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PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibition effect of dietary inulin and oligofructose on the growth of transplantable mouse tumor.

BACKGROUND: The influence of 15% inulin or oligofructose incorporated in to the basal diet on the growth of transplantable mouse tumor (TLT) was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This dietary treatment was performed starting at day 7 before tumor transplantation and continued until the end of observation. The results were evaluated by the mortality rates in the ascitic form of tumor, or by twice weekly solid tumor measurements, with vernier caliper. Mortality rates in ascitic tumors and mean solid tumor surface in these experimental groups was compared with those of animals from control groups fed basal diet without supplementary beta (2-1) fructans. RESULTS: The growth of both forms of transplantable mouse tumors was significantly inhibited by the supplementation of the diet with inulin or oligofructose. CONCLUSION: Such a nontoxic dietary treatment appears to be easily used ad without any risk for patients, and is applicable as an adjuvant factor to classical protocols of human cancer therapy.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Separation and quantification of inulin in selected artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cultivars and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale WEB. ex WIGG.) roots by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.

The profile of fructooligosaccharides and fructopolysaccharides in artichoke heads and dandelion roots was investigated. For this purpose, a suitable method for high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometic detection was developed. The separation of monomers, oligomers and polymers up to a chain length of 79 sugar residues was achieved in one single run. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and individual fructooligosaccharides (kestose, nystose, fructofuranosylnystose) were quantified in six different artichoke cultivars and in dandelion roots. The contents ranged from 12.9 g/kg DM to 71.7 g/kg DM for glucose, from 15.8 g/kg DM to 67.2 g/kg DM for fructose, and from 16.8 g/kg DM to 55.2 g/kg DM for sucrose in the artichoke heads. Kestose was the predominant fructooligosaccharide, followed by nystose and fructofuranosylnystose. In four cultivars fructofuranosylnystose was only detectable in traces and reached its maximum value of 3.6 g/kg DM in the cultivar Le Castel. Furthermore, an average degree of polymerization of 5.3 to 16.7 was calculated for the individual artichoke cultivars, which is noticeably lower than hitherto reported. In contrast, the contents of kestose, nystose and fructofuranosylnystose in dandelion root exceeded that of artichoke, reflecting the short chain characteristic of the inulin, which was confirmed by chromatographic analysis.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1984

Inulin-induced activation of factor B in whole serum: description of structural modifications in the Ba fragment.

The investigation of inulin-induced conversion of human factor B in serum by isoelectrofocusing revealed physiological modifications in the primary structure of the Ba fragment. Evidence has been obtained that a nascent Ba, generated by the hydrolytic action of the D component on B in serum, was a short-lived product and that a fast release of carboxy-terminal arginine and lysine residues occurred involving a serum carboxypeptidase B enzyme.

3-Mercaptopropionic Acid↗
PubMed2003

The Sr1 gene that controls diversity of the anti-inulin antibody response maps to mouse chromosome 14.

Previous studies demonstrated that the diversity of the antibody response of mice to the inulin (In) determinant of bacterial levan is regulated by the gene Spectrotype Regulation 1 ( Sr1). BALB/c mice produce a monoclonal anti-In response as shown by isoelectric focusing analysis. In contrast, the anti-In antibody response of (BALB/cxC57BL/6)F1 mice is significantly more heterogeneous. We performed a backcross and a genome-wide scan with microsatellite markers and found that Sr1 is tightly linked to D14Mit121 on chromosome (Chr) 14. This location for Sr1 was supported by analysis of CXB Recombinant Inbred strains. We further confirmed this by finding that the Chr 14 congenic mouse strain B6.C-H8 lacks the C57BL/6 allele of the Sr1 gene, indicating that Sr1 is located in the segment of Chr 14 replaced with BALB/c donor DNA. These data place Sr1 near to or coincident with the Tcra/Tcrd T-cell receptor gene complex and suggest a role for T cells in diversifying the anti-In response.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inulinase production by a marine yeast Pichia guilliermondii and inulin hydrolysis by the crude inulinase.

