Effects of prolonged LSD-25 administration upon neurons of spinal cord ganglia tissue cultures.
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Animals↗
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Results for “GANGLIA, SPINAL”
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[Dynamic interaction between plasma membrane structures and intracellular calcium stores in neurons of the spinal cord ganglia].
We studied the dynamic contribution of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria to depolarization-induced Ca2+ transients in small (18-24 microm) DRG neurons of rats. We have used the application of 10 microM of mitochondrial protonophore CCCP for switching off the calcium uptake by mitochondrial uniporter. For depletion of the store of endoplasmic reticulum we applied 1 microM of thapsigargin. Depolarization-induced transients in control conditions and in conditions when one of the mechanisms (mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum) does not participate in the forming of the shape of Ca2+ transient have been studied. This allowed us to clarify the kinetics of mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum uptake and release of calcium in the process of the neuronal activity. We have determined the main characteristics of functioning of above-named calcium stores in the process of cell excitation, such as time of the beginning of uptake, time and duration of maximum activity etc. We concluded, that mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are acting in opposite directions at least in the phase of the beginning of the transient. Mitochondria are limiting the amplitude of the transient during depolarization, at the same time the endoplasmic reticulum is increasing the amplitude of the transient by CICR (calcium-induced calcium release) mechanism. Mitochondria store calcium released from endoplasmic reticulum by application of 30 mM caffeine. Inhibition of the mitochondrial uniporter results in reduction of amplitude of repetitive caffeine application compared with control conditions. We have compared the kinetics of mitochondrial participation in the formation of calcium signal when the initial sources of calcium ions were different. Our results allow us to suggest a close functional dynamic interactions between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum during calcium signaling in sensory neurons.
Animals↗
[Differentiation of dissociated neurons in chicken spinal cord ganglia in vitro].
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Animals↗
[Segmental study of the spinal cord and spinal node ganglia in rabbits in late periods after high ligation of the abdominal aorta].
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Animals↗
[Morphologic and cytophotometric indices of the state of the neurons of the spinal cord and spinal cord ganglia following exposure to gravitational stress].
The work presents data on the state of the neurons of the spinal ganglia and the spinal cord of the lumbosacral part in 96 cats subjected to single stresses (10g) and repeated ones (6g). The material was stained with thionin after Nissl. RNA was detected after Einarson. Photometry of the sections was made in MUP.5. Morphological changes were shown to be more pronounced in sensory cells. The method of cytophotometry established the increase by 25% amount of RNA in their cytoplasm after single stresses. Repeated stresses resulted in depletion of RNA. The amount of RNA returned to the initial level within 2 days after single stresses and within 3 days after repeated rotations. The shifts were much less pronounced in motoneurons.
Animals↗
[The expression of protein kinase C and the regulatory effect of nerve growth factor in the lung and the visceral sensory afferent system of asthmatic guinea pigs].
OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of protein kinase C (PKC) and the regulatory effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the lung and the visceral sensory afferent system (C(7)-T(5) spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord) of asthmatic guinea pigs. METHODS: Forty guinea pigs were divided to four groups, a saline control group (group A, n = 8), a provocation alone control group (group B, n = 8), an asthmatic group (group C, n = 12) and an anti-NGF group (group D, n = 12). The alterations of PKC immunoreactivity were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry in the C(7)-T(5) spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of all groups. The expressions of NGF and PKC were investigated by Western blot in the lung, C(7)-T(5) spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of all groups. The results were analyzed by the Luzex-F real time image analysis system and the gel imaging analysis system respectively. RESULTS: (1) Immunohistochemistry results: The absorbency (A) values of PKC were 0.102 +/- 0.009, 0.113 +/- 0.009, 0.106 +/- 0.005 and 0.116 +/- 0.007 in the C(7)-T(5) spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of group A and group B respectively. There was no significant difference between group A and group B (P > 0.05). The A values of PKC were 0.215 +/- 0.014 and 0.176 +/- 0.010 respectively in the C(7)-T(5) spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of group C, which were significantly different compared with group A (P < 0.01). The A values of PKC were 0.140 +/- 0.008 and 0.130 +/- 0.011 respectively in the C(7)-T(5) spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of group D, which were significantly different compared with group C (P < 0.01). (2) Western blot results: Compared with group A (the relative A values were 0.51 +/- 0.02, 0.43 +/- 0.01 and 0.92 +/- 0.02 respectively) and group B, the expression of PKC (the relative A values were 1.51 +/- 0.01, 1.40 +/- 0.03 and 2.22 +/- 0.02 respectively) increased markedly in the lung, C(7)-T(5) spinal ganglia and the corresponding posterior horn of the spinal cord of group C; however, the expression of PKC of group D (the relative A values were 0.80 +/- 0.03, 0.83 +/- 0.01 and 1.12 +/- 0.02 respectively) decreased markedly in comparison with group C. CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that PKC might be involved in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, and NGF can upregulate the expression of PKC.
