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PubMed2006

Design and implementation of security in a data collection system for epidemiology.

Health informatics can benefit greatly from the e-Science approach, which is characterised by large scale distributed resource sharing and collaboration. Ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of data has always been the first requirement of health informatics systems. The PsyGrid data collection system, addresses both, providing secure distributed data collection for epidemiology. We have used Grid-computing approaches and technologies to address this problem. We describe the architecture and implementation of the security sub-system in detail.

Computer Security↗

PubMed2026

Clinical applications of digital twin technology in In Vitro Fertilisation.

BACKGROUND: Digital twin technology, originating from aerospace and manufacturing industries, has emerged as a transformative tool in healthcare. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) faces persistent challenges including suboptimal embryo selection, unpredictable treatment outcomes, and limited personalisation of protocols. Despite advances in assisted reproductive technology, existing literature exhibits fragmentation: artificial intelligence applications in embryo selection, ovarian stimulation, and endometrial assessment have been developed independently without systematic integration into comprehensive treatment frameworks. Digital twin technology offers unprecedented opportunities to create virtual replicas of biological systems, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive modelling, and personalised treatment strategies. AIM: This narrative review aims to critically examine the current applications of digital twin technology in IVF, evaluate its potential benefits and limitations, synthesize existing evidence into an integrative conceptual model, and identify future directions for implementation in reproductive medicine. METHOD: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore databases. A narrative review approach was selected over systematic review to accommodate the heterogeneity of evidence types in this emerging field, including theoretical frameworks, simulation studies, and proof-of-concept implementations that would be excluded from systematic reviews. Search terms included "digital twin," "IVF," "in vitro fertilisation," "assisted reproductive technology," "embryo selection," and "predictive modelling." Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were included, focusing on original research articles, systematic reviews, and proof-of-concept studies describing digital twin applications in reproductive medicine. RESULTS: Digital twin technology in IVF demonstrates significant potential across multiple domains including embryo development simulation, ovarian response prediction, endometrial receptivity modelling, and personalised stimulation protocols. Current applications integrate artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, time-lapse imaging, and omics data to create comprehensive virtual models. Early evidence suggests improvements in embryo selection accuracy, ovarian response prediction, and treatment protocol optimization, though large-scale randomized controlled trials remain limited. Implementation challenges include data integration complexity, computational requirements, regulatory considerations, and validation requirements. CONCLUSION: Digital twin technology represents a paradigm shift in IVF practice, offering personalised, predictive, and precision medicine approaches. This review synthesizes existing evidence to propose an integrative conceptual model for digital twin implementation across the IVF treatment spectrum, identifies critical knowledge gaps, and establishes research priorities to advance clinical translation. Despite current limitations, continued advancement promises improved success rates and patient outcomes.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Professionalizing the practice of public policy in the prevention of violence.

The State of the Science Conference Statement on "Preventing Violence and Related Health-Risking Social Behaviors in Adolescents" accurately summarizes the state of knowledge regarding risk factors for violence and intervention efficacy. The Statement missed an opportunity, however, to move the field of prevention practice and policy forward by advocating for more systematic, central review of preventive interventions through a new federal regulatory body, such as an "FDA for Preventive Interventions." This body would provide review of evidence-based programs and aid decision-making in funding. As a complement to this body, decision-makers also need guidelines in evidence-based practice in ambiguous circumstances, which characterize much of the reality of public policy. Therefore, this new regulatory body should be accompanied by guidelines for evidence-based practice in intervention and policy. Finally, in order to move forward both of these concepts, a National Academy of Sciences Panel should convene to deliberate how these concepts can be implemented.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Patentability of life and ethics.

Patent law has relied in part on ethical considerations since its inception in Europe. Such considerations have been introduced more recently in the United States. Whereas the EU Directive on the protection on the occasion of the Human Genome Project of biotechnological inventions was intended to foster economic development in Europe, its implementation is outweighted by controversy about patenting life and commercialization of science. The confusion created must be cleared at the international level through harmonization of patent office policies preventing abusive commercial practices in the absence of inventiveness.

