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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources

PubMed1978

Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin: dosage nomograms for impaired renal function.

The pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin were characterized in patients with creatinine clearances ranging from 0 to 147 ml/min. Each of 24 fasted subjects received a single 500-mg oral dose of cefaclor, and 13 of these subjects later received 500 mg of cephalexin. Serum and urine levels of the antibiotics were measured by bioassay. The serum half-lives were highly correlated with corrected creatinine clearance (cefaclor r = 0.92, cephalexin r = 0.94). Linear regression estimates of the half-life of cefaclor were 2.3 h in the anephric patient and 40 min in the patient with a corrected creatinine clearance of 100 ml/min. For cephalexin, corresponding half-lives were 15.4 h and 58 min. We present a dosage nomogram for calculating the appropriate adjustments to the loading dose based on patient weight and maintenence dose based on corrected creatinine clearance.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin: Dosage nomogram for patients with impaired renal function.

Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration were studied in patients with normal renal function, with impaired renal function, and during hemodialysis. The average urinary recovery was 68% in patients with normal renal function. Serum half-life was highly correlated (r = 0.967) with creatinine clearance corrected for body weight. Expected half-life was 71 min for a corrected creatinine clearance of 100 ml/min per 70 kg and 16 h in the anephric patient. Average amoxicillin half-life on hemodialysis was 3.6 h. We present a dosage nomogram for making appropriate adjustments to loading dose based on patient weight and maintenance dose based on corrected creatinine clearance.

Amoxicillin↗

PubMed1994

Surface area estimation: pocket calculator v nomogram.

Three sheets of 10 surface area determinations were completed by 10 subjects using a nomogram and a formula. The formula was faster to calculate, 4.27 v 7.6 minutes for each sheet, and resulted in fewer serious errors (three v 30 errors).

Body Surface Area↗

PubMed1975

Identification of high risk labours by labour nomogram.

The labour stencil representing the expected cervimetric progress of normal labour was used in 741 consecutive spontaneous labours to identify high-risk labours which needed oxytocic stimulation. Uterine contractions were stimulated if progress extended two hours past the nomogram, which resulted in shorter labours, fewer instrumental deliveries and caesarean sections, and babies with higher Apgar scores than in those dysfunctional labours which were not stimulated. According to the protocol used 36% of primigravid and 13% of multigravid labours needed acceleration. The remaining patients did not need any oxytocic interference during the first stage. This selection of patients is important to prevent a major obstetric advance being abused and discredited at a time when the profession and public are questioning the safety of active labour.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗

PubMed1996

The number needed to treat: a clinically useful nomogram in its proper context.

The number needed to treat is a meaningful way of expressing the benefit of an active treatment over a control. It can be used either for summarising the results of a therapeutic trial or for medical decision making about an individual patient, but its use at the bedside has been impeded by the need for time consuming calculations. A nomogram has therefore been devised that will greatly simplify the calculations. Since calculations are now easy, the number needed to treat can be used to access the value of several interventions, although it does have its limitations. In particular it should not be used when it is not known whether the relative risk reduction associated with an intervention is constant for all levels of risk, or for periods of time longer than that studied in the original trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1972

Nomograms for calculation of heat loss.

Two nomograms are presented. The first enables the mean surface and body temperatures and the body heat content of a patient of given weight to be determined from measurements of skin temperature at three sites and of the core (rectal) temperature. The second enables the change in heat content of such a patient to be determined from the change in mean body temperature.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1977

Nomogram for calculation of left ventricular volumes.

A nomogram has been devised for the rapid derivation of left ventricular volumes from single-plane angiograms obtained in the 30 degrees right anterior oblique projection. The left ventricular volumes are derived from the use of the area-length formula of Dodge. The computed left ventricular volumes may then be adjusted to correspond to the actual volumes by an appropriate conversion chart.

Cardiac Volume↗

PubMed1979

Nomogram to calculate oxygen consumption.

A nomogram has been devised for the rapid derivation of the oxygen consumption from the expired minute volume and the fractional concentrations of expired CO2 and O2.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed1979

A nomogram for time-dose-fractionation factors.

Time-Dose-Fractionation (TDF) factors have been defined mathematically and listed in table form. A rapid reference, single-page nomogram representation of these factors is presented here.

