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PubMed1990

Cardiorespiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the buccal mucosa in ponies.

The cardiovascular and respiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the buccal mucosa under general anaesthesia in ponies were measured in order to provide some insight into the cardiorespiratory effects of anaesthesia in equidae. This knowledge may be useful for reducing morbidity during clinical anaesthesia in horses. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopentone and maintained with 1.3 per cent inspired halothane in oxygen. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, minute volume, tidal volume, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas tensions and clinical signs of anaesthetic depth were recorded while the buccal mucous membrane was stimulated electrically. A rise in arterial blood pressure was the most consistent response detected along with clinical signs. The response of individual animals varied considerably. Alterations of respiratory pattern sometimes occurred during stimulation but there was no consistent pattern of change in any animal.

Anesthesia, General↗

PubMed2001

Transient spinal inhibition induced by electrical stimulation of the rat brain.

Intracortical electrical stimulation of the rat brain using single pulse induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) with shorter onset latencies in the bilateral extremity muscles. The MEPs appeared in the stimulation of cortical areas outside the motor cortex (MI) and subcortical areas. Train-pulse stimulation of the MI at a stimulus intensity just above the threshold induced MEPs with longer onset latency in muscles corresponding to the somatotopy of the MI stimulated. This implies that the potential characterizing shorter onset latency is equal to responses induced via the extrapyramidal tract, and responses with longer onset latency originate in the pyramidal tract. Corresponding to MEPs, we recorded two types of spinal potentials (SPs) via extrapyramidal and pyramidal tracts. In paired-pulse stimulation of the extrapyramidal tract, second MEPs showed a long-lasting inhibition up to 3 s after the first MEPs, while the changes in second SPs were not remarkable. Extrapyramidal tract stimulation inhibited H-reflex in the same manner as MEPs. These results suggest that the electrical stimulation of rat brain has a long-lasting effect in inhibiting lower motoneuron excitabilities. Our method may be a useful experimental model to induce the transient inhibition of spinal motoneuron excitabilities caused by supraspinal structures.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Modulation of experimental dental pain in man with acupuncture and by transcutaneous electric stimulation].

We have studied the effects of electrical acupuncture stimulation and transcutaneous electrical stimulation on the ability of human volunteers to perceive pain. Both psychophysical indices and measures of cerebral evoked responses to painful stimuli have been used to demonstrate that these treatments reduce pain perception. A recently completed study showed that the analgesic effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation can be partly reversed when 0,4 mg of naloxone is injected. This observation suggests that endogenic morphine-like peptides are released in response to low frequency electrical stimulation of the skin.

Acupuncture Therapy↗

PubMed1977

Electrical stimulation for the control of pain.

Electrical stimulation for the control of pain is now a well accepted therapeutic modality. Transcutaneous application of electrical stimulation is the most common technique employed and has been used to treat chronic pain, acute surgical pain, and acute pain of other origins. Percutaneous application of electricity to the nervous system through needles electrodes is useful in predicting the efficacy of implantable stimulators and has served the same function as diagnostic nerve block. Implantable stimulators have been used for stimulation of peripheral nerves, the anterior and posterior surfaces of the spinal cord, and the brain. Peripheral nerve stimulators are the most efficacious of the implantable devices. They are used specifically for pain of peripheral nerve injury origin. Their use for pain outside the distribution of the nerve stimulated is not yet proved.

Brain↗

PubMed1990

Energy cost of paraplegic locomotion using the ParaWalker--electrical stimulation "hybrid" orthosis.

In an adult paraplegic walking with the ParaWalker, electrical stimulation of the stance-side gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and medius) reduces the force applied through the crutches during the gait cycle. In this study, five posttrauma, fully rehabilitated, complete paraplegic adult men walked using their ParaWalkers both without and with electrical stimulation augmentation. Oxygen consumption and distance covered during the test period were monitored to derive speed (m s-1), energy cost (J kg-1 m-1), and energy consumption (J kg-1 s-1). With the ParaWalker-electrical stimulation "hybrid" orthosis, three subjects increased their walking speed (10.92%, 7.85%, and 9.27%) and two reduced it (4.49% and 9.36%). Energy cost was reduced in four subjects (6.47%, 7.93%, 6.92%, and 7.97%) but remained the same for the fifth. Energy consumption was reduced in four subjects (0.82%, 11.06%, 0.38%, and 10.28%) and increased in one subject (4.19%). Results were better than those in a previous study of paraplegic locomotion using functional electrical stimulation and long-leg braces. Although electrical stimulation augmentation yields only a small reduction in energy cost, its long-term physiologic effect could be significant in increasing the aerobic-anaerobic threshold of an individual via recruitment of large muscles like the gluteus maximus and medius, thereby increasing performance in a sustained activity like walking.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Electrical stimulation for the relief of pain.

