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Results for “Neuromodulation”

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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Methionine enkephalin as a possible neuromodulator of regional cerebral blood flow.

In swine, cerebral blood flow was documented by a left ventricular injection of radiolabeled 15-micron spheres. Utilizing this procedure, the effect of the putative neurotransmitter methionine-enkephalin on regional cerebral blood flow was systemically evaluated. Our results revealed that a peripheral infusion of methionine enkephalin into miniature swine significantly increased cerebral blood flow in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, inferior parietal cortex and frontal cortex. Non-significant increases were observed in the hippocampus, occipital cortex and medulla oblongata while no effect on blood flow was observed in the pituitary gland. Significance of these results in the potential role of methionine enkephalin as a modulator of blood flow to the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Excitable membranes, lipid messengers, and immediate-early genes. Alteration of signal transduction in neuromodulation and neurotrauma.

The physical nature of neuronal cells, particularly in the functional and morphological segregation of synapse, soma, and dendrites, imparts special importance on the integrity of their cell membranes for the localization of function, generation of intrinsic second messengers, and plasticity required for adaptation and repair. The component phospholipids of neural membranes are important sources of bioactive mediators that participate in such diverse phenomena as memory formation and cellular damage following trauma. A common role for PAF in these processes is established through the suppressive effects of its antagonists. Furthermore, being both an extracellular and intracellular agonist of phospholipase activation, in addition to being a product of phospholipase activity, PAF assumes a centralized role in the cellular metabolism following neural stimulation. The linkage of PAF to neural immediate-early gene expression, both in vitro and in vivo, suggests that its effects are initiating to long-term formative and reparative processes. Such a common link between destructive and plastic responses provides an important view of cellular and tissue maintenance in the nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Initial results of Stoller peripheral neuromodulation in disorders of bladder function].

PURPOSE: The Stoller peripheral neurostimulation (SANS) is a new therapeutic procedure for bladder dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Each of 11 patients (8 women, 3 men) underwent 12 SANS treatment sessions. INDICATIONS: overactive bladder (5 patients), chronic nonobstructive urinary retention (3 patients) and pelvic pain (3 patients). Median follow-up was 3 months. RESULTS: In 2 overactive bladder patients, the number of voids was reduced by at least 50%. In one patient with chronic retention, residual urine was temporarily decreased to <100 cc. 2 pelvic pain patients reported a slight improvement. In summary, 50% of the patients demonstrated a temporary response. Only 2 overactive bladder patients reported a permanent objective and subjective improvement. No complications were observed. CONCLUSION: As the success rate was low and the procedure is time-consuming, we recommend the SANS procedure only in selected cases. We perform SANS treatment only in patients with overactive bladder refractory to conservative treatment. Prerequisites for a successful treatment is a high patient motivation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis: outcomes based on technique.

Patients with refractory interstitial cystitis (IC) underwent testing with sacral nerve modulation via either a traditional percutaneous approach or a staged procedure. Implanted patients were followed with scaled questionnaires and voiding diaries. Twenty-six patients who had a permanent InterStim placed had a reduction in 24-h voids of 51%. More than two-thirds of patients reported a moderate or marked improvement in urinary frequency, urgency, pelvic pain, pelvic pressure, incontinence and overall quality of life. The test to implant rate of a traditional percutaneous procedure was 52%, compared to a staged procedure of 94%. Assessing sensory response at the time of implant reduced the reoperation rate from 43% to 0%. Ninety-six per cent stated they would undergo an implant again and recommend the therapy to a friend. We concluded that sacral nerve modulation can treat refractory IC symptoms. The response to therapy and the reoperation rate are dependent on the technique used to test and implant the device.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Sacral neuromodulation in patients with interstitial cystitis: a multicenter clinical trial.

Female patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) unresponsive to standard oral and intravesical therapy were enrolled at three clinical sites for percutaneous sacral nerve root stimulation (PNS) in a prospective, observational pilot study. Evaluation was in the form of a 3-day voiding diary completed both prior to and following the commencement of sacral nerve root stimulation. Symptoms were also assessed by the O'Leary-Sant Interstitial Cystitis Symptom and Problem Indices (ICSI and ICPI). Baseline and test stimulation values for voiding diary parameters and O'Leary-Sant scores were compared to determine treatment efficacy. A total of 33 patients were enrolled. Statistically significant improvements were seen in frequency, pain, average voided volume and maximum voided volume. Significant improvements were also seen in ICSI and ICPI scores. Subacute PNS appears to be effective in reducing symptom severity and increasing voided volumes in patients with IC previously unresponsive to standard therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Effects of cholinergic neuromodulation in cerebellar flocculus on transparent motion processing in the rabbit.