Animals↗
[Comparative morphometric study of sensory neurons of the cerebral and spinal cord ganglia following transection of their processes].
The morphometrical study of sensory neurons g. nodosum of the vagus nerve and spinal ganglia after transection of central and peripheral processes has established similar reactions of the neurons of these ganglia. The sensory neurons respond to the transection of peripheral processes by phenomena of retrograde degeneration. No retrograde degeneration was observed in the neurons after transection of central processes. The diminution of the size of the nerve cell bodies, their nuclei and nucleoli was noted at the period of maximally pronounced phenomena of retrograde degeneration as well as fragmentation and peripheral displacement of the Golgi apparatus, increased amount of satellites adjacent to retrogradely changed neurons.
Animals↗
Free amino acids in the spinal cord, ganglia and ischiadic nerve of the dog after ligature of the abdominal aorta.
The effect of occlusion of the abdominal aorta for 10, 20 and 40 minutes on the concentration of aspartic and glutamic acids, glutamine, glycine, alanine and gamma-amino butyric acid in the anterior and posterior horns of the lumbosacral spinal cord was studied in the dog, further, concentration of amino acids (except GABA) in lumbosacral spinal ganglia and in the ischiadic nerve following 40 minutes of occlusion. The changes were most marked after 40 minutes of occlusion with a rise in concentration of alanine, glutamine and glutamic acid in the dorsal part of grey matter. Striking was also the simultaneous elevated concentration of Glu and Gln in spinal ganglia. The significance of these changes is discussed from the aspect of metabolism and function of nerve cells. Under physiological conditions the free amino acid pool in the central nervous system remains essentially constant. Under pathological conditions, however, like ischemic-hypoxic states, various changes occur.
Amino Acids↗
Gravitational neuromorphology.
This review shows that morphological studies of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system of animals exposed to altered gravity yield data which are extremely significant for our understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation of the nervous system, and of the mammalian organism as a whole, to increased and decreased loading. Neuromorphological studies, correlating structure and function, indicate a decreased activity in weightlessness for spinal ganglia neurons and motoneurons of the spinal cord, as well as the neurons of the hypothalamic nuclei producing arginine vasopressin and growth hormone releasing factor. Structural changes of the somatosensory cortex and spinal ganglia suggest a decreased afferent flow to the somatosensory cortex in microgravity. The results characterize the mechanisms of structural adaptation to a decreased afferent flow in microgravity by the neurons in the hemisphere cortex and brain stem nuclei. There is also morphological evidence for an increased sensitivity of the otolith apparatus and for the development of a hyponoradrenergic syndrome in weightlessness. These studies have shown that both microgravity and the simulation of microgravity effects by tail suspension-induced structural changes in the large neurons of lumbar spinal ganglia and motoneurons of the lumbar spinal cord, which occur under conditions of nerve cell hypoactivity. The structural changes, and consequently the development of neuron hypoactivity, are expressed more extensively after microgravity than after tail suspension for the same length of time. The influence of microgravity and hypergravity on animals is expressed by opposing changes in nervous tissue structure in the spinal ganglia, spinal cord, and nodulus of cerebellar vermis. These changes indicate neuron hypoactivity under microgravity and neuron hyperactivity under 2 G. Morphological assessment of the functional state of other structures of the brain under hypergravity will require further study. Can all structural changes which occur in nerve tissue under microgravity or under hypergravity be explained on the basis of increased or decreased activity of its structural elements? The presently available data regarding the correlation of structure and functional state of cells in brain and spinal cord suggest an affirmative answer. Ultrastructural studies of the nodular cortex of the cerebellum in rats after different duration spaceflights provide what appears to be a convincing example. However, it should be pointed out that the criteria for the morphological assessment of the functional state of single nerve cells will certainly be different from those for groups of neurons connected in a nerve cell network.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Anatomic organization of the ascending branch of the milk-ejection reflex in sheep: primary afferent neurons.
