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PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical, biochemical, and hematological characteristics, disease prevalence, and prognosis of dogs presenting with neutrophil cytoplasmic toxicity.

Neutrophil cytoplasmic toxicity is manifested as an abnormality in cell size or the cytoplasmic content upon examination of Romanowsky-stained blood smears, and is traditionally associated with infection and inflammation. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the association of such changes with clinical and clinicopathologic characteristics, diseases, and prognoses in dogs. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity (n = 248) were compared with negative controls (n = 248). Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, independent t-tests, nonparametric Mann-Whitney tests, the chi-square trend test, and survival analysis. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity had a significantly higher prevalence of pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, fever, abdominal organomegaly, icterus, melena, and hematuria. Most mean hematologic variables were significantly different between groups. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity had a significantly (P < .05) higher prevalence of leukocytosis, leukopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, anemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia. The prevalence of pyometra, parvovirus infection, acute renal failure, peritonitis, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pancreatitis, septicemia, and neoplastic disorders was significantly higher among these dogs. Case fatality, hospitalization length, and treatment cost were significantly (P < .001) higher in dogs with neutrophil toxicity. Neutrophil toxicity severity was significantly (P < .0035) and positively associated with neutropenia, and negatively associated with leukocytosis and neutrophilia. A significant trend (P = .05) toward increasing case fatality with an increase of neutrophil toxicity was observed. In the neutrophil toxicity group, dogs with leukopenia (<5.0 X 10(3)/mm3) had a significantly (P < .0001) higher case fatality compared to dogs with normal or high leukocyte counts. We conclude that evaluation of blood smears for neutrophil cytoplasmic toxicity provides useful clinical information and can serve as a good prognostic predictor.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1993

Assessment of myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinoma: transvaginal sonography vs contrast-enhanced MR imaging.

OBJECTIVE: A prospective study was designed to compare transvaginal sonography with contrast-enhanced MR imaging to determine preoperatively the depth of myometrial invasion in patients with early-stage endometrial carcinoma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 40 patients, findings on transvaginal sonograms, unenhanced T2-weighted MR images, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted Mr images were compared with histologic findings. The depth of myometrial invasion was classified as stage E (tumor limited to endometrium, n = 12), stage S (superficial invasion: tumor invades up to 50% of the myometrium, n = 15), or stage D (deep invasion: tumor invades more than 50% of the myometrium, n = 13). RESULTS: Findings on transvaginal sonograms were accurate in 27 of 40 patients (accuracy, 68%); the depth of invasion was overestimated in five patients and underestimated in eight patients. The results of unenhanced T2-weighted MR images were accurate in 27 patients (accuracy, 68%), with four overestimations and nine underestimations. The results of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images were accurate in 34 patients (accuracy, 85%), with five underestimations and one overestimation. In the assessment of each stage of myometrial invasion, the sensitivity and specificity of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging were higher than those of T2-weighted MR imaging and transvaginal sonography. The false-positive diagnoses based on transvaginal sonograms and T2-weighted images, respectively, involved polypoid tumors (n = 4 and 2), distension of the endometrial cavity by pyometra (n = 2 and 1), the presence of myoma (n = 2 and 1), atrophy of the myometrium (n = 1 and 0), and poor tumor/myometrium contrast (n = 0 and 2). On contrast-enhanced MR images, accuracy was influenced only in a case of polypoid tumor, because tumor, endometrial cavity, and myometrium were clearly distinguished and residual myometrium was clearly visualized. With all imaging techniques, false-negative diagnoses were caused mainly by tumors with superficially spreading growth or microscopic invasion. With transvaginal sonography, infiltrative tumor also tended to be understaged (n = 3). CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced MR imaging is significantly superior to transvaginal sonography and unenhanced T2-weighted MR imaging for detecting myometrial invasion.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Severe sepsis in cats: 29 cases (1986-1998).

