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PubMed1980

Osmotic adaptation of the brains of scalded rats to chronic increase in plasma Na+. Effects of corticosteroids.

The effect of chronically increased plasma Na+ concentration, secondary to scalding, on the cerebral electrolyte and water content was studied in rats. In contrast to findings in acute hypernatremia, the water content of the brain remained constant in these experiments. Cerebral adjustment to chronic hypernatremia is supposed to be brought about by an increase of osmotically active solutes in the brain. Regression analyses of the Na+ concentration in brain water versus the plasma Na+ concentration indicate that accumulation of Na+ in brain tissue is responsible only for about 50--60% of the osmotic adjustment to increased plasma osmolality in chronic hypernatremia. Except for animals receiving prednisolone, the cerebral K+ content remained constant. Therefore, it may be concluded that except for this group, formation of idiogenic osmoles comprises about 40--50% of the extra osmolality in brain. Aldosterone and spirolactone do not seem to influence osmotic adaptation of the brain, or formation of idiogenic osmoles under these circumstances. Prednisolone, however, seems to enhance cerebral accumulation of K+ in chronic hypernatremia. This was concluded from the close correlation between the K+ concentration in brain water and the plasma Na+ concentration found in this group.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1975

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an adult.

The staphylococcal form of toxic epidermal necrolysis or staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is exceptionally seen in an adult patient. We report a case of SSSS in a 21-year-old male who suffered from a fulminant pneumopathia due to a phage group II Staphylococcus aureus. The onset of that clinical picture in an adult patient is unusual and could be due to a deficient immunity, as previous case reports have emphasized. Unfortunately, the sudden death of our patient did not allow us to investigate his immunological defences.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Lisinopril-induced "scalded mouth syndrome".

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of "scalded mouth syndrome" (SMS) caused by lisinopril. PATIENT: A woman being treated with lisinopril for hypertension developed a burning sensation of her lips and buccal mucosa. The condition persisted with continued use of lisinopril and subsided when the medication was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms described by our patient were similar to those reported in previous cases of SMS associated with the use of enalapril and captopril, two other angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. This reaction to ACE inhibitors appears to be dose related, and subsides with a decreased dosage or discontinuation of the medication.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Practical application of a first-aid treatment for burns and scalds.

This study examined the use of a first-aid treatment for burns and scalds sustained at The Fire Service College in Gloucestershire. One hundred and eight treatments were carried out. Questionnaires and assessments were completed for each patient and used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. The results suggest that the product used is a practical and effective first-aid treatment for burns.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Immersion scald burns and the ability of young children to climb into a bathtub.

INTRODUCTION: Immersion scald burns in children are often suspicious for neglect or abuse. The history that a child climbed into a tub previously filled with hot water by the parent is common. The child's ability to climb into such a tub is a major factor in determining the reliability of the history. METHODS: A standard bathtub was installed in an examination room at a pediatric clinic in a children's hospital. Foam mats were placed in and outside of the tub. Toy boats were placed in the back of the tub. Children were selected if they were between 10 and 18 months of age, born at term, and had no past or present medical condition that could be expected to have affected their fine or gross motor or central nervous system development and had a normal Denver Developmental Screening Test within the past 3 months. The parent placed the child in a standing position with the child holding onto the front of the tub. Parents encouraged the child to climb into the tub and get the toys. The child's efforts were videotaped. Children were allowed 5 minutes to climb, depending on their attention span and tolerance. RESULTS: Of 176 children in the study, 62 (35%) climbed into the tub. One fourth climbed in head first, and the rest climbed in sideways. CONCLUSIONS: Our study may have underestimated children's climbing abilities because of the absence of a shower curtain to help with balance and the distracting presence of strangers. The diagnosis of abuse is in part based on a described mechanism being inconsistent with the observed pattern of injury. This has severe repercussions for the child and his or her family. Our study brings into question previously held beliefs that these injuries could only be sustained by direct immersion.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1977

Effect of limb ischaemia and scalding on the concentrations of growth hormone and corticosterone in rat plasma.

In post-absorptive rats in a 20 degrees C environment, bilateral hind-limb ischaemia decreased the plasma growth hormone concentration below the very wide range found in control rats. Injection of sodium pentobarbitone increased the concentration in both control and injured rats but did not eliminate the difference between them. A 20% dorsal scald also decreased the variability of plasma growth hormone concentration but did not reduce it below the normal range. Thus growth hormone is probably not responsible for the insulin resistance seen in the severely injured rat. The plasma corticosterone concentration markedly increased after both injuries but was not altered by pentobarbitone.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Preventing tap water scalds: do consumers change their preset thermostats.