Biotechnology↗

PubMed2026

Systematic review of the mutations in the active antigenic site Ø of the prefusion F protein of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) following the implementation of monoclonal antibody prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibody (mAb) nirsevimab, which targets the antigenic site Ø of the prefusion F protein (pre-F) of RSV, was introduced for RSV prophylaxis in several countries. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted between January 1, 2022, and July 31, 2026 for studies analyzing substitutions within the epitope of pre-F RSV protein, which is the target of nirsevimab, after the implementation of the mAb. We searched across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ClinicalTrial.gov for studies involving children with confirmed RSV infection, that conducted genomic analysis. RESULTS: Seven studies (five observational and two randomized controlled trials) including 2156 RSV-positive samples (RSV-A: 1347, RSV-B: 809) were analyzed. RSV-A strains showed limited variability within antigenic site Ø, with K65R being the most common substitution and K209E being the only intermediate-resistance RSV-A substitution. RSV-B strains demonstrated substantially higher substitution frequencies, particularly involving I206M, Q209R, and S211N. Most identified substitutions appeared to represent naturally occurring polymorphisms and retained susceptibility to nirsevimab, while multiple RSV-B substitutions and combinations involving residues 64-68 and 204-208 demonstrated reduced susceptibility or high-level resistance. Resistance-associated variants were detected in 28 of 2156 (1.3%) RSV-positive samples and exclusively among nirsevimab breakthrough infections. In a sub-analysis restricted to nirsevimab-treated individuals, resistance-associated variants were significantly more frequent among RSV-B than RSV-A (9.8% vs 0.5%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Most substitutions that were detected within the nirsevimab antigenic site reflect ongoing natural RSV evolution and do not significantly affect nirsevimab susceptibility. However, detection of resistance-associated variants highlights the importance of continuous genomic and phenotypic surveillance.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Partnership for a nurse practitioner-directed student health primary care center.

Since 1991, the George Mason University Student Health Center (SHC) has been a primary health care center directed by College of Nursing and Health Science (CNHS) nurse practitioner (NP) faculty. This model was planned and implemented through a partnership between the CNHS and Student Services. From September 1991 until the present, the number of student visits has more than doubled, and the offered services have tripled without a comparable increase in budget and with minimal expansion of space. The student population now has access to comprehensive quality primary care services on-site at a relatively small investment per student. The focus of care goes beyond simply managing current health care needs by emphasizing prevention of future health problems, wellness, and quality of life. In addition, negotiations with surrounding specialists have resulted in a prompt and cost-effective referral system as needed by conditions exceeding the capabilities of the SHC providers. Responses to student surveys regarding the quality, availability, and cost of care, as well as the process involved in receiving that care, indicate the highest level of satisfaction among students using these services. The CNHS has a fertile, convenient faculty practice site as well as several clinical placements for NP as well as undergraduate students. This NP faculty-directed SHC offers a cost-effective, consumer-responsive alternative for delivering primary care services to the members of the university community.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed2006

Reactivity-based VOC control for solvent products: more efficient ozone reduction strategies.

It has been almost 40 years since scientists and regulators began to publicly recognize that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) differ in their potential to form ozone. Since 1977, our understanding of the mechanisms by which VOCs contribute to ozone formation has grown substantially. An assessment of the science indicates that we now have sufficient understanding to develop and implement a more efficient approach to VOC control policy that will promote smarter, more cost-effective VOC controls. Furthermore, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recently published Interim Guidance on Control of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ozone State Implementation Plans "encourages States to consider recent scientific information on the photochemical reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the development of State implementation plans (SIPs)." As has been demonstrated by the California Air Resources Board's Aerosol Coatings Rule and the recent experience in Houston addressing high-reactivity VOCs, reactivity-based regulations may be more effective and efficient than mass-based rules in many applications. It is time for regulators, industry, and other stakeholders to work togetherto accelerate efforts to bring about a new paradigm in VOC control, in which the focus is on the ozone-forming potential of VOC emissions, rather than the mass of VOCs emitted.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2000

Quality use of medicines: where does pharmacology 'end'? Invited ASCEPT Lecture. Australasian Society of Clinic and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists.