OBJECTIVE: To document the clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic findings in cats with severe sepsis, identify abnormalities unique to this species, and identify criteria that could be used antemortem to diagnose the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 29 cats confirmed to have severe sepsis at necropsy. PROCEDURE: Pertinent history, physical examination findings, and results of hematologic and biochemical testing were extracted from medical records. RESULTS: Clinical diagnoses included pyothorax, septic peritonitis, bacteremia secondary to gastrointestinal tract disease, pneumonia, endocarditis, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis, pyometra, and bite wounds. Physical examination findings included lethargy, pale mucous membranes, poor pulse quality, tachypnea, hypo- or hyperthermia, signs of diffuse pain on abdominal palpation, bradycardia, and icterus. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included anemia, thrombocytopenia, band neutrophilia, hypoalbuminemia, low serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and hyperbilirubinemia. Necropsy findings included multi-organ necrosis or inflammation with intralesional bacteria. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that severe sepsis in cats is characterized by lethargy, pale mucous membranes, signs of diffuse abdominal pain, tachypnea, bradycardia, weak pulses, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypothermia, and icterus. Recognition of this combination of clinical findings should facilitate the diagnosis of severe sepsis in cats.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Total and partial ovariohysterectomy in seven mares.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Ovariohysterectomy appears to have a low mortality rate in mares, but the procedure needs to be reviewed because of the high risk of life-threatening complications. HYPOTHESIS: That ovariohysterectomy can be effective treatment for a variety of uterine diseases in mares and carries a good prognosis. METHODS: Diagnosis, clinical data, surgical technique, post operative care, complications and outcome were recorded from medical records of 7 mares that underwent total (6) and partial (1) ovariohysterectomy at the University of Illinois from 1994 to 2001. RESULTS: The indications for ovariohysterectomy were chronic pyometra (4 mares), chronic uterine torsion (n = 2) and chronic intramural haematoma (n = 1). Surgical exposure was difficult but was improved by traction on stay sutures and right-angled clamps. In some cases, application of the TA-90 autosuture instrument as a right-angled clamp to the caudal part of the uterus improved access to the uterine stump. The most common post operative complications were decreased faecal output, decreased intestinal sounds (4 mares) and mild abdominal pain (2). Two mares had mild to moderate incisional infections. Other previously reported complications, such as haemorrhage, septic peritonitis, uterine stump infection or necrosis, and diarrhoea, did not occur. All mares survived over follow-up periods of 6 months to 5 years and were used for riding (6 mares) and embryo transfer (1 mare, after partial ovariohysterectomy). CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: According to this study, the prognosis for mares after ovariohysterectomy appears to be good, despite the technical difficulties of the procedure. The prevalence of life-threatening complications can be lower than reported.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Pelvic inflammatory pseudotumor (xanthogranuloma).

A case is presented of a patient with xanthogranulomatous pseudotumor in the pelvic region. The pseudotumor was probably the result of inflammatory reaction in both tubes and in the uterine cavity, with pyometra. The condition is very rare and only 5 cases could be found in the literature.

Female↗

PubMed1985

Correlation of androgen receptors with histological differentiation in human endometrial carcinomas.

Primary endometrial carcinomas from 35 non-treated patients were investigated by measurement of androgen receptors in the tumor cytosols. Receptor analysis was done with a labelled synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone 3H-R1881 and triamcinolone acetonide, and dextran-coated charcoal absorption. The concentrations of androgen receptors in the endometrial carcinomas were, in decreasing order: highly-differentiated tumors, 15.7 +/- 1.8 (fmol/mg protein, mean +/- SE) (number of cases, 21); moderately differentiated tumors, 4.6 +/- 1.6 (n = 7); poorly differentiated tumors, undetectable in 7 out of 8 cases. Highly-differentiated tumors contained a much greater concentration of receptors than the two less differentiated ones. One highly-differentiated endometrial carcinoma with pyometra virtually lacked the receptor. The moderately differentiated endometrial carcinomas contained very low levels of the receptors. The poorly differentiated tumors virtually lacked the receptors. Metastatic lymph nodes from primary endometrial carcinomas with moderate differentiation had a very low receptor level. From these results, it is concluded that human endometrial carcinomas, particularly with histologically high differentiation, contain a considerable amount of androgen receptor and that the receptor concentrations appear to correlate with the histologic grade of tumor differentiation.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effects of housing, management, and health of dairy heifers on first-lactation udder health in southwest Sweden.