Marine yeast strain 1, isolated from the surface of a marine alga, was found to secrete a large amount of inulinase into the medium. This marine yeast was identified as a strain of Pichia guilliermondii according to the results of routine yeast identification and molecular methods. The crude inulinase produced by this marine yeast worked optimally at pH 6.0 and 60 degrees C. The optimal medium for inulinase production was seawater containing 4.0% (w/v) inulin and 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, while the optimal cultivation conditions for inulinase production were pH 8.0, 28 degrees C and 170 rpm. Under the optimal conditions, over 60 U ml(-1) of inulinase activity was produced within 48 h of fermentation in shake flasks. A large amount of monosaccharides and a trace amount of oligosaccharides were detected after the hydrolysis, indicating that the crude inulinase had a high exoinulinase activity.

Carbon↗
PubMed1983

Hemoglobin-inulin conjugate as an oxygen carrying blood substitute.

Pyridoxylated hemoglobin was modified with the activated ester of inulin. From the oxygen equilibrium curve, this conjugate was estimated to have about fivefold oxygen carrying capacity compared with a free hemoglobin. The half disappearance time of this conjugate in the circulation of a rat was 21 hours in contrast to 3 hours of a free hemoglobin. The oncotic pressure and the viscosity can be adjusted nearly equal to those of whole blood. This conjugate can be concluded to have sufficient properties for use as a blood substitute.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Modulation of the biological effects of glucosinolates by inulin and oat fibre in gnotobiotic rats inoculated with a human whole faecal flora.

The influence of dietary fibre on the biological effects of glucosinolates was investigated in gnotobiotic rats harbouring a human whole faecal flora. Animals were fed for 6 wk with diets containing 12% rapeseed meal (RSM) supplemented or not supplemented with 10% inulin (INL) or oat fibre. Both fibre types enhanced the liver hypertrophy due to RSM to equal extents, but had different effects on the other glucosinolate-related toxic effects. INL partially restored a normal thyroid hormone status whereas kidney weight, goitre and growth deficit were increased on exposure to the diet containing oat fibre. Oat fibre and, to a lesser extent, INL modulated the alterations of digestive xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) induced by RSM. They counter-balanced the induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and lessened the induction of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase in the liver but did not modify depletion of its activity in the small intestine. On the other hand, they enhanced the induction of glutathione S-transferase in the liver and the large intestine but not in the small intestine. These findings give new evidence that the biological effects of naturally occurring non-nutrient compounds are closely dependent on the composition of the diet. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain the different influence of INL and oat fibre on RSM toxicity. Their different fermentative characteristics could lead to a modulation of the bacterial metabolism of glucosinolates in the caecum. Alternatively, their own action on the digestive XME could modify the subsequent metabolism of bacterial glucosinolate derivatives.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Reduced permeation of 14C-sucrose, 3H-mannitol and 3H-inulin across blood-brain barrier in nephrectomized rats.

Experiments were carried out to determine if changes in the concentration-time profile of a blood-borne radiotracer such as 14C-sucrose would spuriously alter measurements of its permeation across the blood-brain barrier (permeability-area product, PA) based on a 2-compartment (plasma/brain) simple diffusion model. Anesthetized rats which were bilaterally nephrectomized and given a standard intravenous bolus injection of 14C-sucrose, 3H-mannitol or 3H-inulin exhibited an elevated plasma tracer concentration compared to control animals. However, tracer concentration measured in brain parenchyma after 30 min was not proportionally elevated, and PA calculated from the ratio, parenchymal tracer concentration: plasma concentration-time integral, was significantly reduced below control values. In control rats, distortion and elevation of the plasma 14C-sucrose profile by continuous intravenous infusion did not result in lowered PA values. This suggested that the lowering of PA by nephrectomy reflected reduced cerebrovascular permeability or area or other cerebral influence rather than a deficiency in the 2-compartment model for PA measurement.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

NMR characterisation of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides as the major water-soluble carbohydrates from Matricaria maritima (L.).

By use of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy including 2D 1H,1H DQF-COSY/TOCSY and 1H,13C HMQC/HMBC experiments, the main water-soluble carbohydrate components extracted from leaves of Matricaria maritima were identified as oligofructans composed of a linear chain of (2-->1)-linked beta-D-fructofuranosyl residues specifying an inulin-type structure. Alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->2)-[beta-D-Fruf-(2-->1)-beta-D-Frucf]n-(2-->1)-beta-D-Fruf.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Complex melting of semi-crystalline chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) root inulin.

