, painful, reddish skin lesions on the lower abdomen. Some lesions were ulcerated, with an oily yellowish brown discharge. A systemic review was unremarkable other than bleeding from the nose. Her medical and family histories were unremarkable. On examination, the patient was pale, jaundiced, and febrile (temperature of 39 degrees C). She had enlarged lymph nodes in the axillary and inguinal areas. There was moderate hepatosplenomegaly. Local skin examination revealed multiple erythematous, tender, and firm subcutaneous nodules of variable size (1-2 cm) on the lower abdomen. Some nodules were ulcerated, with oily yellowish brown discharge and overlying ecchymosis (Figures 1 and 2). Mucous membranes were free of lesions. Laboratory investigations showed pancytopenia, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (>80 mm/h), normal renal function tests, abnormal hepatic function tests (alanine aminotransferase 172 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase 229 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 725 U/L, and total bilirubin 100 mmol/L [normal range 0-18 mmol/L]), conjugated bilirubin 45 mmol/L (normal range 0-5 mmol/L), and high triglycerides 855 mg/dL (normal range 20-200 mg/dL). Prolonged prothrombin time, 26 seconds (normal range 13-16 seconds); prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, 61 seconds (normal range 26-38 seconds); positive disseminated intravascular coagulation studies evidenced by low fibrinogen, 74 mg/dL (normal range 160-350 mg/dL); and positive fibrinogen degradation products were also noted. Throat, midstream urine, and blood culture results were negative. Serologic tests for syphilis, HIV, and hepatitis B and C viruses were negative. Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus serologic values revealed evidence of past infection. Tuberculin and Coombs tests were negative. The alpha1-antitrypsin level was normal. Antinuclear and anti-smith antibodies, rheumatoid factor, and cryoglobulins were negative. CT showed enlarged lymph nodes in the axillary and inguinal areas, bilateral small pleural effusion, moderate hepatosplenomegaly, severe fatty infiltration of the liver, and thickening of lower abdominal subcutaneous tissue. A liver biopsy showed steatohepatitis. Bone marrow aspirate and trephine were normal. A deep punch biopsy of a nodule from the right lower abdomen revealed lobular panniculitis with atypical lymphocytes and large macrophages with cytophagocytosis ("beanbag" cells) (Figures 3 and 4). Immunohistochemistry showed that these atypical cells were positive for CD3, CD8, granzyme B, and perforin, and negative for CD56. T-cell gene rearrangement studies on skin lesions revealed a monoclonal T-cell receptor (gamma-chain) gene rearrangement, supporting the diagnosis of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma. On presentation, the initial treatment included 6 U of fresh frozen plasma, 2 U of packed red blood cells, and 2 g IV fibrinogen for 3 consecutive days. The patient was started on prednisolone 60 mg orally once daily and cyclosporine A 5 mg/kg/d orally in two divided doses. The fever and other systemic symptoms and skin lesions resolved within 2 weeks after the treatment. The prednisolone dose was tapered gradually, and a maintenance dose of cyclosporine A was continued. The patient's condition remained in remission at 12-month follow-up; there was no evidence of clinical relapse.

Adolescent↗

Skin changes and pain in the nipple during the 1st week of lactation.

OBJECTIVE: To document skin changes in the nipple during the 1st week of breastfeeding and to explore the relationship of such changes to pain. DESIGN: Longitudinal descriptive study. Subjects were visited four times during the 1st week of breastfeeding. SAMPLE: Convenience sample of 20 Caucasian women. SETTING: Hospital and home. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Observed skin characteristics of the nipple included erythema, edema, fissures, blisters, inflamed areas, eschar, white patches, dark patches, yellow patches, peeling, pus, and ecchymosis. Subject-rated nipple pain. RESULTS: Skin changes were identified and quantified. Changes were visible in 100% (20) of the sample, and 65% (13) had severe skin damage; 90% (18) of the subjects reported pain. Some correlations between skin characteristics and pain were statistically significant, but not clinically meaningful. Skin damage was concentrated on the tip of the nipple. CONCLUSIONS: The data chronicle skin changes and their relationship to nipple pain during the 1st week of breastfeeding. Normal neonatal sucking appears to induce a suction wound on the skin of the nipples of many breastfeeding women that may account for pain experienced at the onset of lactation.