Electrical stimulation can relieve some severe and otherwise persisting pains. At its best it can be associated with either a gradual reduction in the pain or an increased ability by the patient to control his suffering. It seems particularly appropriate for use in the field of benign persistent pain. Equipment design and materials, particularly for implantable circuits, are not perfect. Movement towards percutaneous implantation, obviating the need for open operation, seems progressively more popular. Any unit or group using this form of treatment, must be prepared to provide major technical facilities, both in the form of people and equipment in order to cater for the many purely technical problems that occur. A great deal of knowledge both neurophysiological and neurochemical seems to be accruing from the clinical use of electrical stimulation. We would do well to take advantage of this opportunity, in the hope that it might lead us to a better understanding of the functioning of the nervous system. This consideration remarkably parallels an observation made by John Hunter in his presentation to the Royal Society in 1773 (13) which anticipated the realisation of the part played by electricity in the function of nerves. Following his description of the extraordinary innervation of the electric organs of the Torpedo fish, he wrote: 'How far this may be connected with the power of the nerves in general, or how far it may lead to an explanation of their operations, time and future discoveries alone can fully determine.'

Electric Stimulation Therapy↗

PubMed1998

Prepulse inhibition of acoustic or trigeminal startle of rats by unilateral electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus.

Transient electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus (IC) of adult male rats had a strong and long-lasting inhibitory effect on startle responses elicited by either intense noise bursts or unilateral electrical stimulation of the principal trigeminal nucleus. Startle elicited by noise bursts was inhibited over a wide range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) with the maximum inhibition at ISIs between 15 and 30 ms. Startle elicited by trigeminal stimulation was inhibited more sharply than acoustic startle, with the maximum inhibition at ISIs between 20 and 35 ms. These data support the view that the IC is a critical part of the pathway mediating prepulse inhibition (D. S. Leitner & M. E. Cohen, 1985). More important, the data reveal the time course of the inhibitory influence of the IC on startle and indicate that the inhibitory effects of IC stimulation have higher temporal resolution on trigeminal startle than on acoustic startle.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2003

Functional magnetic resonance image finding of cortical activation by neuromuscular electrical stimulation on wrist extensor muscles.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects that neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the wrist extensor muscles have on the cerebral cortex. DESIGN: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study was performed on eight normal volunteers. The activation task was the maximum wrist extension by neuromuscular electrical stimulation, applied through a two-channel electrical stimulator. Monophasic square-wave pulses were used. The activation maps were generated by the threshold test maps. The level of primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex activations was estimated. RESULTS: Among the eight subjects, seven showed significant activation on contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex by neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the wrist extensor muscles. In these seven subjects, additional bilateral or contralateral supplementary motor area activations were also observed. The number of activated pixels on the primary sensory cortex was slightly greater than that on the primary motor cortex. CONCLUSION: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, when applied to the peripheral muscles, seems to have a direct effect on the cerebral cortex.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Reanimation of paralyzed laryngeal muscles by electrical stimulation synchronized with inspiration.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of electrical stimulation on denervated cat posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This study was conducted on six cats with PCA muscle denervation. All animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after surgery and the glottal area in the live animals and the fiber diameters of PCA muscle were obtained. RESULTS: Signals synchronized with inspiration were recorded and transmitted to stimulate PCA muscle. The abduction of the paralyzed vocal cord during inspiration was observed; this allows enough flow of air through the larynx to maintain the respiration. The stimulated fiber diameters of PCA muscle were different from that of nonstimulated (P < 0.01). Although all denervated muscles were degenerated, electrical stimulation was used to prevent muscular atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that electrical stimulation of the PCA muscle synchronized with inspiration could restore the abduction of a paralyzed vocal cord and prevent the denervated muscles from atrophying. SIGNIFICANCE: Electrical stimulation synchronized with inspiration may lead to reanimation of paralyzed laryngeal muscles.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[The locus coeruleus modulates the inspiratory inhibition induced by electrical stimulation of the Bötzinger complex].