Humans↗

PubMed1997

US-based evaluation of hemodynamic parameters in the common carotid artery: a nomogram trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate hemodynamic data of the common carotid artery (CCA) with an ultrasound (US)-based technique in an age- and sex-matched healthy population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurements from a color M-mode tracing of each CCA in 205 healthy subjects (age range, 20-87 years) were performed with a time domain processing system. Lumen change of the color M-mode tracing, flow velocity, volume flow rate, and diastolic volume index (DVI) were calculated five times. Blood pressure was measured after the US examination. Fifteen subjects were excluded from the nomogram trial because of hypertension, and 12 and four subjects were excluded because of an asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis or atrial fibrillation, respectively. RESULTS: Mean volume flow rate in the CCA of the remaining 174 healthy volunteers was 415.0 mL/min +/- 87.0 (men [n = 84], 441.0 mL/min +/- 95.5; women [n = 90], 390.2 mL/min +/- 70.5). The following statistically significant associations were noted: between vessel lumen and sex and blood pressure; between peak systolic velocity and sex and age; between volume flow rate and sex, age, and systolic blood pressure; and between DVI and age, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Time domain processing is an intrasessionally well-reproducible US method for measuring velocities and volume flow in the CCA.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Nomogram for estimating standard PaO2 and alveolar-arterial gradient for oxygen during ventilation with room air.

Standard arterial oxygen pressure is a calculated value which must be in arterial blood in the given lung function when all conditions of estimation are standard--PACO2 40 mm Hg, barometric pressure 760 mm Hg and respiratory exchange ratio 0.85. For practical purposes, a nomogram was constructed for estimating SPaO2 and arterial alveolar oxygen difference during breathing with room air. It will give us a possibility of comparing estimations made in different conditions. The mean error for AaDO2 is 0.4 mm Hg, which is acceptable for clinical purposes.

Atmospheric Pressure↗

PubMed1976

Cephazolin: a comparison to ampicillin in respiratory and urinary infections with dosage regulation by a nomogram.

Cephazolin sodium was shown to be as effective as ampicillin in the treatment of respiratory and urinary system infections in patients who were infected with susceptible organisms and had a much less troublesome side reaction rate of hypersensitivity type. In addition, it was found that predictable blood levels of cephazolin could be obtained in patients with renal failure when dosage was regulated according to a nomogram calculated from the patient's serum half-life based on clearance of creatinine.

Ampicillin↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A dosage nomogram for sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension under anesthesia.

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used to produce deliberate hypotension in 30 selected patients, 9 to 78 years of age, for total hip replacement under halothane-N2O-O2 anesthesia. Hypotension was induced in the first 13 patients by infusing a 0.01% (100 mug/ml) solution of nitroprusside (NP) in 5% dextrose. Blood pressure was diminished to a level just producing a dry surgical field. Preliminary data demonstrated that the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) achieving this condition was 65 torr (p less than 0.01) and that the minute dosage of NP (mug/min) required to consistently reduce MAP to 65 torr could not be predicted on the basis of body weight. However, the age/weight ratio (yr/kg) of each patient, plotted against the known minute dosage of NP given during anesthesia, produced a highly significant dose-response curve (p less than 0.001, r = -0.8226). The preliminary dose-response curve was examined in a double-blind study on an additional 17 patients. The curve derived from the prospective study did not differ from that of the preliminary study. In addition, the combined data from the retrospective and prospective studies (30 patients) gave a better statistical fit than did those from the preliminary study alone (p less than 0.001, r = -0.8939). The nomogram provides an additional margin of safety in the use of this potent, fast-acting drug. SNP has been found predictable and effective in reducing surgical blood loss in selected patients undergoing total hip replacement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

The corrected protein equation to estimate plasma colloid osmotic pressure and its development on a nomogram.

