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PubMed1975

Effects of live weight and energy intake on nitrogen balance and total N requirement of lambs.

1. Results of 298 nitrogen balance studies from experiments with male cross-bred lambs, ranging in weight from 3 to 38 kg, which had been either fasted, or fed entirely on liqid diets of varying protein content at various energy intakes up to ad lib. intake, were used to quantitatively describe the effects of the amount and quality of absorbed protein, energy intake and live weight on N balance and total N requirement of lambs. 2. When N intake was less than the amount required, N balance was independent of energy intake, but linearly related to absorbed N and metabolic body-weight (live weight-O-75). In the fitted relationship, the coefficient of absorbed N was shown to be an estimate of the biological value of absorbed protein and the coefficient of metabolic body-weight was an estimate of the loss of endogenous N in both urine and faeces. For the milk-based diets used in the experiment biological value was 0-72 and the total endogenous N loss in urine and faeces was 148 mg N/kg per d. 3. When N intake was in excess of the amount required, N balance in lambs of a constant live weight increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake, at a rate that decreased with increasing live weight. Similarly at constant ME intake, N balance was a curvilinear decreasing function of metabolic body-weight, it was constant for lambs of all weights when ME intake was about 0-23 MJ/kg-0-75 per d, but it decreased linearly with increasing metabolic body-weight for ME intakes above this level. 4. N balance of fasted lambs was several times less than predicted by either of the relationships established for fed animals, and was found to be linearly related to metabolic body-weight. 5. The effects of energy intake and live weight on the total N requirement of lambs were determined. When total N requirement was expressed per unit of energy intake, it was found to be constant at 0-9 g N/MJ ME for all lambs irrespective of live weight when ME intake was 0-23 MJ/kg-0-75 per d. However, as ME intake/unit metabolic body-weight was raised above this level, N requirement/unit ME intake increased for lambs weighing less than c. 23 kg, but decreased for heavier animals.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2002

Biobehavioral influences on energy intake and adult weight gain.

U.S. adults are now gaining more weight and becoming obese at an earlier age than in previous years. The specific causes of adult weight gain are unknown, but may be attributed to a combination of factors leading to positive energy balance. U.S. food supply data indicate that Americans have had a gradual increase in energy intake since 1970, and that per capita energy intake was 1.42 MJ/d (340 kcal/d) higher in 1994 than that in 1984. In contrast, self-reported physical activity remained constant between 1990 and 1998. Taken together, these data indicate that the increasing trend in U.S. adult weight gain is primarily attributable to overconsumption of energy. Epidemiological and experimental studies in animals and humans provide strong evidence that biobehavioral factors such as dietary variety, liquid (vs. solid) energy, portion size, palatability (taste), snacking patterns, restaurant and other away-from-home food, and dietary restraint and disinhibition influence hunger, satiety and/or voluntary energy intake. When these eating behaviors are consistently experienced either separately or in combination over the long term, they are likely to facilitate overeating. We provide a brief overview of the evidence to date for the role of these biobehavioral factors in contributing to excess energy intake and increases in body weight over time.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A prospective study on weight loss and energy intake in patients with head and neck cancer, during diagnosis, treatment and revalidation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with head and neck carcinomas often loose a significant percentage of weight, which correlates with the complication rate. Only limited information is available on the moment and extent of weight loss and energy intake in time and the relation with type of treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the moment and extent of weight loss and nutritional energy intake in patients with tumors in oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx during diagnosis, treatment and revalidation. METHODS: An observational, prospective study on weight changes and nutritional intake in these patients was carried out during diagnosis, treatment and revalidation in relation to the type of treatment. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients successfully completed the study. A significant difference in mean bodyweight was found for patients treated by radiotherapy during treatment (-3.3 kg, P=0.01) and the early revalidation period (-3.4 kg, P=0.01) and for patients treated with surgery during diagnoses (-1.5 kg, P=0.001) and early revalidation period (1.6 kg, P=0.02). Overall patients lowered their energy intake by 122 kcal/day followed by a significant increase in energy intake during revalidation 326 kcal/day (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The radiotherapy and the concomitant radio-chemotherapy group lost most body weight during treatment and early revalidation. All treatment groups experienced a decrease in energy intake during treatment followed by a significant increase during revalidation.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed1998

Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans.