Data on health, management, and housing from birth to first calving were collected for 2,126 heifers on semi-monthly visits made by project veterinarians to 107 dairy herds from southwest Sweden. Additional data were obtained from the official milk- and health-recording program. Factors associated with incidence of veterinarian-treated clinical mastitis (VTCM) in the period 7 d before (d -7) to 30 d after first calving and of elevated cow composite somatic cell count (SCC, > or =200,000 cells/mL) at first test milking after first calving, respectively, were investigated using a 2-level (animal and herd) logistic regression analysis after initial screening by univariate analyses. The incidence risk of VTCM during the complete first lactation (305 d) was 10.8%. Ten percent of the diseased animals had more than 1 case of VTCM and 51% of total cases occurred from -7 to 30 d postcalving. The incidence rate of VTCM during the complete first 305-d lactation was 1.13 cases per 100 cow-mo. In total, 18.1% of the animals had elevated SCC at first test milking (mean 21 d) after calving. Veterinarian-treated clinical mastitis at -7 to 30 d postcalving was associated with higher overall incidence of mastitis in the herd and with reproductive disorders (i.e., retained placenta, endometritis, pyometra, dystocia, or twin birth). The risk of elevated SCC increased with increasing percentage of cows in the herd that, some time during the year, had had an increased udder disease score (chronically increased SCC). Other factors associated with increased risk of elevated SCC were increasing amounts of concentrates fed to 11- to 16-mo-old heifers, moving to confined housing the day of calving instead of earlier, and use of restraint measures at milking. In addition, growth rate from birth to weaning, and several feed-related variables (e.g., amount of concentrates and type of roughage given) were associated with VTCM at -7 to 30 d post-calving or elevated SCC at first test milking in the univariate analyses.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows fed supplemental beta-carotene.

Fifty-six Holstein cows were used in a replicated study to determine whether supplemental beta-carotene improved reproductive performance. Each of two replicates was of completely randomized design with 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of two diets with or without beta-carotene supplementation. On a dry matter basis, diet 1 was 5% hay, 20% haylage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate. Diet 2 was 7.5% hay, 42.5% corn silage, and 50% concentrate. The diets contained adequate amount of vitamins A, D, and E. From 10 d postpartum until pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation, half the cows on each diet received a supplement of 400 mg beta-carotene per head daily. The remaining cows on each diet received a supplement of 160,000 IU vitamin A per head daily. Supplemental beta-carotene increased plasma beta-carotene throughout the trials. Median days to first ovulation, first service, days open, and mean services per conception were: 22, 77, 97, and 1.6 for cows receiving beta-carotene supplement compared with 19.5, 73, 82, and 1.9 in controls. Supplementation did not affect first service conception rate, uterine involution, or milk yield. Incidence of follicular cysts, luteal cysts, pyometra, and endometritis in cows fed beta-carotene were 11, 7, 0, and 7% compared with 8, 21, 4, and 13% in control cows. Supplemental beta-carotene did not improve the fertility of Holstein cows.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Relationships of body condition score to production variables in high producing Holstein dairy cattle.

Practical relationships were determined between milk production, health, and reproduction with the amount and use of body fat in high producing lactating Holstein dairy cattle. Approximately 350 cows and heifers > 15 mo of age in a high producing herd were assigned body condition scores at monthly intervals for 24 mo. Production of 305-d FCM averaged 9541 kg (range 8826 to 10,818 kg). Body condition score at each of four calvings at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 305 DIM in each parity and loss in score in each lactation were summarized. Multiple regression related scores to milk and milk fat production, reproduction, and disease variables within and among lactations. No difference in score occurred at calving or at dry-off among parities. The range of body condition scores was less than is commonly reported; however, loss of condition increased with increasing parity from .3 in first lactation to .9 body condition score units in lactations > or = 4. The body condition score varied quadratically with DIM but, at a given DIM, was not related to the daily milk production on that DIM. Parity had a stronger relationship with milk and milk fat production than did body condition score. However, within lactation, body condition score at calving and the loss of score were related quadratically to milk production. No significant relationships of body condition score to the incidences of pyometra, metritis, retained placenta, cystic ovarian disease, AI per conception, days to first AI, or dystocia existed in this herd.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1998

Effects of monensin on the reproduction, health, and milk production of dairy cows.

