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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Recovery of CNV area after nonresponse condition: inverted-U relation with arousal.

The effect of motor-response recovery after a nonresponse condition on the CNV was investigated in relation to the MPI in 53 healthy adults. The control CNV area before the nonresponse condition had an inverted-U relation to the extraversion score. At the recovery condition the inverted-U relation between the CNV area and the extraversion score shifted toward the lower extraversion score in those subjects who showed a shortened reaction time: i.e., the introverts, particularly the dysthymiacs, responded with the larger CNV area at the recovery condition than at the control condition. These results suggest that the dysthymiacs who possibly have obsession and depression are at a high arousal level and compel attention to a repetitive event as habituating.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Juxtaposed scripts, traits, and the dynamics of personality.

Although personality is theoretically composed of multiple facets that function in lively interrelatedness, the interplay among these multiplicities has mostly been missed by research that focuses on traits as the primary unit of personality. The juxtaposition of contrary interpersonal scripts is a promising way to capture dynamic processes of personality. A case study is used to illustrate the dynamic interplay between sociotropic (extraverted) and avoidant scripts. Whereas standard trait measures do not reveal how extraversion and avoidance co-relate in everyday experience, the dynamics are revealed by study of interpersonal scripts in narratives of memorable encounters. Similarities between the present approach and recent dialectical approaches to the self-concept are discussed (Hermans & Kempen, 1993). Such approaches, particularly when articulated so as to interface with more generalized units of personality, can be highly useful for advancing understanding of personality dynamics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drinking norms versus drinking behavior.

Data from 1002 households indicated that contextual factors (group size, subsequent activity) and individual difference factors (sex, extroversion, drinking frequency) differentially influenced consumption and normative ratings. These findings suggest that contextual cues serve as determinants of drinking norms and that drinking behavior reflects individual variation in sensitivity to these cues.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Demographic and psychosocial characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers in low-socioeconomic status rural Appalachian 2-parent families in Southern West Virginia.

CONTEXT: Rural Appalachian women living in poverty have a high prevalence of prenatal smoking; yet, few studies have examined this issue. PURPOSE: To investigate the demographic and psychosocial characteristics of prenatal smokers and nonsmokers in low-socioeconomic status, rural Appalachian 2-parent families. METHODS: During an 18-month period, two thirds of eligible low-socioeconomic status prenatal patients were recruited for a longitudinal study from a community health clinic in a rural West Virginia county. Data for the present report are from 92 women with a husband/partner (37 smokers and 55 nonsmokers) who completed a prenatal interview in the last trimester of pregnancy. This interview included demographics, personality traits, self-esteem problems, social support, and marital/partner relationship. FINDINGS: Compared to nonsmokers, prenatal smokers were less likely to have completed high school, less extroverted, and also had lower self-esteem, less intimate support, and more negative marital relationship. CONCLUSIONS: High school graduation and variables related to positive personality and supportive relationships distinguished smokers from nonsmokers. The causal relationship between these variables and prenatal smoking requires more work in larger and varied populations, and this study provides some direction for ongoing longitudinal investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Empirical classification of emotional adjustment reactions.

The validity of a diagnostic classification scheme for the emotional adjustment reactions of children is tested, and empirical findings are offered in support of a descriptive approach to classification. Results validate clinical observations of four types of children commonly seen for emotional adjustment reactions. Further research is proposed to develop instruments for personality assessment that would be sensitive to these categories.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1976

Qualitative analysis of the performance of introverts and extraverts on Standard Progressive Matrices.

The present study was designed to bring out the differences between extraverts and introverts on Standard Progressive Matrices. A group of 100 subjects of equal number of sexes were given a qualitative analysis of their performance on SPM. The study brought out the initial superiority of extraverts over introverts. But with passage of time and increase in difficulty level the introverts did significantly better as shown both by the t-ratios and the F-ratios. Personality interacted with sex to yield differences in performance of wrong scores only. These findings were discussed in terms of arousal, cortical excitation and reactive inhibition.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

Impulsivity/sociability and reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning.

The present investigation was designed to study the relationship between impulsivity/sociability and modes of reinforcement in verbal operant conditioning. Two 2x3 randomized block designs, one each for impulsivity and sociability, were replicated ten times. One hundred and twenty undergraduate female students (60 for impulsivity and 60 for sociability) were individually subjected to Taffel's verbal conditioning procedure. When the conditioning scores of high and low scorers on the impulsivity and sociability scales were compared, it was found that under rewarding conditions ('good' and 'buzzer' in respect of sociability and 'good' in respect of impulsivity) the high scorers' score and under punishing conditions ('electric shock') the low scorers' score was the higher of the two. The study also revealed that the high scorers (on the impulsivity scale) conditioned more under rewarding conditions while the low scorers (both on the impulsivity and sociability scales) conditioned more under punishing ones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Control of their environment reduces emotionality in rats.

Rats reared from birth in a "contingent environment" in which they controlled lighting conditions and the delivery of food and water were compared as adults to rats reared in an environment in which they received the same food, water, and lighting conditions, but without control over their occurrence. Rats reared in the contingent environment were less emotional, as judged by activity and defecation scores in open-field testing.

Animals↗