The present study examines the anatomic characteristics of the primary afferent neurons that innervate the nipples and pseudonipples of ewes and the nipples of lambs. For this purpose, horseradish-peroxidase coupled to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) was injected intradermally into the whole extent, the tip, or the base of the nipples and pseudonipples, as well as into a region of the posterior surface of the udder. After survival periods of 72-96 hours, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were sectioned and reacted histochemically with tetramethylbenzidine to reveal the transganglionically transported tracer. Injections of WGA-HRP in the nipples and pseudonipples of the ewe resulted in labeled cells in the second to fifth ipsilateral lumbar spinal ganglia (L(2)-L(5)) and third and fourth (L(3) and L(4)) lumbar spinal ganglia, respectively. Labeled cells after WGA-HRP injections in the nipples of the lamb were found in the ipsilateral L(3)-L(5) spinal ganglia. Central projections of the DRG-labeled cells were found in the medial part of laminae I-III of the ipsilateral L(3) and L(4) spinal segments (ewe and lamb) and in the ipsilateral dorsal column nuclei (ewe). Central projections of the DRG-labeled cells after injections in the pseudonipples of the ewe were located in the medial part of laminae I-III of the ipsilateral L(3) spinal segment. The results of this study demonstrate that, whereas the innervation of the nipples of the ewe originates from four successive lumbar spinal ganglia (L(2)-L(5)), the innervation of the nipples of the lamb and the pseudonipples of the ewe originates from three (L(3)-L(5)) and two (L(3) and L(4)) successive ganglia, respectively.
Afferent Pathways↗
The application of diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase methods in a study of dorsal ganglia and spinal cord.
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Ganglia↗
Localization of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.
Using indirect immunofluorescence methods, we have localized for the first time in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, beta-endorphin (beta-ep)-like immunoreactivity in the neurons of spinal ganglia (SPG), spinal cord (SPC), as well as in the hypothalamic region of the brain. An examination of serially sectioned SPG showed that the beta-ep-positive neurons, cell bodies, and nerve fibers were distributed at all levels of SPG. Peripheral regions of the perikarya of beta-ep-positive SPG neurons exhibited intense staining for beta-ep, the central nuclear region remaining nonreactive. In SPC, brightly staining fibers were seen entering the afferent nociceptive input areas, namely the Lissauer's tracts, substantia gelatinosa, and the dorsal ascending columns. Dot-fiber immunofluorescence pattern was observed throughout the gray matter of SPC representing beta-ep-positive, secondary sensory neurons as well as interneurons. Also, discrete cluster of neurons located deep in the gray matter of SPC stained positively to beta-ep antisera. This study not only demonstrates for the first time the presence of beta-ep like material in the newt, more specifically in SPG and SPC, but also raises the question of a possible link between beta-ep and newt limb regeneration as previous work has shown that SPG support limb regeneration in a denervated-amputated newt forelimb.
Animals↗
Rescue of sensory ganglia that are programmed to degenerate in normal development: evidence that NGF modulates proliferation of DRG cells in vivo.
The dorsal root ganglia (DRG, spinal ganglia) are a metameric series of structures that develop from neural crest cells within the dorsal somitic mesoderm. A striking element of patterning within this meristic series is the disappearance of the five or six most rostral DRG early in the embryonic development of birds and mammals. The transient DRG have been named "Froriep's ganglia" after their 19th century discoverer (reviewed in Lim et al., 1987). The ontogeny of the longest surviving Froriep's ganglion of the chick embryo, DRG C2, has recently been examined in detail (Rosen et al., 1996). At St. 18 (Embryonic Day (E)2.5+), the C2 DRG had the same shape and volume as permanent ganglia C5 and C6. C2's development first diverged from that of normal DRG at St. 19 (E3-), when C2 was observed to be half the size and shaped differently from its neighbors, and its peripheral nerve root began to degenerate. Both lower proliferation and higher apoptosis rates contribute to the reduced size of C2 compared to normal DRG at St. 19-20. One-third fewer C2 cells were found to be in S-phase when compared to neighboring ganglia, and apoptotic cells were more than three times more abundant in C2 than in conventional DRG at this stage. Since growth factors modulate both proliferation and apoptosis, we postulated that these molecules and/or their receptors might be responsible for the difference in fate between C2 and C5. In order to begin to evaluate this hypothesis, we have now treated embryos with nerve growth factor (NGF) in ovo. NGF treatments partially rescued C2, producing a 50% reduction in the normal difference in size between C2 and C5 at St. 23. At least part of this rescue could be accounted for by increased levels of proliferation in the NGF-treated C2 compared to those in control embryos. Proliferation in normal DRG C5 was unaffected by NGF application. NGF treatment rescued DRG cells in both C2 and C5 from cell death. Staining of pycnotic nuclei revealed that NGF dramatically reduced the death in the C2 ganglia. In addition to providing insight into the early patterning of the DRG, our results shed new light on the best-studied neurotrophic factor, NGF. Our finding is the first direct evidence for a role for NGF in control of DRG cell proliferation in vivo.
Animals↗
The effect of back-transplants of the embryonic gut wall on growth of the neural tube.