1. Pharmacology can be defined very narrowly (e.g. as solely a laboratory based specialty) or more broadly to include issues surrounding rational drug use in the community. 2. While the hypothetio-deductive approach is more clearly in evidence in laboratory and clinical pharmacological experimentation, it is no less important in the comparatively less-well charted area of drug use in the community. 3. Just as laboratory pharmacology has built new partnerships with molecular biology and genetics, the exploration of community drug use brings pharmacologists into partnership with other disciplines (epidemiology, economics, behavioural science) and other sectors (consumers, government, health professionals and industry). 4. Implementing Australia's Quality Use of Medicines Policy (1992) has led to vigorous exploration of issues and problems in medicinal drug use in the community and much scientific study of causes and potential interventions to improve the situation. 5. The Australian National Prescribing Service (1998) is attempting to bring an evidence-based approach to the many facets of prescribing and drug use, by prescribers and consumers alike. 6. Innovation commonly occurs at the interface between the boundaries of traditional disciplines.

Australia↗

PubMed2006

REMORA: a pilot in the ocean of BioMoby web-services.

UNLABELLED: Emerging web-services technology allows interoperability between multiple distributed architectures. Here, we present REMORA, a web server implemented according to the BioMoby web-service specifications, providing life science researchers with an easy-to-use workflow generator and launcher, a repository of predefined workflows and a survey system. CONTACT: Jerome.Gouzy@toulouse.inra.fr AVAILABILITY: The REMORA web server is freely available at http://bioinfo.genopole-toulouse.prd.fr/remora, sources are available upon request from the authors.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed2005

Oracle Database 10g: a platform for BLAST search and Regular Expression pattern matching in life sciences.

As database management systems expand their array of analytical functionality, they become powerful research engines for biomedical data analysis and drug discovery. Databases can hold most of the data types commonly required in life sciences and consequently can be used as flexible platforms for the implementation of knowledgebases. Performing data analysis in the database simplifies data management by minimizing the movement of data from disks to memory, allowing pre-filtering and post-processing of datasets, and enabling data to remain in a secure, highly available environment. This article describes the Oracle Database 10g implementation of BLAST and Regular Expression Searches and provides case studies of their usage in bioinformatics. http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/index.html.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed1996

Graduate nursing education. What are the benefits and costs to hospitals?

In 1989, Hermann Hospital and University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center School of Nursing applied for and received approval to implement a 5-year demonstration project funded by the Health Care Finance Administration using Medicaid pass-through funds to educate nurses at the graduate level. The project aimed to evaluate the impact of advanced practice nurses and researchers on the practice of professional nursing at a 655-bed acute-care hospital in a large metropolitan area. The authors describe the factors that served to galvanize the two institutions to apply for such a grant, discuss the barriers encountered along the course of the project, and list the outcomes achieved by 1994 or project end. Predictions regarding the second 5-year segment (phase 2) are summarized as well. The article includes suggestions to other institutions interested in replicating such a project.

Clinical Nursing Research↗

PubMed2002

Computationally intensive econometrics using a distributed matrix-programming language.

This paper reviews the need for powerful computing facilities in econometrics, focusing on concrete problems which arise in financial economics and in macroeconomics. We argue that the profession is being held back by the lack of easy-to-use generic software which is able to exploit the availability of cheap clusters of distributed computers. Our response is to extend, in a number of directions, the well-known matrix-programming interpreted language Ox developed by the first author. We note three possible levels of extensions: (i) Ox with parallelization explicit in the Ox code; (ii) Ox with a parallelized run-time library; and (iii) Ox with a parallelized interpreter. This paper studies and implements the first case, emphasizing the need for deterministic computing in science. We give examples in the context of financial economics and time-series modelling.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed1995

Principles of clinical medicine: an interdisciplinary integrated 2-year longitudinal course.

In keeping with the Report of the Panel on the General Professional Education of the Physician (Association of American Medical Colleges 1984), Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) School of Medicine is in the midst of revising its curriculum. After a 4-year process, the Curriculum Committee mandated development of the Principles of Clinical Medicine course, a 2-year longitudinal course integrating input from both basic and clinical science departments. We describe the steps leading to the course's implementation, its administrative and organizational structure, the evaluation of student performance, teacher training, course curriculum, and the use of interdisciplinary teaching. This course embodies many of the changes called for in the AAMC Report and serves as a model for interdisciplinary education.

Clinical Medicine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mediated modeling of the impacts of enhanced UV-B radiation on ecosystem services.