We examined the effect of intravenously infused glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) on subjective appetite sensations after an energy-fixed breakfast, and on spontaneous energy intake at an ad libitum lunch. 20 young, healthy, normal-weight men participated in a placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded, crossover study. Infusion (GLP-1, 50 pmol/ kg.h or saline) was started simultaneously with initiation of the test meals. Visual analogue scales were used to assess appetite sensations throughout the experiment and the palatability of the test meals. Blood was sampled throughout the day for analysis of plasma hormone and substrate levels. After the energy-fixed breakfast, GLP-1 infusion enhanced satiety and fullness compared with placebo (treatment effect: P < 0.03). Furthermore, spontaneous energy intake at the ad libitum lunch was reduced by 12% by GLP-1 infusion compared with saline (P = 0.002). Plasma GLP-1, insulin, glucagon, and blood glucose profiles were affected significantly by the treatment (P < 0.002). In conclusion, the results show that GLP-1 enhanced satiety and reduced energy intake and thus may play a physiological regulatory role in controlling appetite and energy intake in humans.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The validity of a four day weighed food record for measuring energy intake in female classical ballet dancers.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity of a four day weighed food record in the measurement of energy intake in female classical ballet dancers. DESIGN: Twelve classical ballet dancers volunteered to take part in this study. SETTING: Queensland University of Technology. SUBJECTS: Twelve classical ballet dancers. Data collected from one subject was not used due to poor compliance with the requirements of the study. INTERVENTIONS: Measurements of energy intake via a four day weighed record and total energy expenditure via the doubly labelled water technique. RESULTS: There was a mean bias to under-reporting energy intake of 667 kcal/day or 21% of real intake. CONCLUSIONS: Results of dietary data obtained via a four day weighed intake should be viewed with caution in the light of the evidence of major under-reporting in this cohort.

Dancing↗

PubMed1999

Energy expenditure and energy intake during dexamethasone therapy for chronic lung disease.

Dexamethasone is commonly administered to ventilator-dependent preterm infants with chronic lung disease. Infants receiving dexamethasone therapy frequently exhibit decreased rates of weight gain. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether decreased growth in infants receiving dexamethasone therapy is caused by increased energy expenditure. Twelve infants were studied: 6 received dexamethasone treatment at 2 wk of age and crossed over to receive placebo treatment at 4 wk; the treatment order was reversed in the other 6 infants. The doubly labeled water method was used to determine energy expenditure for a 1-wk period during each treatment phase. The rate of weight gain during dexamethasone treatment was 6.5+/-10.6 and 20.0+/-5.7 g/kg/d during placebo treatment. Energy expenditure was 93.1+/-34.6 kcal/kg/d during dexamethasone treatment and 88.3+/-37.1 kcal/kg/d during placebo treatment. Energy intake was 119.2+/-29.0 kcal/kg/d during dexamethasone treatment and 113.8+/-23.7 kcal/kg/d during placebo treatment. The difference between intake and expenditure, or the energy available for growth, was 26.2+/-36.8 kcal/kg/d during dexamethasone treatment and 25.5+/-37.4 kcal/kg/d during placebo treatment. No significant differences were found in energy expenditure or energy intake between the treatment phases. The reduced growth seen in infants receiving dexamethasone treatment cannot be explained by increased energy expenditure or decreased energy intake, but may be due to differences in the composition of newly accreted tissue.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗

PubMed2004

The obesity epidemic: both energy intake and physical activity contribute.

Recent data from Australia, the United States and Europe show increased self-reported energy intake associated with obesity, in contrast to earlier suggestions that the obesity epidemic has occurred despite minimal or no increase in per capita energy intake from food. The effect of increased energy intake is compounded by sedentary lifestyles. Both physical activity and nutrition must be addressed to reduce the prevalence of obesity and improve the health of Australians.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, and antioxidant capacity in a 12-week intervention study to reduce fat and/or energy intakes.