A randomized clinical trial including 1109 cows from 12 Australian dairy herds was used to evaluate the effects of monensin on the health (n = > 686 cows), production (n = 915 cows), and reproduction (n = > 908 cows) of dairy cows. Cows were allocated to a treatment group receiving a slow-release intraruminal bolus containing 32 g of sodium monensin that was administered 40 d before and 50 d following the anticipated calving date or to a control group. Treatment did not significantly alter any reproductive outcome; 54.5% of cows treated with monensin and 58.2% of control cows were pregnant at first service, and days to conception were lower for cows treated with monensin. The hazard rate (0.95) was not significant for these cows. The percentage of cows pregnant was 83.8 for control cows, and days to first estrus (hazard rate = 1.04) and first service (hazard rate = 1.04) were not significantly higher for treated cows. Treatment with monensin did not significantly alter the risk of any disease. The incidence of retained fetal membranes, pyometra, lameness, abortion, and infectious diseases was not significantly lower for cows in the treatment group, and the incidence of mastitis was not significantly higher for cows in the treatment group. Monensin significantly increased milk production by 0.75 L/d per cow and tended to increase milk fat and protein yields but had no significant effect on milk fat or milk protein percentages. Changes in the production of milk and milk constituents were consistent throughout lactation.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Severe hematometra in a dog with cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex.

An 18-month-old, intact female German shepherd dog was presented for evaluation of severe, frank hemorrhage from the vulva. A complete blood count, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis supported acute hemorrhage. Abdominal radiographs were unremarkable. Abdominal ultrasound demonstrated that the uterine body and cranial vaginal lumen were fluid-filled and contained hyperechoic, polypoid masses that were suspected to be blood clots. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a mildly enlarged uterus with a diffuse, cystic endometrium; significant amounts of blood and blood clots within the lumen; and several focal accumulations of yellow fluid presumed to be a purulent exudate. Histopathology confirmed severe, cystic, endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra complex.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Reported causes of death of captive killer whales (Orcinus orca).

Inquiries were made to all oceanaria that maintain killer whales in North America. Causes of death determined at necropsy included mediastinal abscesses, pyometra, pneumonia, influenza, salmonellosis, nephritis, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, fungus infection, ruptured aorta, cerebral hemorrhage and a perforated post-pyloric ulcer. Captive females appear to have a higher rate of mortality than males. Growth rates for whales that died were greater than for those that survived.

Abscess↗

PubMed1999

[Real-time ultrasonographic (B-mode) pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. 4. Results of a field study in Germany].

Between January 1993 and April 1998 in a total of 27,378 sheep an ultrasonographic early pregnancy diagnosis was done. The determined pregnancy rates (mean = 82.2%) were related to the mating systems, duration of mating season and time of the year. The benefits of scanning are described. If the pregnancy rate is lower than 97% the early pregnancy diagnosis is economical to flock management. Cases of uterine and fetal pathology (fetal mortality, maceration, hydrometra, pyometra) are presented.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a dog.

A 4-year-old spayed dog had a recent history of increased WBC count and surgery for pyometra. Two weeks after surgery, WBC count was 57,640 cells/microliter; neutrophilia and immature myelocytic cells were detected. Histologic examination of liver and lymph node biopsy specimens revealed active granulopoiesis. Immature granulocytes that stained with chloroacetate esterase were evident. Bone marrow was excessively cellular and contained numerous granulocytes and blast cells. A diagnosis of chronic granulocytic leukemia was made on the basis of test results. Treatment with hydroxyurea returned the WBC count to reference range within 2 months. Mean survival time for dogs with chronic granulocytic leukemia is approximately 1 year; the dog of this report has remained healthy for more than 2 years. Chronic granulocytic leukemia is a rare neoplastic disease that must be differentiated from leukemoid inflammatory reactions. Although commonly described as a diagnosis determined by exclusion, diagnosis of chronic granulocytic leukemia should be made on the basis of specific criteria.

Alopecia↗

PubMed2000

Histopathological study of female beagle dogs for four year treatment with subcutaneous implantation of chlormadinone acetate (CMA).