Experiments in which the developing gut of avian embryos was back-transplanted to permit the bowel to interact with the developing neural tube were undertaken. Segments of intestine from 4-day quail embryos were implanted between the somites and neural tubes of chick embryos of 7 to 24 somites. The spinal cord responded to the presence of the bowel by enlarging unilaterally on the side of the graft. This effect encompassed both gray and white matter and was accompanied by the extension of neuritic projections from the spinal cord into the enteric grafts. The growth-promoting effect of enteric transplants was manifest at all levels of the neural tube where the grafts were made and led to enlargement of the brain as well as the spinal cord; however, truncal neural crest derivatives in the region of the grafts, such as developing sympathetic and spinal ganglia, were unaffected. Neither sham operations nor grafts of ciliary ganglion, lung, pancreas, mesonephros, or rudiment of the eye mimicked the action of the gut. The effect of the bowel was manifest as early as 24 hr following back-transplantation and was found to be due to an increase in the number of cells in the neuroepithelium. The cell responsible for the ability of the gut wall to enhance neuroepithelial proliferation was not identified, but the effect lacked species specificity and could be elicited in the absence of endoderm or neural crest derivatives in the explant. We propose that the musculoconnective tissue of the gut produces a short-range diffusible factor that induces mitogenic activity in the neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube, but not in the crest cells that form sympathetic or sensory ganglia. Since the gut is not normally in apposition to the neural tube, we suggest that the physiological targets of this factor are the specialized crest cells that colonize the bowel and give rise to the enteric nervous system.
Animals↗
Cellular localization of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in amphibian retina and spinal sensory ganglia.
Antisera were produced against N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and were used to localize the molecule within the retina and spinal sensory ganglia of Rana pipiens. NAAG immunoreactivity (IR) in the retina was confined to a subpopulation of amacrine and bipolar cells. The dipeptide was present in the perikarya of these cells and their neurites which terminated in two discrete bands of the inner plexiform layer. Some NAAG-IR was also present in the outer plexiform layer and the inner segment layer. In spinal ganglia, a subpopulation of relatively large sensory neuron cell bodies expressed NAAG-IR. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that this dipeptide has a function which is specific to discrete subclasses of neurons. In the amphibian retina, the NAAG distribution can be related to the reported involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in neurotransmission at the level of amacrine and ganglion cells.
Animals↗
Pathological studies of spinal nerve ganglia in relation to intractable intercostal pain.
Pathological examination, by light and electron microscopy, of spinal nerve ganglia surgically removed in treatment of intractable intercostal pain, has shown changes in sensory cells, whether the etiology of the pain has been trauma related to intercostal nerve, or infection by herpes zoster virus. The possible role of the sensory cell changes in accounting for causalgic type pain is discussed.
Ganglia, Spinal↗
The origin of postganglionic and sensory axons in the cervical sympathetic trunk of the cat: a horseradish peroxidase study.
The composition of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) in the cat is still not completely understood. The present study investigates, by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method of tracing neuronal connections, the presence of postganglionic and sensory neurons projecting via the CST. Following sympathectomy at the midcervical level and the application of HRP crystals to the cut ends of the CST which had been isolated from the surrounding by a 1.5% solution of agar-agar, labelled neurons were seen in the superior cervical (SCG), stellate (SG), inferior vagal ganglia (IVG), and spinal ganglia C8-T8. The maximum number of labelled neurons was 536 in the SCG, 460 in the SG, 180 in the IVG, and 104 in spinal ganglia C8-T8.
Animals↗
Immunohistochemistry and biosynthesis of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in spinal sensory ganglia.
N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is a nervous system-specific dipeptide which has been implicated in chemical neurotransmission. Antisera were prepared against NAAG in order to study its cellular distribution. When these antisera were applied to tissue sections of rat spinal sensory ganglia, NAAG-like immunoreactivity was detected within a subpopulation of relatively large neuronal cell bodies in cervical, lumbar, and thoracic ganglia. In order to confirm the presence of NAAG within these neurons, the dipeptide was extracted and purified from spinal ganglia using high-performance liquid chromatography and its composition confirmed by amino acid analysis. Further, the biosynthesis of NAAG was studied in vitro by following the incorporation of either [3H]glutamine or [3H]glutamate into the glutamate residue of the purified dipeptide. [3H]Aspartate was not incorporated efficiently into NAAG under these conditions, suggesting a precursor role for the large N-acetylaspartate pool. The incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into newly synthesized NAAG by spinal sensory ganglia was not inhibited by incubation of the cells with anisomycin or cycloheximide at concentrations which significantly inhibited protein synthesis. These data suggest that NAAG is present in a subpopulation of primary afferent spinal neurons and that its biosynthesis is mediated by a dipeptide synthetase.
Amino Acids↗