Adult↗

Identification of ethanol-intoxicated patients with minor head trauma requiring computed tomography scans.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether clinical parameters and neurologic scores can be used to guide the decision to obtain computed tomography (CT) head scans for ethanol- intoxicated patients with presumed-minor head injuries. METHODS: In a prospective cohort analysis, 107 consecutive adult patients who presented to a county emergency department (ED) with serum ethanol levels >80 mg/dL and minor head trauma were studied. Commonly used clinical variables were determined for each patient. Each patient also underwent an abbreviated neurologic scoring examination and a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score evaluation at the time of presentation and one hour later, after which a cranial CT scan was done. For purposes of analysis, patients with and patients without intracerebral injuries visible on CT scans of the head were compared. RESULTS: Nine of 107 patients (8.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.9-15.4%) had CT scans that were positive for intracerebral injury. Two patients (1.9%; 95% CI = 0.2-6.6%) needed craniotomy. Five patients had hemotympanum and two patients had bilateral periorbital ecchymosis, but CT scans were negative for intracerebral injury in these patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the patients with and without CT scan abnormalities, based on the clinical variables, the GCS scores, or the abbreviated neurologic scoring examinations at presentation or at one hour. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of intracerebral injury in CT scans of ethanol-intoxicated patients with minor head injuries was 8.4%. Commonly used clinical parameters and neurologic scores at presentation and one hour later were unable to predict which patients would have intracerebral injuries and evidenced by CT scans. Our low (1.9%) neurosurgical intervention rate supports the need to develop a selective approach to CT scanning in this population.

Adult↗

Anogenital injuries in adolescents after consensual sexual intercourse.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the types and locations of anogenital injuries occurring in adolescent females (13-17 years old) after consensual and nonconsensual sexual intercourse. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective, matched case-control study to assess anogenital injuries in female adolescents presenting to a free-standing nurse examiner clinic during a four-year study period. Adolescents were selected for inclusion in the study if they reported consensual sexual intercourse (CSI) and agreed to a medical-legal examination. Control subjects were victims of alleged sexual assault or nonconsensual sexual intercourse (NCSI) matched to cases by age and prior sexual intercourse experience. Genital trauma was documented using colposcopy with nuclear staining and digital photography. Data were analyzed using chi-square and t-tests. RESULTS: Fifty-one cases of CSI were identified; the age range was 13 to 17 years (mean=15.1 years). Overall, 49% (25/51) of CSI subjects reported no prior sexual intercourse experience. CSI and NCSI were comparable in terms of race, time to physical examination, alcohol use, and frequency of genital injuries (73% vs. 85%, p=0.069). The mean number of documented anogenital injuries in CSI subjects was 1.9 +/- 1.5. These injuries commonly involved the hymen, fossa navicularis, and posterior fourchette. CSI subjects had a greater number of anogenital injuries (2.6 +/- 2.0; p=0.02), typically involving the fossa navicularis, labia minora, and hymen. The most common type of injury in both groups was lacerations (39% vs. 41%); however, NCSI subjects had a greater incidence of anogenital abrasions, ecchymosis, and edema (chi2=10.4, p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Anogenital trauma was documented in 73% of adolescent females after consensual sexual intercourse versus 85% of victims of sexual assault. The localized pattern and severity of anogenital injuries were significantly different when compared with victims of sexual assault.

Adolescent↗

Adolescent Foley catheter technique for visualizing hymenal injuries in adolescent sexual assault.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the usefulness of the Foley catheter balloon technique for visualizing injuries of the estrogenized hymen in adolescent sexual assault victims compared with supine labial traction. METHODS: A prospective clinical trial of 20 adolescent (age 13-16 years old) victims of sexual assault evaluated at a free-standing Nurse Examiner Clinic was conducted over a four-month study period. The clinic, affiliated with an emergency medicine residency program, is staffed by registered nurses who have been specially trained to perform medicolegal examinations using colposcopy with digital imaging. The Foley catheter technique uses an inflated balloon in the distal vaginal vault to expand the estrogenized hymen to its full capacity so that the edge may be readily visualized for signs of trauma. The Foley technique was compared with gross inspection, using supine labial traction, to photodocument hymenal abnormalities. Photographs of the hymen were obtained using the labial traction technique and then with the Foley technique. Three emergency physicians independently examined each pair of photographs with high interrater agreement for the presence of injury (kappa = 0.88). RESULTS: Twenty adolescent sexual assault victims volunteered for the study; mean age was 14.8 years. Gross inspection of the hymen using supine labial traction identified hymenal injuries in three patients (15%). Use of the Foley catheter balloon technique allowed identification of hymenal abnormalities in nine additional cases (60%). The common injuries to the hymen included lacerations (30%), followed by ecchymosis and abrasions. One patient (5%) voiced discomfort (mild pressure sensation) during inflation of the balloon. CONCLUSIONS: The Foley catheter balloon technique is a simple method allowing improved photodocumentation of hymenal trauma in adolescent sexual assault victims compared with supine labial traction.

Adolescent↗