One goal of the regulatory approach to tap water scald prevention is the installation of hot water heaters at thermostat settings considered safe. In this strategy, it is assumed that consumers will not change preset thermostat settings, an assumption evaluated in a study of 62 families. It was found that 60% of the sample did not change their preset thermostats. Surprisingly, some of those families (27%) who did not increase their settings still had unsafe (> 54 degrees C) water temperatures.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Burns and scalds--epidemiology and prevention in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: Burns and scalds are common presentation to many of our health institutions. Most of these injuries are preventable. Many of the patients however end with severe morbidity or even death. People affected are mostly of poor socioeconomic status. The cost of managing these injuries is high. Coupled with this are poor facilities in most parts of the developing countries like Nigeria and insufficient personnel to take care of this group of people. Study of the epidemiology as well as suggestions on preventive measures are therefore overdue and hence this publication. METHODS: A review of the literature on this subject with emphasis on Nigeria was done bearing in mind the epidemiology and prevention of burn. Literature search was done using the medline as well as local journals. RESULTS: Causes of burn injuries are many in the developing countries. Most of these are however preventable. Some preventive measures have been suggested by workers in this part of the world. Some measures that have worked in reducing burn injuries in some advanced countries and that may be appropriate to our situation are noted and are also suggested in this paper. CONCLUSION: Prevention of burn injuries, based on the epidemiology of burn in developing countries, remains a major way of reducing the current spate of morbidity and mortality in our patients.

Burns↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The management of minor burns and scalds in children.

When nursing children with minor burns and scalds, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the skin and the way it reacts to thermal injury. This article explains the processes involved and advises on dealing with injured children and their parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in Nigerian children: a report of three cases.

Three cases of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in Nigerian children are reported. The clinical features and bacteriological findings are discussed. It is suggested that the clinical condition is not as rare in our community as absence of reports on African children in the literature may suggest. A reference centre for phage typing of staphylococci from suspected cases in a developing country like our own is recommended.

Child↗
PubMed2000

[The postburn change in splenic T lymphocyte transmembrane signal transduction and its relationship with the secretion of IL-2 and IL-10 in severely scalded mice].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the postburn functional change in splenic T lymphocytes and the secretory rules of IL-2 and IL-10 in severely scalded mice, and to look for the explanation of the change by means of T lymphocyte transmembrane signal transdunction study. METHODS: The changes in the antigen receptors on T cells (TCRalpha/beta), assisting stimulating molecule (CD28) and the activities of GTPase, protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and protein kinase C (PKC) that participated in the transmembrane signal transduction were detected, so as to observe the proliferation and transformation function of T cells at different post-burn periods and the secretion of IL-2 and IL-10. Furthermore, the changes in every signal transduction molecules were analyzed with the consideration of their relationship with the change in T cell function activities. RESULTS: The postburn positive rates of the expressions of TCRalpha/beta and CD28 on T cell membrane decreased. The postburn GTPase activity and membrane PTK activity were all suppressed but recovered at 168 postburn hours. Membrane PKC activity exhibited a dual-phase change (increase following decrease), which was closely related to IL-10 level. CONCLUSION: The postburn changes in TCRalpha/beta, CD28 on T cell membrane molecules and transmembrane signal transduction enzymes were important factors contributing to the decrease in IL-2 secretion, suppressed T cell function and the dual-directional changes in IL-10 secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[The effects of rhGH on macrophages in scalded mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of rhGH and IGF-1 on the CD14 mRNA expression and cytokine secretion of peritoneal macrophages (Mphi) in scalded rats. METHODS: Reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosordent assay (ELISA) were employed to observe the postburn changes of CD14 expression and cytokines secretion of the Mphi treated in vivo and in vitro by rhGH and IGF-1. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that in vivo postburn application of rhGH and IGF-1 could enhance the transcription of CD14 mRNA and the secretion of cytokines from the peritoneal Mphi in mice. But it seemed that there was no additive effect between the two factors. Additionally, rhGH (at 40 ng/ml) and IGF-1 (at all tested concentrations) could activate the secretion of TNF and IL-6 from cultured mice Mphi in vitro. CONCLUSION: Postburn application of rhGH might activate Mphi by IGF-1 induction, enhancing Mphi CD14 expression, which promoted more secretion of cytokines, and promote the enhancement of immune function.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[An exploration of the preventive effects on lanthanum chloride on enteral bacterial translocation in scalded rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the preventive effect of lanthanum chloride on enteral bacterial translocation in scalded rats. METHODS: Ninety Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were employed in the study and randomly divided into three groups, i.e. normal control (A), burn control (B) and treatment (C) groups. Plasmid PUC19 labelled by JM109 was transfected to Escherichia coli (E. coli), so that restriction endonuclease finger - print image spectrum analysis could be applied to the tracing and quantification of the translocation of E. coli from intestine to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and blood. The intestinal tissue contents of endotoxin (ET), nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. RESULTS: It was identified that the bacteria in MLNs and blood exhibited the same gene map with those from gastric gavage in B and C groups. But the bacterial quantity in MLNs in C group on 3 postburn day (PBD) was much lower than that in B group (P < 0.05). The intestinal MDA content in C group on 1 and 3 PBDs was obviously higher than that in B group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Bacteria (E. coli) could be translocated from gut to MLNs and blood, which could be evidently alleviated by lanthanum chloride by means of its bactericidal property, inhibition of NOS activity, so that NO production decreased, and its ability to increase SOD activity leading to less production of MDA.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The burned ear (I): An experimental study with the rabbit model to evaluate scalding temperature, surface and histopathologic appearance, and healing responses with depth of injury.