The histopathological changes related to chlormadinone acetate (CMA) implantation were examined using female beagle dogs given 10mg/kg for four years. All control animals showed sign of estrus during the experiment, with periods of anestrus of normal duration. In contrast, estrus was completely inhibited in the CMA-implanted animals. Histopathologically, uterine sections from the CMA-implanted animals showed cystic glandular hyperplasia, but no histologic evidence of endometritis, myometritis, and pyometra was found. In the ovaries of the CMA-implanted animals, developing ovarian follicles were observed but no mature follicles were noted in addition to an absence of corpus luteum. No remarkable changes were observed in the liver, adrenal, mammary gland, gallbladder and implanted site. Furthermore, the intensity of staining and number and size of ACTH-and LH-positive cells in the pituitary sections of CMA-implanted animals were not different from control animals. It was concluded, therefore, that subcutaneous implantation of CMA is a potential drug-delivery system for reducing changes due to antigonadotropic and glucocorticoid-like activities and characteristic histopathological changes in the uterus due to progestagenic activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Megestrol acetate for estrus postponement in the bitch.

Megestrol acetate was given orally to 389 bitches in early proestrus, at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg (1 mg/lb) per day for 8 days. Estrus was suppressed in 357 (92%) of the bitches. Additionally, 119 bitches in anestrus were given the drug at the rate of 0.55 mg/kg (0.25 mg/lb) per day for 32 days. Estrus was suppressed in 115 (98%) of these bitches. Adverse effects were minimal. Pyometra developed in 3 (0.8%) of the 389 bitches treated in early proestrus. The drug also was given to 19 bitches at the rate of 0.55 mg/kg/day for 32 days, regardless of the stage ofting at the 1st posttreatment estrus and 4 after mating at the 2nd posttreatment estrus. Litter size, success in rearing pups, and sex ratios were not significantly different from these factors in 53 litters from untreated bitches.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1975

[Indications for prostaglandins in the field of reproduction in farm animals (author's transl)].

Parenteral administration of 2.5-5 mg. of prostaglandin F2alpha to horses, 15 mg. to heifers or 25-30 mg to lactating cows and 15 mg. to sheep will induce regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis) and a fertile oestrus within 48-72 hours. Because of their luteolytic effect prostaglandins may be used in various indications in the field of reproduction. An exception is the pig in which administration of prostaglandins does not induce luteolysis before D12 and therefore fails to induce oestrus. In horses, cattle and sheep, administration of prostaglandins during the first four days of the cycle is ineffective. In the present paper, a few indications for the use of prostaglandins are described, including induction of oestrus (in cases of suboestrus), synchronisation of oestrus, termination of unwanted gestation, elimination of a persistent corpus luteum (purulent endometritis, pyometra, mummified foetus), induction of parturition. In addition, some other indications are listed, such as reduction of the interval between parturition and conception, chronic endometritis, hydroallantois, luteinized cysts and suboestrus post weaning. In the opinion of the present authors, the most important field for the use of prostaglandins will be that of induction and synchronisation of oestrus. As regards the fertility of synchronized oestrus induced by prostaglandins, it is stated that, in cattle and horses, this is superior to that following treatment with progestagen. Extensive field trials will be required to determine whether the fertility of oestrus induced by prostaglandins is equivalent to that following spontaneous oestrus.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Genital tuberculosis in a menopausal woman. A case report.

We have analysed the role played by genital tuberculosis (TBC) in Italy today, and in particular in L'Aquila, in the light of a worrying recrudescence. We report the case of a 64-year-old patient, in menopause for the past 11 years or so, referred to the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic of the University of L'Aquila, with an anamnesis of menometrorrhagia since the age of 55. The patient was studied from a gynecological and internist profile including the following procedures: gynecological examination and pap-test, colposcopy, transvaginal scan, chest X-ray, abdominal and pelvic CAT, laboratory tests and Mantoux reaction. The uterus was found to be fibromatous during the gynecological examination and scan, whereas colposcopy revealed a small ectropion and the presence of very adherent yellowish mucus. The Mantoux test was positive. CAT showed cicatricial sequelae in the pulmonary parenchyma. It was decided to perform curettage, but this was prevented by the presence of pyometra. The patient was treated with specific chemotherapy and then underwent total laparohysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy. The histological findings confirmed genital TBC. Genital TBC is now undergoing a worrying recrudescence. We need to have a full knowledge of the pathology, the diagnostic means with which to discover it and the correct therapeutic instruments to overcome it.

Age Factors↗