OBJECTIVE: We examined plasma levels of carotenoids, tocopherols, and total antioxidant activity in women before and after dietary intervention to reduce fat and/or energy intakes. Dietary fat and energy may affect intake and bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols, and these micronutrient levels in turn can contribute to the antioxidant capacity of plasma. METHODS: Women were randomized onto one of four diets for 12 wk: non-intervention, low fat (15% of energy from fat with maintenance of energy intake), low energy (25% energy reduction with maintenance of percentage of energy from fat), and combined low fat and low energy. Fasting plasma was available for analysis from a subset (n = 41) of women enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Levels of carotenoids and tocopherols did not change significantly over 12 wk on any diet arm, despite a modest but statistically significant increase in fruit and vegetable intake in the women following the low-fat diet (from 3.3 to 5.2 servings/d excluding potatoes). Levels of Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total cholesterol, and two major plasma antioxidants (urate and bilirubin) also did not change significantly. Of the individual micronutrients measured, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin correlated most strongly with TEAC values, and the correlation with lycopene was statistically significant before intervention. CONCLUSION: The decreases in dietary fat and energy intakes in this study were quite large, but this did not appear to have detrimental effects on plasma micronutrient levels, nor did it appreciably affect plasma antioxidants. Because lycopene levels were significantly associated with plasma TEAC before intervention, interventions that increase levels of lycopene might be more likely to increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Randomized clinical trial of behavioral and nutrition treatment to improve energy intake and growth in toddlers and preschoolers with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a randomized clinical trial comparing a behavioral and nutrition intervention (BEH) with a usual care control condition (CTL) for children (ages 18 months to 4 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency. This trial was designed to (1) evaluate a randomized comparison of BEH with CTL over 8 weeks, (2) provide a replication of the impact of BEH by inviting the CTL group to receive BEH after 8 weeks, and (3) examine the maintenance of BEH at 3- and 12-month follow-up. METHODS: Of 14 eligible children, 10 were randomly assigned and initiated treatment (71% recruitment rate). Four participants were randomly assigned to BEH, and 6 were assigned to CTL (5 of whom chose to crossover to BEH). BEH included nutrition counseling to increase energy intake (via types of foods and addables/spreadables) and child behavioral management training to teach parents differential attention and contingency management skills. CTL was consistent with the 2002 CF Foundation Consensus Conference Guidelines for nutritional care. RESULTS: BEH led to greater increases in energy intake pre- to posttreatment than CTL as measured by calories per day (842 kcal/day vs -131 kcal/day change). On receiving BEH, the change in energy intake was replicated with the CTL group (892 kcal/day change). At 3- and 12-month follow-up, energy intake was maintained (672 kcal/day increase from baseline and 750 kcal/day increase from baseline, respectively). Children in this study met or exceeded normal weight and height velocities from pretreatment to the 3-month follow-up (mean weight: 1.4 kg/6 months; mean height: 5.1 cm/6 months) and from posttreatment to the 12-month follow-up (mean weight: 2.5 kg/12 months; mean height: 8.3 cm/12 months). CONCLUSIONS: Toddlers and preschoolers who have CF and received BEH were able to meet the energy intake recommendations for this disease and maintain these gains up to 12 months after treatment. In addition, these children demonstrated weight and height velocities from pretreatment to 12-month follow-up, consistent with the goal of normal growth. BEH is a promising, evidence-based, early nutritional intervention for children with CF. An upcoming multisite clinical trial will test BEH versus an attention control condition using a larger sample (N = 100), providing additional evidence about the efficacy of this treatment for energy intake and growth in young children with CF.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed1991

Intragastric device for weight loss. Effect on energy intake in dogs.

It remains unclear whether or not intragastric devices promote weight loss. To elucidate if an intragastric balloon reduces energy intake by a placebo effect of inducing satiety, five free-feeding dogs had balloons inserted via a gastric cannula. Meal intake was assessed with the balloons inflated to 200 and 500 ml with saline and compared with intake during a control period when the animals maintained stable weight. Average energy intake during the control period was 0.3 MJ/kg/day. Inflation to 200 ml had no significant effect on intake (0.31 MJ/kg/day), whereas inflation to 500 ml significantly reduced energy intake to 0.14 MJ/kg/day (P less than 0.0001). An intragastric balloon does create aversion to feeding, presumably by producing satiety, but the effect is volume dependent.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Energy intake during reproduction in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Among haplorhine primates, the highly specialized Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) are expected to have comparatively high reproductive costs, a feature that might be related to the evolution of a cooperative breeding system. Costs of reproduction in captivity were investigated on the basis of changes in energy intake and body weight during pregnancy and lactation in pair-living female and male common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The experimental design had little effect on carrying behavior, food intake, and body weight of adults, but a negative transitory effect of offspring body weight. Increased energetic requirements during pregnancy did not result in a higher energy intake in females. During lactation, females increased their energy intake up to 100% and gradually lost weight, suggesting even higher costs. Extensive carrying behavior by males, on the other hand, did not result in an increased energy intake in males, or in changes in male body weight. It is suggested that, at least in captivity, increased energetic demands during reproduction are reduced by behavior allocations towards energetically less expensive behaviors.

Aging↗

PubMed2001

Energy density of foods affects energy intake across multiple levels of fat content in lean and obese women.

