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PubMed2003

Factors affecting use of permethrin-treated bed nets during a randomized controlled trial in western Kenya.

Adherence with permethrin-treated bed net (ITN) use and their proper deployment was directly observed in 2,178 individuals (784 households) participating in a large-scale trial of ITNs on child mortality in western Kenya. The ITNs were distributed free of charge to ensure high coverage, resulting in a ratio of 1.46 persons per ITN. Approximately 30% of ITNs present were unused. The overall percentage adherence was 72.3%. The probability of adherence by individuals depended strongly on age (relative risk [RR] = 0.86, 95% confidence limit [CL] = 0.78-0.94), in which children less than five years of age were less likely to use ITNs than older individuals, and temperature, in which ITNs were more likely to be used in periods of cooler weather. A marginally significant diminution in adherence during the second year of the project was also observed (RR = 0.83, 95% CL = 0.68-1.01). Mosquito numbers, relative wealth, number of house occupants, and the educational level of the head of the household had no effect on adherence. In unstructured questioning of house residents, excessive heat was often cited as a reason for not deploying the child's ITN. The most important reason for non-adherence was disruption of sleeping arrangements, indicating that ITNs were not readily redeployed in the face of shifting sleeping patterns due to visitors, funerals, house construction, and other events. Challenges faced by health education programs to maximize adherence with ITN use are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Perceptions of bed nets and malaria prevention before and after a randomized controlled trial of permethrin-treated bed nets in western Kenya.

A study of mothers' perceptions regarding bed nets and malaria was conducted before and after a randomized controlled trial of insecticide (permethrin)-treated bed nets (ITNs) in western Kenya. Awareness about the trial and the rationale for bed net use increased by the end of the trial. Knowledge that mosquitoes caused malaria also increased; however, a higher proportion of mothers from control, rather than intervention villages, cited this (44.4% versus 27.9%; P < 0.001). Mothers from intervention villages were more knowledgeable about the use and maintenance of bed nets and re-treatment with insecticide. Both groups specified advantages of ITNs. Mothers from intervention villages noted practical advantages such as protection against bedbugs and falling roof debris. Few (< 1%) mothers indicated that ITNs protected children against malaria. Intervention homes used significantly fewer mosquito coils, insect spray, medicines, and burned cow dung less often compared with those in control villages. Mothers were willing to pay approximately 4.5 U.S. dollars for a regular bed net, but only 10.5 U.S. cents (intervention) and 0.036 (control) for re-treating a bed net. This study suggests that, despite two years of experience of use, bed nets and insecticides would not be purchased as a household priority in this impoverished rural community.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The household-level economics of using permethrin-treated bed nets to prevent malaria in children less than five years of age.

We measured the two-week household-level economic impact of insecticide (permethrin)-treated bed nets (ITNs) used to prevent malaria among children less than five years of age in Asembo, Kenya. The ITNs induced a two-week reduction of 15 Kenyan shillings (KSH) (0.25 U.S. dollars; P < 0.0001) in health care expenditures, but a statistically insignificant 0.5 day (P = 0.280) reduction in household time lost due to caring for sick children. The equivalent annual threshold cost was estimated at 6.50 U.S. dollars (95% confidence interval = 3.12-9.86). If the actual purchase price and maintenance costs of ITNs were greater than this threshold, then households would pay more than they would save (and vice-versa). Both seasonal effects and number of children per household had larger impacts than ITNs on health care expenditures and time lost from household activities. Health care expenditures by a household without ITNs and one child were only 32 KSH per two weeks (0.50 U.S. dollars; P = 0.002), leaving little opportunity for household-level, ITN-induced direct savings. The widespread adoption of the ITNs will therefore probably require a subsidy.

Antimalarials↗
PubMed2003

The cost-effectiveness of permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense malaria transmission in western Kenya.

