PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “FOOT DISEASES”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Experiences of University of Liverpool veterinary students during the 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease.

The 2001 epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease disrupted the teaching of practical farm animal work for much of that year. Many students in their clinical years in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Liverpool, went to help to control the disease, both in place of some normal term-time activities and as part of their extramural studies out of term time. This paper, which is based on a questionnaire survey of the students, describes their experiences, the types of work they did, the skills they acquired and their views on the effects of the epidemic on their studies. The vast majority of students felt they had benefited from their experiences and had contributed to combating the epidemic.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Antibody estimation by indirect complement fixation test for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle.

Antibody against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was measured by the indirect complement fixation (ICF) test. For this test serum samples were collected from cattle experimentally infected with FMD virus of O, A and Asia 1 types, as well as cattle infected in the field. Two types of antigen were used. One was antigen derived from infected lingual epithelial culture prepared by Frenkel's method with each type of the virus. The other was antigen derived from the lingual epithelium of cattle infected by virus inoculation. ICF antibody began to be dectected about 4 5 days after inoculation. It reached a maximum titer 10 14 days after inoculation, remaining at this titer for about a week or two, and then decreased gradually. It was, however, detectable even 63 days after inoculation. The rise and fall of ICF antibody was parallel with that of neutralizing antibody, although that antibody was always lower in titer than this. ICF antibody was detected type-specifically from cattle infected experimentally and naturally. These results indicated that the ICF test was available for the routine serological diagnosis and epizootiological investigation and research.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Application of double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in Saudi Arabia.

Using foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) diagnostic reagents provided by the FMD-World Reference Laboratory, Pirbright (United Kingdom), an indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied for local diagnosis of FMD in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Testing epithelial tissues and/or vesicular fluids, it was possible to carry out serotyping of FMD virus before its isolation in cell cultures. All the field samples received as well as the oesophageal pharyngeal fluids collected from apparently healthy animals were inoculated onto primary bovine kidney cell cultures and the isolated FMD viruses then serotyped by ELISA. Testing of samples received from 43 outbreaks revealed positive FMD diagnosis in 29 outbreaks (27 caused by serotype "O" and 2 caused by serotype "A" of FMD virus). In addition, ELISA serotyping of 35 carrier strains of FMD virus (isolated from 286 proband samples) revealed 28 serotype "O" and 7 serotype "A" FMD viral isolates. The results are discussed concerning the importance of applying local FMD diagnosis and the current epizootiological status of the disease in Saudi Arabia.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dexamethasone inhibits virus production and the secretory IgA response in oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid in cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus were treated with dexamethasone to suppress the immune system in an attempt to influence the level of virus recovery from oesophageal pharyngeal (probang) samples. Twelve carrier cattle were assigned to one of three groups: control; 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone; and 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone. Groups 2 and 3 were injected intramuscularly three times weekly for 3 weeks with dexamethasone between days 33 and 56 post-infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Cattle in both groups developed a leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The secretory IgA response to FMDV infection was inhibited following, but not during, dexamethasone treatment between days 70 and 98 post-infection (P < 0.05). FMDV recovery from probang samples was reduced between days 40 and 64 post-infection (P < 0.05) during treatment with either 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone. Following cessation of dosing with dexamethasone virus recovery returned to control levels. These observations suggest dexamethasone inhibits shedding of FMDV in a reversible manner which may be related to its immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory or physiological actions.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The generation and persistence of genetic variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Genetic variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is of interest for at least two reasons. First, changes to the genes encoding capsid proteins results in antigenic variation, and affects vaccine efficiency and effectiveness of vaccination programs; second, genetic changes can lead to important insights into the transport of virus between countries, regions, herds, and even possibly individuals. Current estimates of RNA virus mutation rates suggest that an average of about one base mis-incorporation is likely to occur each time a single FMDV genome replicates. This should result in the introduction of every possible 1-step mutation from the progenitor genotype into the viraemia of a single infected animal many times a day. In the absence of purifying selection, a single infected animal should therefore generate a genetically very diverse population of virus.Viral-capsid sequences obtained from infected animals sampled over long-term FMDV epidemics suggest that these genetic changes accrue in a remarkably linear 'clock-like' fashion and at rates of around 1% change per year. While such a rate is generally regarded as quite high, it is actually somewhat lower than one might expect based on the rate at which viral diversity could be generated within a single animal. The difference might be explained in a variety of possible ways: (1) the mutation rate has been overestimated; (2) purifying selection is stronger than predicted; (3) only a restricted subset of excreted virus is actually infectious; (4) infected animals only excrete virus from a small partitioned subset of amplified virus, and that most of the generated viral diversity is unable to exit the animal; or (5) only a small fraction of all infected animals participate in the actual disease-transmission process.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Isolation of foot-and mouth disease virus in swine with other diseases].