Experiments were done on urethane anesthetized adult rabbits. Long-train electrical stimulation was delivered to the Bötzinger complex (Böt.C) to observe the changes in the peak amplitude of integrated phrenic nerve activity. Then, a long-train electrical stimulation was delivered to the locus coeruleus (LC) or monosodium glutamate was microinjected into the LC . Within a certain period of time, another long-train electrical stimulation was delivered to the Böt.C to observe the responses of phrenic nerve activity. We investigated whether the LC could modulate the inspiratory inhibition induced by electrical stimulation of the Böt.C. The results are as follows: (1) Within a certain period of time after a long-train electrical stimulation applied at the LC, the inspiratory inhibition produced by electrical stimulation at the Böt.C was significantly attenuated. Comparing with the control stimulation that was only delivered at Böt.C without pre-stimulation of the LC, the inspiratory inhibition was decreased by (28.78+/-19.49)%. (2) Similarly, after chemical stimulation of the LC with microinjection of monosodium glutamate, the inspiratory inhibition produced by electrical stimulation of Böt.C was also significantly attenuated [decreased by (19.18+/-8.06)%]. The results obtained suggest that the LC plays a role in the modulation of the inspiratory inhibition of Böt.C stimulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Meat quality of broiler breast meat following post-mortem electrical stimulation at the neck.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on breast fillets harvested at 1 h post-mortem and individually quick frozen (IQF) or aged on ice (ICE). Twelve birds were electrically stimulated (450 V, 750 mA, 2 s on/1 s off for 15 s) at the neck in a saline bath. Twenty-four unstimulated birds were used as controls. Breast fillets were harvested at 1 h post-mortem from ES and control carcasses or at 4 h post-mortem from control carcasses and were either IQF or ICE until 24 h post-mortem. Fillets were then analyzed for shear value, pH, R value, and color. Electrical stimulation significantly reduced shear values compared to the 1 h controls for both IQF and ICE treatments. The ICE fillets deboned at 1 h from ES-treated carcasses had shear values similar to those of ICE fillets deboned from the 4 h controls. Electrical stimulation increased the percentage of shear values at or below 8 kg/g for the fillets from ES-treated carcasses compared to the 1 h controls. Electrical stimulation accelerated the normal post-mortem decline in pH and increase in R value. There was no significant difference in L* or a* values between the fillets held for 1 or 24 h. The results suggest that by electrically stimulating carcasses at the neck using a saline bath, the aging period could be eliminated by removing fillets immediately after chilling at 1 h, decreasing the costs associated with aging whole carcasses or front halves.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

A pharmacologic analysis of chronotropic and inotropic responses to direct electrical stimulation of the isolated, blood-perfused canine atrium.

Electrical stimulation on the posterior portion in the caval margin of the right atrium caused a biphasic chronotropic and inotropic response, i.e., a negative response followed by a positive response, in the isolated blood-perfused canine atrial preparation. The threshold of pulse duration for inducing negative responses was approximately 0.05 msec at 2 v and 20 Hz, but that for inducing positive responses was approximately 0.5 msec. When the voltage and pulse duration of electrical stimulation were increased, both the degree of negative and positive responses became greater. However, muscle contracture was frequently induced by increasing the voltage or pulse duration. The optimal frequency was 20 to 40 Hz for inducing marked chronotropic and inotropic responses. The negative chronotropic and inotropic response to subthreshold electrical stimulation was significantly suppressed by the treatment with tetrodotoxin, hexamethonium or atropine, while it was enhanced by physostigmine treatment. These suggest that subthreshold electrical stimulation readily caused a release of acetylcholine by excitation of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers in this atrial preparation. The positive chronotropic and inotropic response was significantly suppressed not only by treatment with propranolol but also by tetrodotoxin, while it was enhanced by imipramine, hexamethonium, or atropine. From these results, it is indicated that this blood-perfused preparation is very suitable to evaluate both cardiac mechanisms controlled by autonomic nervous system and drug actions on effects of endogenous hormone.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

A simple method for recording motor evoked potentials of lingual muscles to transcranial magnetic and peripheral electrical stimulation.