There are few papers on experimental burns of the external ear. An experimental model was made and a study was conducted on 18 white rabbits to evaluate the response of the rabbit ear in relation to temperature, surface and histologic appearances and healing response with depth of injury. The rabbit model showed that: a) the rabbit ear resembled that of the human ear in histological structure. b) there was a definite correlation of the temperature of the scalding agent with the depth of the injury. c) it was possible to classify morphologically the depth of injury based on surface appearance. d) there was an accurate morphologic correlation with that of histopathologic assessment of burns depth. e) the sequential biopsy at different times (immediate, third, fifth day) showed that the depth of the burns was already apparent soon after the injury. f) there was also a correlation of burns depth with the rate of ear healing.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Child abuse by scalding.

Physical abuse of children by burning is a serious crime that leaves the youngest of our children with permanent physical and emotional scars. The victims tends to be less than 2 years of age. Burn-abused children usually suffer from a spectrum of physical, psychologic, and nutritional neglect. Burn abuse is costly in terms of pain, suffering and health care. Up to 15% of acutely injured children seen in emergency departments, admitted or not, have been abused. Burns were involved in up to 22% of physical abuse cases. Up to 26% of pediatric burn admissions were the result of abuse. The most common form of burn abuse in children requiring hospitalization is the scald. Physicians who treat children and burn patients should have a knowledge of the literature and clinical factors associated with pediatric burn abuse.

Burns↗
PubMed2003

[A preliminary study on the identification and distribution of epidermal stem cells in different degrees of burn wounds in scalded rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of epidermal stem cells (ESCs) in different degrees of burn wounds in scalded rats. METHODS: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were employed in the study. First degree (I), shallow (shallow II) and deep partial thickness (deep II) and full thickness burn wounds (III) were created on the rat skin. Burn wound samples were harvested at 24 postburn hours (PBHs) from all the wounds and were processed to tissue slices. The tissue slices were stained by immunohistochemistry technique. The expression and distribution of ESCs in different degrees of burn wounds were observed with integrins alpha 2 beta 1 and keratin 10 (K10) as first antibodies. RESULTS: K10 positive cells were found to distribute in the strata spinosum, granulosum and lucidum in the first degree burn wound (I) with large amounts of integrins alpha 2 beta 1 positive cells in the residual basal layer and skin appendages (hair follicles) in shallow partial thickness burn wound (shallow II degree), and there were less integrins alpha 2 beta 1 positive cells in the remaining skin appendages in deep dermis in deep partial thickness burn wound (deep II degree). Finally, integrins alpha 2 beta 1 positive cells were sparsely found in the III degree burn wound. CONCLUSION: The distribution of ESCs in burn wounds was closely related to the depth of burn wound. The residual ESCs might be the origin of burn wound regeneration and reepithelization.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[The regulation mechanisms of MMP-1,2 and TIMP-1,2 on wound healing after partial thickness scald].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,2 (MMP-1,2 and TIMP-1,2) in granulation tissue after 30% TBSA deeper partial thickness scald, and explore the regulation mechanism of MMP-2/TIMP-2 during wound healing. METHODS: 150 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups as follows: (1) normal control (n = 6); (2) injured control group (n = 36): which is subdivided into postburn 3 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d groups, respectively; (3) BDM group (n = 36): intravenous injected of 400 mg 2,3-butanedione monoxime in each rat was done after anesthesia; (4) H7 group (n = 36): Each rat was intravenous injected of 0.2 mg 1-5-isoquinolinyl-sulfony-2-methylpiperazine after anesthesia; (5) anti-c-fos group (n = 36): Each rat was intravenous injected of 5 microg c-fos monoclony antibody after anesthesia. The immunohistochemistry staining technique and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used for detecting. RESULTS: The expression of c-fos mRNA and protein was increased from 3 to 6 hours post-burn, and then decreased. The expression of MMP-1,2/TIMP-1,2 was delayed to 3 days post-burn compared with the expression of c-fos mRNA and protein. Treatment with BDM induced to raise c-fos mRNA and protein expression. The expression of MMP-1,2/TIMP-1,2 was also increased accordingly. However, following treatment with H7 inhibited the expression of c-fos mRNA and protein, MMP-1,2/TIMP-1,2 proteins expression decreased. Exogenous c-fos antibody could inhibit endogenous c-fos protein expression and the expression of MMP-1/TIMP-1,2 decreased, but MMP-2 has no notable changes. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of MMP-1,2 and TIMP-1,2 has closely relation protein kinases activated signaling pathways. The expression changes of MMP-1 and TIMP-1/TIMP-2 depend on c-fos expression. Oncogenes play an important role in the change process of wound matrix degradation and remodeling.

Animals↗