The way a rabbit moves its eyes in response to a stimulus consisting of two moving random dot patterns largely depends on the relative luminances of the two patterns. Concurrent rotation of the animal enhances the response to the visual pattern that represents the same head movement as the vestibular stimulation. In this paper we investigate the role that the flocculus plays in this behaviour. We injected the non-selective acetylcholine agonist carbachol into the flocculus. These injections are known to increase the gain of the optokinetic reflex, but have a smaller effect on the vestibulo-ocular reflex. We investigated the effect on the oculomotor response to (vestibulo-) transparent stimuli, where one pattern oscillated sinusoidally and the other pattern was stable with respect to the head. We found that the injections caused a higher response gain at a lower luminance of the oscillating pattern. Furthermore the influence of concurrent vestibular stimulation decreased. These findings agree with a role of the flocculus that is downstream of the visual normalisation, but upstream of the visual-vestibular interaction.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2006

The emerging role of cannabinoid neuromodulators in symptom management.

INTRODUCTION: The cannabinoids nabilone (Cesamet) and dronabinol (Marinol) are indicated for the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in cancer patients who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic therapy. DISCUSSION: The endocannabinoid (CB) system interacts with numerous other systems and pharmaceutical cannabinoids target ubiquitous CB1 and CB2 receptors in the central nervous system and periphery, relieving nausea and vomiting and pain. SUMMARY: The benefits of this novel class of medications in cancer may extend beyond CINV, as indicated by data from preclinical studies and animal models.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Sacral nerve neuromodulation improves physical, psychological and social quality of life in patients with fecal incontinence.

There are several therapeutic options for fecal incontinence but often they do not achieve good results in the long run. This study dealt with sacral nerve modulation, a new therapeutic option. Twenty-one patients underwent pudendal nerve evaluation (PNE) at our institution. Nine patients were affected by both fecal and urinary incontinence, 3 had fecal incontinence and anal pain, 5 had fecal incontinence and pelvic floor dyssynergia, and 4 had isolated fecal incontinence. They underwent morphological, functional and psychological tests prior to PNE, showing no sphincter rupture, almost normal anal pressures, impaired rectal sensation and deficient psychological pattern. All patients underwent at least two nerve evaluations. Four of 21 patients (19%) were selected to receive a permanent sacral electrode, as PNE seemed to have improved their symptoms by >75%. A median follow-up of 15 months (range, 6-24 months) showed that this method decreases weekly episodes of incontinence and increases maximal squeeze pressure. We demonstrated an increase in basal pressure in 3 of 4 patients (all with isolated fecal incontinence). Rectal sensation threshold decreased in three patients; urge threshold decreased in two patients and increased in two patients, but in each patient we got a stabilization. We evaluated the quality of life by applying the Short Form Health Survey test (SF-36). All 4 patients showed a significant increase in the scores of physical, emotional and social role functioning after the permanent implant. In conclusion, sacral nerve modulation may improve physical, physiological and social quality of life in selected groups of incontinent patients without gross sphincter lesions and with impaired rectal sensation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Neuromodulation: spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation.

Spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation for relief of chronic intractable pain have been used since the mid-1960s. Multiple mechanisms of action have been theorized without a clear-cut winner. The early frustrations with patient selection criteria and equipment difficulties have diminished secondary to carefully controlled studies and improvements in equipment designs. Efficacy studies consistently show an overall 50% improvement in long-term pain control in patients who have failed conservative or other invasive modalities. With improvements in today's technology, one hopes that better analgesia will be attainable.

Electric Stimulation Therapy↗
PubMed2004

Neuromodulating drugs for the symptomatic treatment of neuropathic pain.

Significant improvement of neuropathic pain has been achieved with studies that have demonstrated efficacy of newer anticonvulsants in relieving this type of pain, by having a neuromodulatory effect on the hyperexcitable damaged nervous system. Two drugs from this class, gabapentin and lamotrigine, have been submitted to a number of clinical trials. Ease of use and broad therapeutic range, in addition to demonstrated efficacy, make gabapentin the drug of choice for most neuropathic pain disorders. Lamotrigine is well tolerated when it is titrated slowly, which also is the way to avoid the development of a rash. Pregabalin, the newest agent that has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia, is awaiting approval. A number of available anticonvulsants are undergoing clinical trials and many drugs with neuromodulatory properties are being considered for further development.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1984

Stimulation of synaptosomal uptake of neurotransmitter amino acids by insulin: possible role of insulin as a neuromodulator.

Insulin stimulates in a dose-dependent manner (concentration range of 0.1 - 10 microM) the synaptosomal uptake of amino acids characterized by high-affinity, Na+-dependent, veratridine-sensitive transport systems. This stimulation is observed in synaptosomes prepared from each of several regions of the adult rat brain. Both the initial rate of amino acid uptake and the overall capacity for amino acid accumulation are increased. Since these transport systems have been associated with the neurotransmitter role of the amino acids, we postulate that insulin can modulate neurotransmission in the rat central nervous system by increasing the efficiency of neuroactive amino acid reuptake.

Amino Acids↗