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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

A brief argument in opposition to the Orgel hypothesis.

The Orgel hypothesis receives considerable attention as a possible explanation for the phenomenon of senescence. Experimental observations which argue in favor of the Orgel hypothesis are discussed, and critized in part. This is followed by a presentation of experimental data which argue in opposition to the notion. On the basis of the considerable body of data which argue in opposition to the Orgel theory, a call for reappraisal of the applicability of this theory to the phenomenon of senescence is suggested.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Metabolic reduction of chromium by alveolar macrophages and its relationships to cigarette smoke.

Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM), obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from 47 individuals, reduced hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and decreased its mutagenicity. Their specific activity--mostly mediated by cytosolic, enzyme-catalyzed mechanisms--was significantly higher than in corresponding preparations of mixed-cell populations from human peripheral lung parenchyma or bronchial tree, or from rat lung or liver. At equivalent number of PAM, Cr(VI) reduction, total protein, and some oxidoreductase activities were significantly increased in smokers. No appreciable variation could be detected between lung cancer and noncancer patients. In rats, the Cr(VI)-reducing activity of PAM preparations was induced by Aroclor 1254. Thus, alveolar macrophages provide crucial defense mechanisms not only by phagocytizing metals, but also by metabolically reducing Cr(VI). The epithelial-lining fluid (ELF) also displayed some Cr(VI) reduction. Together with already investigated metabolic processes occurring inside lung cells, these mechanisms are expected to determine thresholds in the pulmonary carcinogenicity of chromium.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[The condition of mitochondria in experimental viral carcinogenesis].

A parallel histoenzymatic and electron-microscopy study of the state of mitochondria in experimental viral cancerogenesis induced by adenovirus of monkeys SA7(C8) and virus of Rous sarcoma in soft tissues of hamster was carried out. It was shown that the earliest changes in the cell in the process of its tumorous transformation were those in mitochondria. The character of deposits of diformazin at an early stage of viral cancerogenesis corresponded to the trend to the linear arrangement of mitochondria and to initial phenomena of their swelling. Progressive swelling of mitochondria in the process of tumorous growth was established, which correlated with histochemically revealed changes in the relationships of a number of reduction-oxidation enzymes.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1976

The biochemistry of sugars.

In animal cells the utilization of sugars involves one or more of the three major pathways known to occur in these cells. The glycolytic (Embden-Meyerhof) pathway is quantitatively the most important, and this pathway, coupled to the citric acid cycle, serves as a major source of energy. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also provide most of the precursors for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. The pentose phosphate, or hexose monophosphate oxidation, pathway is a major source of NADPH required for the conversion of carbohydrate to the more reduced lipids and proteins, and also furnishes the ribose and deoxyribose moieties of nucleotides and nucleic acids. The functions of the third pathway, the uronic acid pathway, are less well defined. It is the source of glucuronides for mucopolysaccharides and for detoxification mechanisms, and also in most animals, is the pathway for the synthesis of ascorbic acid. The uronic acid pathway may also function as a point of entry for glucuronides, pentoses, and pentitols.

Amino Acids↗