The authors took a survey of foot-and-mouth disease samples of myocardium and tonsil from swine which was died without clinicals signs of foot-and-mouth disease, with isolation of virus, type O, A and C. It was observed and accentuated relation between the incidence of hog cholera, pneumonia and atipic foot-and-mouth disease, especially from suckling pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Overview of foot and mouth disease in southern Africa.

The prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the southern African subcontinent between 1931 and 1990 is summarised, together with the major features of the epidemiology and control of the disease. The author emphasises the role of wildlife, especially African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). A proposal is made for a more structured and co-operative approach to investigating the extent and nature of antigenic variation within the Southern African Territories (SAT) types of FMD virus. Quantification of the economic impact of FMD on the agro-economics of the subcontinent is attempted, and the importance of the social values of rural peoples in this respect is explained.

Africa, Southern↗
PubMed1991

[Recent outbreak of foot and mouth disease in Ivory Coast].

An outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) due to SAT2 occurred among cattle, sheep and pigs in Côte-d'Ivoire. The morbidity and mortality were low so vaccination of only high value livestock in intensive production systems was suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Synthetic peptide vaccines: foot-and-mouth disease virus as a model.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been one of the pioneering viral systems in the development of synthetic peptides as vaccines. Protection against FMDV infection is associated with the induction of neutralising antibodies. Therefore, attempts have been made to identify peptides capable of eliciting protective humoral responses. Peptides based on a continuous, immunodominant B cell site on the capsid protein VP1 have been shown to confer limited protection in natural hosts. This probably reflects the difficulties in reproducing the immunogenicity of an entire viral particle by using a much simpler synthetic antigen, due to: (i) the polymorphism of the class II MHC; (ii) the adequate presentation to the immune system of the peptides, and (iii) the difficulties of achieving protection against a highly variable RNA virus, which may favour selection of virus antigenic variants. The improvement of FMD peptide vaccines, and the development of in vitro alternatives to in vivo immunogenic assays require further understanding of the immune mechanisms leading to protection against this important animal virus disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Optimum radiographic examination for consideration of compensation awards: III. Knee, hand and foot.

In a large Veterans Administration (VA) hospital, a prospective study was undertaken to determine the optimum number of radiographic projections needed to assess applicants for VA compensation for knee, hand, and foot diseases or injury claimed to be service-related. Results show that the final radiographic assessment could be made in all 535 (100%) of the knee examinations using two views (anteroposterior and lateral), all 181 (100%) of the hand examinations using one view (anteroposterior), and all 223 (100%) of the foot examinations using two views (anteroposterior and lateral). Extrapolating these results to data on compensation examinations performed in the entire VA system (fiscal year 1978), it was concluded that limiting the radiographic examinations of the knee, hand, and foot to these views would eliminate 91,000 radiographs in the evaluation of 119,000 applicants and yield an annual savings of about $500,000.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2001

The eradication of foot-and-mouth disease: a parallel problem.

Poliomyelitis and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) can both be prevented by vaccination. The vaccines are highly effective but they differ in that, whereas in most countries attenuated viruses have been used to control poliomyelitis, FMD vaccines are prepared from the virulent viruses. The reasons for choosing inactivated vaccines for FMD are (i) the demonstration several decades ago that a virus which was attenuated for one species could be virulent for another and (ii) the great antigenic variability of the virus. This has meant that the viruses to be used for vaccination have to "match" those occurring in the field. It also means that they should only be handled under strict conditions of containment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The history of research in foot-and-mouth disease.

The history of research in foot-and-mouth disease falls into several distinct areas. In this short chapter I have highlighted what I consider to be the significant advances in our knowledge of the disease and its causal agent. 1. Loeffler and Frosch's landmark description in 1898 that the disease is caused by a filterable agent, the first observation that an animal disease could be caused by a virus. 2. The search for experimental laboratory animals, culminating in the demonstration by Waldmann and Pape of the susceptibility of the guinea pig in 1920 and the suckling mouse by Skinner in 1951. 3. The discovery of three distinct serotypes O, A and C in the 1920s by Vallée and Carré in France and by Waldmann in Germany, and the subsequent recognition in the 1940s and 1950s by the Pirbright group of the three Southern African Territory Types SAT 1-3, and Asia 1. 4. The development of in vitro techniques for the growth of the virus which have been crucial for the large-scale production of vaccines and for the accurate assay of virus infectivity. Early work by Hecke and the Maitlands in the early 1930s, followed by the crucial demonstration by Frenkel in 1947 that large amounts of the virus could be produced in surviving tongue epithelium, formed the basis for the vaccination programmes initiated in Europe in the 1950s. The subsequent development of cell lines has brought a remarkable degree of sophistication to the study of virus growth. 5. The impact of molecular studies on the structure of the virus and its mode of replication which have led to practical applications such as an in vitro test for vaccine potency, rapid diagnosis methods, and international epidemiological surveys. In addition, they have provided the means to design molecular vaccines.

Animals↗