This study compared the costs and effects of insecticide (permethrin)-treated bed net (ITN) use in children less than five years of age in an area of intense, perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. The data were derived from a group-randomized controlled trial of ITNs conducted between 1996 and 1999. The annual net cost per life-year gained was 34 U.S. dollars and the net annual cost per all-cause sick child clinic visit averted was 49 U.S. dollars. After taking into account a community effect (protection from malaria afforded to non-ITN users who lived within 300 meters from users) these estimates decreased to 25 U.S. dollars and 38 U.S. dollars, respectively. This study provides further evidence that ITNs are a highly cost-effective use of scarce health care resources.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed2003

Implications of the western Kenya permethrin-treated bed net study for policy, program implementation, and future research.

The fifth, and probably last, large-scale, group-randomized, controlled trial of insecticide (permethrin)-treated bed nets (ITNs) showed that ITNs are efficacious in reducing all-cause post-neonatal mortality in an area of intense, perennial malaria transmission. The trial helped to define pregnant women and infants as target groups for this intervention in high transmission settings. High population coverage with ITNs in both target and non-target groups may be critical to enhance health and survival in pregnant women and infants. The proportion of households with ITNs (coverage), the proportion of individuals properly deploying ITNs each night (adherence), and the proportion of nets properly treated with insecticide (treatment) are the three key determinants of effectiveness of large-scale ITN programs. These three simple outcomes should serve as the basis for program objectives and monitoring and evaluation efforts. Coverage effects and economic analysis support the proposition that ITNs may be viewed as a public good, worthy of public support. Research should continue to improve the intervention tools (the net, the insecticide, and methods for durable treatment and re-treatment) and their deployment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated bed nets on malaria control in a hyperendemic area in Irian Jaya, Indonesia III. Antibodies to circumsporozoite protein and ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen.

A two years intervention study was carried out using permethrin impregnated bed nets in a hyperendemic area, in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. To assess the influence of this intervention on natural immunity, concurrent immunological studies to determine levels of antibodies to the circumsporozoite (CS) and ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) proteins were conducted. Prevalence and titers of immunoglobulins (Ig)G and IgG subclasses were periodically measured in 138 individuals (30 children under the age of ten and 108 villagers ten years old and older). In the younger group, seropositivity of total IgG against CS fluctuated according to the parasite infection rates; however, IgG seropositive reaction against RESA gradually increased. In the older age group, seropositivity of both kinds of antibodies was stable during the whole study period. Nevertheless, the geometric mean titers of total IgG against CS and RESA were significantly reduced in this latter group in individuals who contained these antibodies before and after intervention. The geometric mean titer of IgG3 subclass against RESA was decreased at a highly significant level (p = 0.0005), and that of IgG4 against the same antigen was also decreased although to a lesser extent (p = 0.02).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of permethrin eradicated the tropical rat mite (Ornithonyssus bacoti) from a colony of mutagenized and transgenic mice.

The tropical rat mite, Ornithonyssus bacoti, was identified in a colony of mutagenized and transgenic mice at a large academic institution. O. bacoti is an obligate, blood-feeding ectoparasite with an extensive host range. Although the source of the infestation was likely feral rodents, none were found in the room housing infested mice. We hypothesize that construction on the floor above the vivarium and compromised ceiling integrity within the animal room provided for vermin entry and subsequent O. bacoti infestation. O. bacoti infestation was eliminated by environmental decontamination with synthetic pyrethroids and weekly application of 7.4% permethrin-impregnated cotton balls to mouse caging for five consecutive weeks. Visual examination of the macroenvironment, microenvironment, and colony for 38 days confirmed the efficacy of treatment. We noted no treatment-related toxicities or effects on colony production.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy of imidacloprid (8.8% w/w) plus permethrin (44% w/w) spot-on topical solution against Amblyomma americanum infesting dogs using a natural tick exposure model.