This article describes the use of group model building to facilitate interaction with stakeholders, synthesize research results and assist in the development of hypotheses about climate change at the global level in relation to UV-B radiation and ecosystem service valuation. The objective was to provide a platform for integration of the various research components within a multidisciplinary research project as a basis for interaction with stakeholders with backgrounds in areas other than science. An integrated summary of the scientific findings, along with stakeholder input, was intended to produce a bridge between science and policymaking. We used a mediated modeling approach that was implemented as a pilot project in Ushuaia, Argentina. The investigation was divided into two participatory workshops: data gathering and model evaluation. Scientists and the local stakeholders supported the valuation of ecosystem services as a useful common denominator for integrating the various scientific results. The concept of economic impacts in aquatic and marsh systems was represented by values for ecosystem services altered by UV-B radiation. In addition, direct local socioeconomic impacts of enhanced UV-B radiation were modeled, using data from Ushuaia. We worked with 5 global latitudinal regions, focusing on net primary production and biomass for the marine system and on 3 plant species for the marsh system. Ecosystem service values were calculated for both sectors. The synthesis model reflects the conclusions from the literature and from experimental research at the global level. UV-B is not a significant stress for the marshes, relative to the potential impact of increases in the sea level. Enhanced UV-B favors microbial dynamics in marine systems that could cause a significant shift from primary producers to bacteria at the community level. In addition, synergetic effects of UV-B and certain pollutants potentiate the shift to heterotrophs. This may impact the oceanic carbon cycle by increasing the ratio of respiratory to photosynthetic organisms in surface waters and, thus, the role of the ocean as a carbon sink for atmospheric CO2. In summary, although changes in the marine sector due to anthropogenic influences may affect global climate change, marshes are expected to primarily be affected by climate change.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Benchmarking: the key to influencing physicians.

Managing physicians to achieve cost reductions can seem impossible, especially when managed care penetration is low. Physicians feel little pressure to change when asked merely to cut costs, especially when their boat is not rocking. But physicians will respond to benchmarking data on CPT-coded procedures that are directly comparable to their own practices. When surgeons see that others take less time to perform a procedure and/or use fewer and lower cost supplies, their competitive spirits are aroused. They become inquisitive about why this is so and then are eager to change by trying new methods and improving their techniques. Science is the key motivator, not savings. When benchmarking recommendations are implemented in a facility, better practice and substantial cost savings are the positive results.

Benchmarking↗

PubMed1985

The book availability study as an objective measure of performance in a health sciences library.

In its search for an objective overall diagnostic evaluation, the University of Illinois Library of the Health Sciences' Program Evaluation Committee selected a book availability measure; it is easy to administer and repeat, results are reproducible, and comparable data exist for other academic and health sciences libraries. The study followed the standard methodology in the literature with minor modifications. Patrons searching for particular books were asked to record item(s) needed and the outcome of the search. Library staff members then determined the reasons for failures in obtaining desired items. The results of the study are five performance scores. The first four represent the percentage probability of a library's operating with ideal effectiveness; the last provides an overall performance score. The scores of the Library of the Health Sciences demonstrated no unusual availability problems. The study was easy to implement and provided meaningful, quantitative, and objective data.

Books↗

PubMed1983

Early outreach: career awareness for health professions.

"Early outreach" may be defined as a long-term, talent-development strategy designed to prepare a well qualified pool of disadvantaged and underrepresented minority applicants for entry into health professions schools, particularly medical schools. The concept of early outreach is to prepare, motivate, and educate talented, economically disadvantaged junior high or secondary school students to gain the necessary academic qualifications to make high school graduation, college attendance, and health careers a reality. In this paper the author defines the problem to which early outreach is addressed and discussed the contextual and historical background of the concept. A number of programs at the Health Sciences Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago designed and implemented to provide a model to achieve the concept of early outreach are described.

Career Choice↗

PubMed1995

Physicians for the 21st century: implications for medical practice, undergraduate preparation, and medical education.

Changes in medical education and the practice of medicine have resulted from the push for both education and health care reforms. Undergraduates planning application to medical school should broaden their preparation to include communications, computers, economics, and multicultural educational experiences. To prepare graduates for medical practice in the new millennium, the University of Kentucky College of Medicine has implemented a new curriculum focusing on integration of basic and clinical sciences, primary care in ambulatory sites, health promotion and disease prevention, and attention to the ethical, social, psychologic, and financial impact of disease upon the patient, family, and society.

Curriculum↗