BACKGROUND: The results of previous studies indicated that energy density, independent of fat content, influences energy intake. In most studies, however, both fat content and energy density were lower than in typical American diets. OBJECTIVE: We examined the influence of energy density on intake when fat content was above, below, or similar to the amount of fat typically consumed and when energy density was closer to that of American diets. DESIGN: Lean (n = 19) and obese (n = 17) women consumed all meals daily in our laboratory during 6 experimental sessions. The main entrées, consumed ad libitum, were formulated to vary in fat content (25%, 35%, and 45% of energy) and energy density (5.23 kJ/g, or low energy density, and 7.32 kJ/g, or high energy density) but to have similar palatability. RESULTS: Energy density influenced energy intake across all fat contents in both lean and obese women (P < 0.0001). Women consumed less energy in the low (7531 kJ) than in the high (9414 kJ) energy density condition. Despite this 20% lower energy intake, there were only small differences in hunger (7%) and fullness (5%). Women consumed a similar volume, but not weight, of food daily across conditions. Differences in intake by weight, but not volume, occurred because for some versions of manipulated foods, weight and volume were not directly proportional. CONCLUSIONS: Energy density affected energy intake across different fat contents and at levels of energy density comparable with those in typical diets. Furthermore, our findings suggest that cues related to the amount of food consumed have a greater influence on short-term intake than does the amount of energy consumed.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effects of load, and duration, of duodenal lipid on antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, and energy intake in healthy men.

Enterally administered lipid modulates antropyloroduodenal motility, gut hormone release, appetite, and energy intake. We hypothesized that these effects would be dependent on both the load, and duration, of small intestinal exposure to lipid. Eleven healthy men were studied on four occasions in a double-blind, randomized, fashion. Antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations, and appetite perceptions were measured during intraduodenal infusion of lipid (Intralipid) at 1) 1.33 kcal/min for 50 min, 2) 4 kcal/min for 50 min, and 3) 1.33 kcal/min for 150 min, or 4) saline for 150 min. Immediately after the infusions, energy intake was quantified. Pressure wave sequences (PWSs) were suppressed, and basal pyloric pressure, isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs), plasma CCK and PYY stimulated (all P < 0.05), during the first 50 min of lipid infusion, in a load-dependent fashion. The effect of the 4 kcal/min infusion was sustained so that the suppression of antral pressure waves (PWs) and PWSs and increase in PYY remained evident after cessation of the infusion (all P < 0.05). The prolonged lipid infusion (1.33 kcal/min for 150 min) suppressed antral PWs, stimulated CCK and PYY and basal pyloric pressure (all P < 0.05), and tended to stimulate IPPWs when compared with saline throughout the entire infusion period. There was no significant effect of any of the lipid infusions on appetite or energy intake, although nausea was slightly higher (P < 0.05) with the 4 kcal/min infusion. In conclusion, both the load, and duration, of small intestinal lipid influence antropyloroduodenal motility and patterns of CCK and PYY release.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Breastfeeding attenuates reductions in energy intake induced by a mild immunologic stimulus represented by DPTH immunization: possible roles of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and leptin.

An attenuated severity of infections is among the well-documented benefits of breast-feeding. The degree to which this attenuated severity extends to the amelioration of anorexia is understood incompletely, and possible underlying mechanisms have received limited evaluation. This study was designed to test whether breast-feeding attenuates reductions in energy intake associated with a mild immunologic stimulus and to assess poststimulus relationships among putative reductions in energy intake and serum interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and leptin concentrations. A quasi-experimental, hospital-based study was conducted in 23 healthy fully breast- (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants who received the quadruple diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and hemophilus influenza (DPTH) immunization as an immunologic challenge. Only FF infants had decreased energy intakes (12 +/- 2%, P = 0.001) after immunization. Leptin concentrations increased after immunization only in FF infants (30 +/- 7%, P = 0.03). Correlations between postimmunization increases in IL-beta and reductions in energy intake were of borderline significance (r = -0.56, P = 0.08). These findings support the view that breast-feeding protects against anorectic responses to mild immunologic stimuli. Increases in leptin are associated with reductions in energy consumption in the postimmunization period in FF infants and postimmunization changes in IL-1beta concentrations likely are related to reductions in energy intake in response to immunologic stimuli.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2003