This study evaluated the efficacy of an imidacloprid 8.8% w/w + permethrin 44% w/w spot-on topical solution (K9 Advantix, Bayer Animal Health) against Amblyomma americanum using a natural field exposure model. Sixteen beagles were divided into two groups of eight dogs each. One group of dogs was treated with K9 Advantix and the other group served as untreated controls. On day -1 and at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment, the dogs were walked for 80 minutes in an A. americanum-infested habitat at the Konza Prairie Biological Station in Northeastern Kansas. Postexposure tick counts (efficacy evaluations) were conducted on each dog at 3 and 48 hours after exposure. At 3 days after treatment, the efficacy of K9 Advantix within 3 hours of natural tick exposure was 88.0% and declined slowly during the study. The 48-hour postexposure efficacy remained above 93.5% throughout the study.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1991

[Impact of curtains and blankets impregnated with permethrin on the malarial indicators and the number of malarial attacks per child in a village in an area hyperendemic for malaria on the Malian savannah (preliminary results of the first year study)].

From May 1989 to June 1990 an experimental study has been undertaken in two village's malarial hyperendemy of the Malian savannah. This study's objective was to test the effectiveness, on paludometric parameters and the openness of the population to the impregnated curtains and blankets, of permethrin as strategy of controlling malaria. The experimental village (Tiénéguébougou) and the control one (Kambila) are located in the same ecosystem and as at least 3 km any from each other. The impregnated curtains were installed in all the experimental village's houses and all the 216 residents have received impregnated blankets. The entomological, parasitical and clinical parameters were measured monthly from may 1989 to november 1989. The impregnated curtains were accepted by the population. However the impregnated blankets were little successful. Their impact on the entomological parameters is remarkable with a reduction of more than 98% of ma and the rate of entomological inoculation (REI) in the houses. The reduction of parasitical index is much less perceptible. The effect on the parasitical pressure was manifested by a highly significant difference of splenic index between the two villages (lower in the control village). The main vectors belong to complex: A. gambiae s.l. which rate of parity was not affected by the impregnated material. Very efficient against the harmfulness of in house hematophagic insects, the curtains impregnated by pyrethroids are not sufficient for interrupting the transmission of malaria. Actually, the study is continued for 2 years with a best evaluation of the malarial morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Acaricidal and repellent properties of permethrin, its role in reducing transmission of vector-borne pathogens.

Vector-borne pathogens causing canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) are recognized as being of increasing importance in small animal clinics. The pathogens and their vectors (eg, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes and sand flies) have a global distribution. Their prevalence may vary depending on region, climate, hygiene and many other factors; however the risk of infection for companion animals in our highly developed and supposedly regulated environments will never be zero. Even in highly developed markets, with high socioeconomic standards, ectoparasites are still a threat to both pets and humans. One has to understand the complexity of arthropod biology and esp. the complex mechanisms of host seeking, attachment and skin penetration and finally feeding, to differentiate the various acaricides and their therapeutic as well as prophylactic properties. Prevention of arthropod bites is mainly by prevention of attachment and thus any engorgement if possible. To achieve this, acaricides with repellent properties, such as the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin are ideal compounds to reach this goal.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Impact of utilization of permethrin impregnated curtains on malaria in a rural zone of high transmission in Burkina Faso].

The efficacy of permethrin impregnated curtains as a malaria control measure was evaluated in a rice field area nearby Ouagadougou (BF). Two groups of children aged 1-5 years matched for age, sex and malaria exposure, were followed through the rainy season of 1987 for illness and febrile episodes. One group of 118 children lived in houses protected with impregnated curtains, the other in houses without curtains. All children were examined for parasitaemia spleen index packed cell volume (PCV) and antisporozoites antibodies at the beginning and the end of the rainy season. During rainy season no difference could be found in the number of clinical episode between the two groups. A reduction in the prevalence of splenomegaly and parasitaemia and an increase in the PCV was observed during the dry season.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Utilization of permethrin-impregnated curtains by the inhabitants of a rural community in Burkina Faso].

The degree of utilisation of permethrin-impregnated curtains was assessed in a rural community near Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Results showed that in the first half of the night, until 11-11.30 p.m., curtains were only partially used by the community. Indeed by this time around 50% of houses had doors well protected by curtains and, over 35% of the community, children and adults, were staying outside. A very marked pattern of this behavior was found, wrong utilisation of curtains being higher in the warm season and lower in the cold season. On the one hand, this situation decreased the potential action of curtains as a barrier to avoid mosquito-man contact and, on the other hand, facilitated the exposure of community to the risk of outdoor infection. These findings may explain the variable level of efficacy showed by curtains in the prevention of malaria morbidity, which seems to be higher in the period between January and February, the winter season in Burkina Faso. The possible application of impregnated curtains as a community-based vector control method is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and permethrin against Aedes albopictus in the laboratory.