Motor evoked potentials were recorded from lingual muscles by means of clip electrodes applied on the lateral side of the tongue, following transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral electrical stimulation of the 12th cranial nerve at the mandible jaw. Using a circular coil, the stimulation of the cerebral cortex elicited a response of about 8 ms: its amplitude was higher in the right tongue placing the coil over the contralateral hemisphere, 4 cm from the vertex, with coil currents flowing counterclockwise. Coil position and current flow direction did not significantly modify the characteristics of responses recorded from the left side. The separate stimulation of either hemisphere was better obtained using an 8-shaped coil. The latency of the motor response measured 7.7-8.0 ms, the amplitude was greater on stimulation of the contralateral than the ipsilateral hemisphere and was larger recording from the right (3.3 +/- 1.1 mV) than from the left (1.2 +/- 0.7 mV) side. Positioning the circular coil over the parieto-occipital skull, a response of 4.1 +/- 0.3 ms was obtained, reflecting the intracranial activation of the hypoglossal nerve. The peripheral stimulation at the mandible elicited a response of 3.2 +/- 0.5 ms. The method described appears simple and reliable, potentially helpful in clinical practice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Electrical stimulation of ascending noradrenergic tracts in the midbrain: suppression of steroid-induced luteinizing hormone release.

This study examined the effects of electrical stimulation of the dorsal and ventral ascending noradrenergic tracts in the central nervous system [dorsal (DNT) and ventral (VNT) noradrenergic tracts] during an ongoing LH surge induced by ovarian steroids. A bipolar electrode was implanted in the midbrain of ovariectomized rats, in the region of either the DNT or VNT. One week later the rats were given estradiol benzoate (10 micrograms/100 g BW), followed 3 days later by an injection of progesterone (2 mg) at 1100 h. This steroid treatment resulted in a LH surge in the afternoon which peaked at approximately 1800 h. Biphasic electrical stimulation (50-100 microA; 400 musec; 30 Hz) was applied to the conscious unrestrained rats for 1 h beginning at 1600 h. Electrical stimulation of the DNA (n = 10) for 1 h resulted in significantly lower LH levels at 1700 h. Similar electrical stimulation of the VNT (n = 8) also markedly suppressed LH release at 1700 h. Electrical stimulation of brain sites close to but outside the DNT or VNT were ineffective. After the cessation of electrical stimulation, LH levels began to rise again and at 1900 h were not significantly different from levels in the control rats. To determine if the recovering LH surge could be interrupted further, the effects of a second electrical stimulating session, 2 h after the first one, was investigated in other groups of animals. As expected, electrical stimulation of either the DNT or VNT between 1600 and 1700 h resulted in a transient suppression of the steroid-induced LH surge. The mean LH levels of these animals were on the rise between 1700 and 1900 h. Dramatically, a second electrical stimulation applied to the DNT or VNT from 1900-2000 h again inhibited LH release. Thus, the LH release pattern in these twice-stimulated rats was significantly different from that in either the nonstimulated controls or animals that had received only one electrical stimulation session (at 1600 h). Treatment of the rats with an alpha-adrenergic blocker (phenoxybenzamine) reversed the inhibitory effect of DNT activation on the LH surge. Treatment with a beta-adrenergic blocker (propranolol) or a dopamine antagonist (pimozide) was ineffective. These data demonstrate that, similar to intraventricular infusion of norepinephrine, activation of the ascending norepinephrine fibers results in interruption of the steroid-induced LH surge.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Olfactory evoked potential produced by electrical stimulation of the human olfactory mucosa.