Important factors other than dialysis adequacy associated with inadequate dietary protein and energy intakes in patients receiving maintenance peritoneal dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Anorexia that results in inadequate nutrient intake is considered one of the most important causes of malnutrition in dialysis patients. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine factors other than dialysis adequacy that are associated with inadequate protein and energy intakes in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. DESIGN: Dietary protein and energy intakes were assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire in 266 patients, and factors other than dialysis adequacy that are potentially associated with reductions in energy and protein intakes were examined. RESULTS: Only 39% of the patients had protein intakes > or = 1.2 g x kg(- 1) x d(- 1), and 26% had energy intakes > or = 126 kJ x kg(- 1) x d(- 1). Other than having a greater total urea clearance and glomerular filtration rate, patients with protein intakes > or = 1.2, as opposed to < 1.2, g x kg(- 1) x d(- 1) had lower high-sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations and fewer complications with volume overload (29% compared with 46%; P = 0.006). Patients with energy intakes > or = 126, as opposed to < 126, kJ x kg(- 1) x d(- 1) were younger, had lower high-sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations, and had a lower prevalence of diabetes (P = 0.006), atherosclerotic vascular disease (P = 0.020), and history of volume overload (P = 0.013). Multiple regression analysis showed that other than increasing age, diabetes, and total urea clearance, having a history of volume overload was independently associated with a 0.22-g x kg(- 1) x d(- 1)decrease in protein (P = 0.001) and a 13.07-kJ x kg(- 1) x d(- 1) decrease in energy intake (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: An important yet unrecognized association was observed between a history of volume overload and dietary intake in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Comparing the effects of aspartame and sucrose on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes in humans.

This study compared the effects of four breakfast preloads on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes of 24 normal-weight nondieting young men and women. The preloads, composed of creamy white cheese (fromage blanc), were either plain or sweetened with aspartame or sucrose. Their energy value was either 1255 or 2929 kJ (300 or 700 kcal). Taste preferences were measured before and 150 min after breakfast. Motivational ratings were obtained at 30-min intervals. The subjects ate lunch, snack, and dinner meals in the laboratory. The consumption of low-energy as opposed to high-energy breakfasts, regardless of sweetness, led to elevated motivational ratings and increased energy intakes at lunch. However, intakes at subsequent meals were the same for all preloads, and no overall compensation in energy was observed. Aspartame did not promote hunger or lead to increased energy intakes in normal-weight subjects.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of energy intakes estimated by weighed dietary record and diet history questionnaire with total energy expenditure measured by accelerometer in young Japanese women.

In Western countries underestimation of energy intake (EI) is considered a serious problem in dietary surveys, but information on the accuracy of EI among Japanese people is sparse. We compared estimated EI with measured total energy expenditure (TEE) in 21 Japanese women aged 20-22 y. Dietary intake was estimated by 7-d weighed dietary records (7dWR) and a self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ). TEE was measured for 25+/-3 d (mean+/-standard deviation, range: 16-27 d) by a uniaxial accelerometer. Both EI by 7dWR (1,498+/-305 kcal/d) and EI by DHQ (1,599+/-331 kcal/d) were significantly lower than TEE (1,865+/-179 kcal/d) (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively), but neither estimated EI nor the magnitude of EI underestimation (20+/-15% for 7dWR and 13+/-23% for DHQ) was significantly different between two methods (p=0.25 and p=0.22, respectively). The Spearman correlation (r) between TEE and EI was 0.51 (p=0.2) for 7dWR and 0.09 (p=0.71) for DHQ, indicating better ranking of individuals by 7dWR. The accuracy of EI (EI/TEE) was negatively associated with the percentage of EI from protein in 7dWR (r=-0.44, p=0.049) and positively associated with the percentage of EI from fat in both 7dWR (r=0.45, p=0.04) and DHQ (r=0.62, p<0.01), suggesting selective overestimation of protein and selective underestimation of fat. These results indicate not only underestimation of habitual EI but also selective under- and/or overestimation of macronutrients in both 7dWR and DHQ.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The quantitative effects of maternal dietary energy intake on pregnancy and lactation in rural Gambian women.

The quantitative relationships between dietary energy intake and weight gain in pregnancy, birthweight and lactation performance during the first three months of infancy have been studied in such a way as to take account of major differences in the patterns of heavy manual labour at different times of the year in a subsistence farming community. Maternal weight gain and the accumulation of subcutaneous fat were significantly lower when the last trimester of pregnancy fell during the time of heaviest farm work and lowest energy intakes. The birth-weight of babies was also significantly correlated with differences in energy intake throughout the year. During early lactation breast milk yields were significantly related to concomitant alterations in the subcutaneous fat stores. Evidence has been produced which suggests that in undernourished nursing women there could be a competition for dietary energy between the repleting maternal subcutaneous fat organs and the mammary glands at the expense of milk production.

Adolescent↗