Examining the internal discrepancies of three equations (Landis and Pappenheimer 1965) which represent the relationship between colloid osmotic pressures (COP) and normal human plasma proteins, the authors derived a corrected globulin equation: COPglb = 1.3c + 0.14c2 + 0.006c3 (COP: mmHg, c: protein content, g/100 ml), instead of their COPglb = 1.6c + 0.15c2 + 0.006c3, when A/G (albumin-globulin ratio) = 1.1 as they had described. Revising the former globulin equation again, based upon the current estimate of A/G = 1.8, we derived a new globulin equation. Our new plasma equation, consisting of their albumin equation and our revised globulin equation, is COPpl = alpha (2.8c + 0.18c2 + 0.012c3) + beta (0.9c + 0.12c2 + 0.004c3), where alpha and beta stand for albumin and globulin fraction, respectively. The last, being generalized for plasma with any protein compositions, and closely corresponded to the values directly measured in normal human plasma with variable protein compositions, we developed it on a nomogram for practical use.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Ovarian volume in postmenopausal women--suggestions to an ovarian size nomogram for menopausal age.

BACKGROUND: Transvaginal ultrasonography is an accurate and reliable technique for measuring ovarian size. However, there is no consensus as to the normal ovarian size in post-menopausal women. The purpose of this study was to establish normal values for ovarian volume in postmenopausal age. METHODS: A prospective study was undertaken, in which the ovaries of 311 healthy post-menopausal women were examined by transvaginal ultrasonography. Menopausal age ranged from one to more than 15 years. Three dimensions of each ovary were measured and ovarian volume of every menopausal year was calculated. RESULTS: Curvilinear relationships were found between ovarian volume and menopausal age. Ovarian volume (as plotted on the nomogram) shows a progessive decrease from 8.6 +/- 2.3 cm3 in the first menopausal year, to 2.2 +/- 1.4 cm3 after more than 15 years after the menopause. CONCLUSIONS: These data represent a comprehensive characterization of normal ovarian volumes related to postmenopausal age. These baseline values provide the data which will assist the physician to obtain the sonographic diagnosis of abnormal ovarian size, thus eventually establishing early diagnosis of ovarian tumors.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

In vivo oxygen dissociation curve for whole fetal blood: fitting the Adair equation and blood gas nomogram.

Oxygen tension, oxygen saturation of haemoglobin, plasma pH and carbon dioxide tension were analysed from 436 blood samples of the umbilical arteries and umbilical vein and 33 blood samples obtained by puncture of the arteria radialis of newborn younger than one day. A computer was used to fit the data to the Adair equation, and to calculate the pH-and Pco2-shift of the oxygen dissociation curve. The results were translated into a Po2-So2-pH-Pco2-nomogram.

Blood Gas Analysis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nomogram considerations with the Technolas 217A for treatment of myopia.

PURPOSE: To determine whether surgeon-specific nomogram adjustments are useful when using the Technolas 217A excimer laser for treating myopia and myopic astigmatism. METHODS: We conducted a prospective evaluation of 216 consecutive eyes with 6 months follow-up after treatment of myopia or myopic astigmatism with the Technolas 217A laser. Attempted vs. achieved change in refraction was analyzed with a statistical analysis software program. Factors such as age, corneal thickness (pachymetry), preoperative spherical equivalent refraction, preoperative cylinder, and optical zone were studied to evaluate their role in predicting refractive outcome at 6 months after LASIK. RESULTS: The mean value of attempted spherical equivalent refraction was -5.32 +/- 2.72 D. The mean achieved refractive correction at 6 months was -5.55 +/- 2.78 D, with a mean spherical equivalent of 0.13 +/- 0.54 D. The percent achieved effect at 1 month was 105%, and at 6 months, 103%. Preoperative spherical equivalent refraction and optical zone size were strong predictors of 6-month LASIK outcome. There was a 9% difference in the percent achieved effect between a 4 and 7-mm optical zone. There was no correlation between age, preoperative cylinder, or surgeon and 6-month outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons using the planoscan software on the Technolas 217A may experience a small initial overcorrection. There may be a benefit to reducing the treatment given with larger optical zones and smaller corrections.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Vancomycin therapy in patients with impaired renal function: a nomogram for dosage.

The relation between vancomycin clearance and renal function was studied in 22 patients with various degrees of renal functional impairment and in four normal volunteers. Clearance of vancomycin and creatinine were highly correlated (r = 0.92) among 17 persons not on dialysis. In five dialysis patients vancomycin clearance averaged 0.086 mL/min . kg of body weight (+/- SEM = 0.025). These relations enabled us to construct a nomogram for vancomycin dosage adjustment (based on a mean steady-state serum vancomycin concentration of 15 micrograms/mL) in patients with various degrees of renal functional impairment.

Adolescent↗