Three pyrethroids were evaluated in the laboratory against Aedes albopictus females by exposure to insecticide impregnated papers, and to 4th instar Ae. albopictus larvae as insecticide solutions. Lambda-cyhalothrin was found to be the most effective pyrethroid when tested against Aedes albopictus adult females and larvae compared with that of deltamethrin and permethrin.

Aedes↗
PubMed1990

Relative repellency of two formulations of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and permethrin-treated clothing against Culex sitiens and Aedes vigilax in Thailand.

Field tests were conducted to compare the effectiveness of 2 repellent formulations of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) in combination with permethrin-impregnated military uniforms against Culex sitiens and Aedes vigilax in Thailand. Repellency was determined during a 2 h crepuscular period using volunteers who had been treated with repellents 6, 8, 10, and 12 h prior to the end of each test period. An extended-duration repellent formulation (EDRF) containing 35% deet repelled significantly more Ae. vigilax than 75% deet in ethanol. Although not statistically significant, the EDRF also resulted in fewer biting attempts by Cx. sitiens. Neither formulation provided complete protection against either species 4-12 h post-application, but both provided greater overall protection against Ae. vigilax. Volunteers who wore treated uniforms without repellents were attacked by significantly fewer mosquitoes than controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Changes in myelinated nerve fibers and skeletal muscle of rats exposed to high doses of permethrin.

Neurological signs and segmental demyelination in a cervical nerve were observed in rats treated orally with permethrin (300 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Inflammatory and degenerative signals were recorded in the diaphragm muscle. These effects were more intense with the trade grade than with the technical grade product. The possible influence of the percentage of cis:trans isomers on the intensity of the observed effects is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Modulation of adrenal ornithine decarboxylase by chlordecone, p,p'DDT and permethrin.

Adrenal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is greatly elevated in rats dosed once with one of several insecticides; chlordecone, p,p'DDT or permethrin. An abrupt rise in the dose-response curve was apparent between 25 and 50 mg chlordecone/kg body wt, corresponding to the range where major behavioral changes occur. The latter dose of chlordecone resulted in a persistent elevation of adrenal ODC for at least 4 days, longer than that caused by the other insecticides examined. No equivalent changes were found in levels of hypothalamic or hippocampal ODC after chlordecone treatment. Hypophysectomy did not reduce the response of adrenal ODC to chlordecone, after the diminished size of the adrenal gland in operated animals was taken into account. Isolated adrenal cortical cells of a mouse tumor line (Y-1), when incubated in media containing 10(-5) M chlordecone, responded with increased ODC activity. These data suggest that the mechanism of adrenal activation by chlordecone may possess a direct component, in addition to the well-characterized stimulation of pituitary ACTH secretion caused by chlordecone acting on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1986

Effectiveness of soap formulations containing deet and permethrin as personal protection against outdoor mosquitoes in Malaysia.

Two soap formulations, both containing 20% deet and one each containing permethrin at 0.5 and 1.0%, respectively, were applied to exposed arms and legs of volunteers as personal protection against outdoor human biting mosquitoes in six locations on Penang Island, Malaysia. The predominant mosquito species collected from these locations were Aedes albopictus, Mansonia uniformis, Culex gelidus, Anopheles lesteri and Armigeres subalbatus. Efficacy and residual effects up to 4 hours indicated good protection against these species. Reduction in mosquito landing-biting rates in treated groups ranged from 83.8 to 100.0%. At high densities, small percentages of Ma. uniformis and An. lesteri landed or bit on treated skin. Use of the soap formulations in terms of cost-effectiveness, safety and overall vector control strategy for some tropical diseases is discussed.

Animals↗