Most physiological studies of the human olfactory system have concentrated on the cortical level; the olfactory bulbar level has been studied rarely. We attempted to stimulate the human olfactory mucosa by electrical pulse to detect the bulbar potentials. Electrical stimulation (2 mA, 0.5 ms) of the human olfactory mucosa evoked a change in potential recorded from the frontal sector of the head. A negative peak of the evoked potential that occurred at 19.4 ms (grand means, n = 5) after stimulation was the clearest. The highest amplitude of the potential was recorded from the frontal sector of the head on the stimulated side. Our findings were similar to the experimental results obtained from the olfactory bulbs of animals. This evoked potential was considered to be the human olfactory bulbar potential. When the subjects were stimulated by applying electricity to the olfactory mucosa, no sensation of smell occurred even though evoked potentials were recorded. Evoked potentials were recorded only when the stimulating electrode was located in the olfactory cleft. When the stimulating electrode was outside the olfactory cleft, the stimulation caused pain. The trigeminal nerve seemed to be stimulated by electricity. Olfactory evoked potentials produced by the electrical stimulation of the human olfactory mucosa should aid the research on human olfactory physiology, and may be applicable to clinical tests of olfactory dysfunction.

Electric Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Excitability of chronic hemiparetic muscles: determination of chronaxie values and strength-duration curves and its implication in functional electrical stimulation.

Central nervous system disorders affect the anatomy and physiology of the lower motoneuron. This fact has an impact on the stimulation parameters, especially on the duration of the stimulating impulses, for functional electrical stimulation in chronic hemiparetic patients. The aim of this study was thus to test the excitability and to determine chronaxie values and strength-duration curves of weak wrist and finger extensor muscles and spastic finger and wrist flexor muscles in the hemiparetic arm. Twelve patients with chronic hemiplegia (>6 months after the onset of the cerebral lesion) participated in the study. A constant current stimulator was used. As to chronaxie values no significant differences were found between the extensor muscles (mean+/-SD: 0.44+/-0.16 ms) and flexor muscles (mean+/-SD: 0.36+/-0.22 ms). A moderate variability was seen for both extensor muscles (0.2-0.8 ms) and flexor muscles (0.1-0.9 ms). These values are well within the normal range determined for innervated muscles. All strength-duration curves were completely normal for each muscle. We conclude that in chronic hemiparetic muscles, impulses of the same duration can be used as in muscles of healthy subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Combined effect of electrical stimulation and cisplatin in HeLa cell death.

The combined effect of electrical stimulation and cisplatin administration on HeLa cells was investigated. The combination of electric potentials (-0.5 V to 0.5 V) with 10-Hz frequency and 1000 ng/mL cisplatin decreased cancer cell viability by 32% and was more effective than either treatment given alone. Combined treatment with cisplatin and electrical stimulation also increased the number of apoptotic cells. It is shown that the efficacy of cisplatin was enhanced in electrically stimulated HeLa cells, and the addition of electrical stimulation amplified the chemotherapeutic effect of cisplatin in cervical cancer cells.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2002

Synchronized electrical stimulation in treating pharyngeal dysphagia.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: The objectives were to test the hypothesis that synchronous contraction of the thyrohyoid muscle by electrical stimulation during swallowing would improve dysphagia resulting from reduced laryngeal elevation and to evaluate the effectiveness of the synchronous electrical stimulator. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: Eleven male and 12 female patients (age range, 35-87 y) with moderate to severe degree of dysphagia resulting from reduced laryngeal elevation who did not respond to medical treatment were treated by stimulating synchronous contraction of the thyrohyoid muscle during swallowing with the synchronous electrical stimulator. Treatment was given daily for 4 hours until criteria for improved swallow were fulfilled or other intervention was deemed necessary. Follow-up was performed monthly (range, 3-33 mo). RESULTS: Of the 23 patients, 20 showed marked improvement at the first course of treatment. The duration of stimulation varied from 2 to 4 days (median duration, 2 d) in patients with moderate dysphagia and from 3 to 30 days (median duration, 6 d) in patients with severe dysphagia. Three patients showed failed synchronous electrical stimulator treatment, one owing to device failure and two requiring gastrostomy for feeding. Six patients who achieved improved swallow criteria relapsed at 2 to 9 months after the first treatment course and were successfully treated with an additional course of synchronous electrical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The study supports the hypothesis that stimulating synchronous contraction of the thyrohyoid muscle by synchronous electrical stimulator during swallowing improves dysphagia resulting from reduced laryngeal elevation. Synchronized electrical stimulation has the advantages of noninvasiveness and actively assisting swallowing and can be used as an alternative treatment. The synchronized feature of the synchronous electrical stimulator helps to restore normal swallowing mechanism and decreases the incidence of nasogastric tube insertion and gastrostomy.

Aged↗