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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Self-regulated endocrine systems in the skin.

The skin is the main physical barrier between the environment and internal homeostasis; functionally it is highly complex and expresses endocrine activities with self-regulatory properties. This skin neuroendocrine system comprises locally produced neuro-endocrine mediators that interact with corresponding specific receptors through para or autocrine mechanisms. While there are also systemic effects of cutaneously produced hormones exemplified by vitamin D3 and PTHrP, the most important function of this system would be the modulation of responses to noxious agents. Solar radiation, the most significant environmental stressor is already known to significantly affect cutaneous endocrine activities. Ultimately, the skin neuroendocrine system would act to preserve cutaneous structural and functional integrity to maintain systemic homeostasis.

Endocrine Glands↗
PubMed1997

[HIV infection and the endocrine system in children].

HIV infected children characteristically develop a failure to thrive in 25% to 100% of symptomatic cases, with a significantly reduced survival time. The pathogenic mechanism for HIV-driven failure to thrive is not yet understood. Likely it is multifactorial, endocrine dysregulation surely plays a major, even if not yet fully clarified, role in this complication. Global evaluation of endocrine data could allow to better understand the mechanisms underlying the failure to thrive in HIV-infected children, also in relationship with the current manifestations of the HIV infection. The results of the endocrine studies could also be related with additional features of the children, as their immunological status. It is well known that endocrine and immune functions are closely related in animals and in humans. Thus, the evaluation of the results of studies could provide some interesting information about the relationships between them in the HIV-infected child. Such relationships, if present, also could help to better define therapeutic interventions in these children.

Child↗
PubMed2001

The endocrine system, vertigo and balance.

Steroid, amine and peptide hormones affect the peripheral vestibular system. Vasopressin hypersensitivity of the endolymphatic sac may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Meniere's disease. Specific vasopressin antagonists will help define the role of vasopressin in Meniere's disease. The modulation of central vestibular pathways by neuroactive steroids may involve effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic and glutaminergic pathways. The vestibular nuclei also express enzymes that are important in the synthesis of steroids and the modulation of their activity. Steroids mediate both facilitatory and deleterious effects of stress on vestibular compensation. The quality and quantity of stressor that determines the pattern of hormonal output, may be important. Clinical observation suggests that episodic ataxia type 2, a P/Q calcium channelopathy, may be phenotypically modulated by endocrine fluctuations. Steroid hormones may affect the episodic ataxia type 2 phenotype by modulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity via second messenger systems and ion channel subunit expression. Despite evidence to support the link, the role of the endocrine system in vestibular function and disease is as yet virtually unexplored.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evolution of the gastrointestinal endocrine system (with special reference to gastrin and CCK).

The evolution of gut endocrine cells can be seen to have depended in the first instance on the expression of genes encoding regulatory peptides in cells that had evolved the regulated pathway of secretion. It seems probable that the endocrine cells made use of molecules and mechanisms that first emerged in early nervous systems. However, by the start of the vertebrate line of evolution, most of the major families of gut hormones were already found in association with endocrine cells. A single common class of receptor with seven transmembrane domains and acting via association with G-proteins transduces many (perhaps all) gut peptide actions. The duplication and divergence of receptors and peptides can now be traced, in outline at least, for gastrin and CCK in vertebrates. Even in phylogenetically similar groups such as birds and mammals, quite different molecular approaches have been applied to solving the same physiological problem. Evolution of the modern gastrointestinal control system evidently depended in this case both on molecular evolution of peptides and receptors and on cells expressing the genes encoding them.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

The endocrine system and the challenge of exercise.

Fine-tuning of the response to exercise that lasts longer than a few seconds is reliant on the regulation of several key variables governing the cardiopulmonary, vascular, and metabolic response to exercise. This type of integrative response requires communication between organ systems that relies on the secretion of endocrine and paracrine substances by one tissue or organ that are transported remotely to other tissues or organs to evoke a response to adjust to the disturbance.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Metabonomics and the endocrine system.

Proton-NMR-based metabonomics offers a rare opportunity as a definitive screening technique for biofluids and tissue biopsies. The procedure is extraordinary in that it allows the 'complete biochemical picture' to be examined at one time and is able to detect subtle but repeatedly consistent disparities that may be occurring in different, and perhaps unrelated, biochemical pathways. Such metabolic responses to an initial perturbation in homeostasis may be followed over a sequential time-course to their eventual dissipation or consequent sequelae. The application of this technique is beginning slowly to filter into the area of endocrine research and has been used to examine long-term and diffuse physiological alterations that may occur following such events as anabolic steroid treatment of cattle and the exposure of endometrial cells to tamoxifen. Although only modest inroads have been made so far, this technique promises immense potential for future researches within the endocrine field.

Animals↗