When concentrated solutions (30-45% by weight) of inulin (degree of polymerization 2-66, number average degree of polymerization 12) are cooled at 1 degree C/min or 0.25 degree C/min from 96 degrees C to 20 degrees C, suspensions of semi-crystalline material in water are formed. A thermal nucleation process was detected by optical microscopy: the 8-like shaped crystallites resulting from primary nucleation at higher temperature are larger than those resulting from secondary nucleation at lower temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms display melting profiles with three to four partly overlapping endotherms that vary as a function of concentration, cooling rate during crystallization and storage time at 25 degrees C of the crystallite suspension. Recrystallization during melting was observed. The wide-angle X-ray scattering patterns of the samples at 25 degrees C correspond to those of the hydrated crystal polymorph. The structural changes during melting indicated the existence of a single crystal polymorph throughout melting. A periodicity of 95 A, arising from alternating regions of different electron density, is detected in the small angle X-ray scattering patterns at 25 degrees C. The stepwise increase of the long period upon heating is related to the existence of two types of lamellar stacks: one with a higher long period, resulting from the primary nucleation and thus crystallized at high temperature, and a second one with a smaller long period, formed by crystallization at lower temperature. The lamellae formed at low temperature melt at a lower temperature than those formed at high temperature, explaining the existence of the two DSC-endotherms.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗
PubMed1997

Integration of inulin determination in the AOAC method for measurement of total dietary fibre.

A suitable modification of the standard AOAC method for the measurement of dietary fibre is proposed to quantitatively include beta-fructans in the determination of the soluble dietary fibre fraction and as a consequence in the related total dietary fibre fraction. The standard AOAC method is modified by including a preheated commercial inulinase, Novozym SP 230, to the amyloglucosidase incubation step. It was previously outlined that this commercial inulinase contains some pectolytic activity. It is now demonstrated that a heat pretreatment of this enzyme preparation at 60 degrees C for 2 h eliminates this pectolytic activity while keeping sufficient activity to hydrolyse all the inulin from the soluble fibre fraction.

Dietary Fiber↗
PubMed2003

Process for producing the potential food ingredient DFA III from inulin: screening, genetic engineering, fermentation and immobilisation of inulase II.

Difructose anhydride (DFA III) is a new potential sweet food additive. A screening was undertaken to isolate bacterial strains for conversion of inulin to DFA. Of special interest were thermotolerant enzymes. Some 400 strains were investigated, among four of them produce DFA and strain Buo141 expresses an extracellular enzyme which is stable at elevated temperatures. Based on metabolic data and 16S-rRNA-sequencing, the strain was identified as a new Arthrobacter species. For increased enzyme production, the inulase gene was cloned into E. coli XL1-blue, inulase II was expressed and its activity detected. After identifying the cleavage site, the sequence coding for a signal-peptide was eliminated from the plasmid and a beneficial amino acid exchange introduced by error-prone PCR. The recombinant E. coli was fermented to 10.5 g/l and after disruption an activity of 1.76 MioU/l was observed. The enzyme was flocculated from supernatant and entrapped in calcium alginate hydrogels. To enable production of uniform and small beads JetCutter technology was used with a production rate of 5600 beads/(snozzle). The influence of bead diameter on activity was investigated. An activity of 196 U/g was measured for 600-microm beads.

Amino Acid Substitution↗
PubMed2003

Investigations into the stabilisation of drugs by sugar glasses: II. Delivery of an inulin-stabilised alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal lumen via the oral route.

In this study the possibility to deliver the acid-sensitive enzyme alkaline phosphatase (AP) from calf intestine (CIAP) to the intestinal system by oral administration was investigated. Tablets were prepared and in vitro evaluated. Final proof of concept studies were performed in rats. This acid labile enzyme is potentially useful in the treatment of sepsis, a serious condition during which endotoxins can migrate into the blood stream. The CIAP was freeze-dried with inulin and subsequently compacted into round biconvex tablets with a diameter of 4mm and a weight of 25-30 mg per tablet. The tablets were coated with an enteric coating in order to ensure their survival in the stomach. In vitro evaluation of tablets containing alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestine (BIAP) was the first step in the development. It was found that tablets without enteric coating dissolved rapidly in 0.10 M HCl with total loss of enzymatic activity of the alkaline phosphatase. Tablets that were coated were stable for at least 2 h in 0.10 M HCl, but dissolved rapidly when the pH was increased to 6.8. Furthermore, it was shown that the enzymatic activity of the released BIAP was fully preserved. The in vivo test clearly showed that the oral administration of enteric coated tablets resulted in the release of enzymatically active CIAP in the intestinal lumen of rats. The location of the enhanced enzymatic activity of AP in the intestines varied with the time that had passed between the administration of the tablets and the sacrificing of the rats. Also, the level of enzymatic activity increased with an increasing number of tablets that were administered.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Rapid microtiter plate assay for determination of inulin in human plasma and dialysate.

A rapid, sensitive, and reproducible microtiter plate assay for the determination of inulin in human plasma, dialysate, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was developed. Plasma or PBS samples (100 microl aliquots) were prepared by the addition of indole-3-acetic acid (150 microl) and HCl (3 ml) and then briefly vortex-mixed. Samples were then incubated in a 60 degrees C water bath for 20 min, cooled in a room temperature water bath for 40 min, then diluted with deionized, distilled water (DDW; 3 ml) and again vortex-mixed. Finally, an aliquot (200 microl) of each sample was transferred to a 96-well microtiter plate and read spectrophotometrically at 490 nm. Dialysate samples were processed in a similar manner, but required an initial enzymatic step in order to remove dextrose and minimize assay interference. Samples (100 microl aliquots) were prepared by the addition of glucose oxidase/catalase solution (100 microl), briefly vortex mixed, and then incubated in a 37 degrees C water bath for 60 min, samples were then reacted with indole-3-acetic acid as before. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.5-4 mg/ml or 0.025-0.4 mg/ml for plasma or PBS and dialysate, respectively; correlation coefficients (r(2)) were >0.99. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation in plasma, PBS, and dialysate were <15%. This method is well suited for the rapid analysis of large numbers of samples and is currently being used for in vitro investigations of solute removal by hemodialysis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

The effects of inulin supplementation of diets with or without hydrolysed protein sources on digestibility, faecal characteristics, haematology and immunoglobulins in dogs.

Dogs with food allergy are often treated by giving a diet with hydrolysed protein sources. Prebiotics might also be successful in prevention and treatment of allergic disease through their effect on the colonic microflora, analogous to studies on probiotics in allergic children. The present study was set up to investigate the effect of supplementing inulin (IN) to commercial hypoallergenic dog diets on apparent nutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics, haematology and Ig in dogs. Supplementation of 3 % IN did not affect faecal pH, food and water intake and urine production. Compared with the intact protein diet with a limited number of ingredients (L), the diet with a hydrolysed protein source (H) resulted in an increased water intake (P<0.001), which could be due to the osmotic effect of free amino acids. Faeces production was increased by IN due to increased faecal moisture content. Increased faeces production on the H diet was mainly due to a higher DM excretion. Subsequently, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of DM was lower in the H diet group. A similar result was noted for ADC of diethyl ether extract and crude ash. The ADC of crude protein was higher in the H diet group, whereas IN decreased the ADC of crude protein. Differences in the ADC of crude protein among the different diets disappeared after correction for a higher faecal biomass, except for the dogs fed the L+IN diet. Total faecal IgA concentrations were lower in the H group (P<0.05) because of lower antigenic stimulation of hydrolysed protein, which implies that hydrolysed protein is really hypoallergenic. The present study indicates that the use of hydrolysed protein diets for canine food allergy treatment can affect digestibility and that combination with IN affected apparent protein digestibility but not IgA response.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Heavy-chain variable-region sequence from an inulin-binding myeloma protein.

The entire variable-region sequence of the heavy chain from ABE-47N, a BALB/c inulin-binding myeloma protein, has been determined. This protein is unusual in that the third complementarity region (H3) is extremely short, consisting of at the most three and probably only one amino acid. A comparison of the heavy-chain hypervariable regions from mouse, human, and rabbit proteins shows that the variability in length of H3 is greater than that seen in the first or second hypervariable regions. This variability in H3 length suggests a specialized function for this region.

Amino Acid Sequence↗