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PubMedDate not supplied

Efficient volume preserving approach for skeleton-based implicit surfaces.

This paper presents an efficient way to preserve the volume of implicit surfaces generated by skeletons. Recursive subdivision is used to efficiently calculate the volume. The criterion for subdivision is obtained by using the property of density functions and treating different types of skeletons respectively to get accurate minimum and maximum distances from a cube to a skeleton. Compared with the criterion generated by other ways such as using traditional Interval Analysis, Affine Arithmetic, or Lipschitz condition, our approach is much better both in speed and accuracy.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1995

Visualization of the fetal thoracic skeleton with three-dimensional sonography: a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the complete anatomy of the thoracic skeleton in the developing fetus often is difficult with conventional two-dimensional (2D) sonography because of the curvature of the bones. The purpose of the present work was to assess the ability of three-dimensional (3D) sonography to provide a more complete representation of the fetal thoracic skeleton than available with 2D sonography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed 3D sonographic imaging in eight healthy volunteer pregnant women after obtaining informed consent. Conventional 2D sonographic equipment was adapted to obtain 3D data and to produce volume-rendered images. The 3D sonographic images of the bony spine and thorax were evaluated for clarity with which the vertebral bodies, ribs, scapulae, clavicles, and overall thoracic anatomy were depicted. RESULTS: The vertebral bodies, spine, and ribs were identifiable on 3D sonograms, which clearly showed the structural continuity of the spine and ribs in all fetuses. Zoomed images of subregions of the spine were useful for showing details of the vertebrae. Stereo glasses and rotation of the volume data proved useful in appreciating the spatial relationships of the spine and rib cage. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional sonography provides additional information about the fetal thoracic skeleton to that furnished by 2D sonography by presenting the thorax as a coherent structure rather than as a series of cross-sectional slices.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed2006

Mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the axial skeleton of horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: An objective measure of neck, back and croup pain is needed in horses with musculoskeletal injuries, vague upper limb lameness or poor performance. OBJECTIVES: To establish mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) within the axial skeleton and evaluate the effects of subject status and ridden exercise. METHODS: Thirty-six mature horses (10 nonridden; 26 actively ridden) were used to assess MNTs evoked by a pressure algometer (PA) with a 1 cm2 rubber plunger tip at 62 midline and bilaterally symmetrical anatomical landmarks along the axial skeleton. Pressure was applied at a uniform rate of application until a local avoidance reaction was noted. The repeatability of 3 consecutive measurements was evaluated. Left-to-right comparisons and the effects of subject status and ridden exercise on MNTs were assessed. RESULTS: MNTs were repeatable and increased in a cranial-to-caudal gradient within the axial skeleton. Typically, there were no significant left-to-right differences. Within-horse variability was less than between-horse variability. Higher MNTs were measured in young, heavy, non-Thoroughbred, castrated males, and in horses that were ridden and actively exercised. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: PA provides an objective, noninvasive, and repeatable tool to measure mechanical nociception in horses. MNTs vary in horses with differing subject status and ridden exercise level.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Identification of a skeleton using DNA from teeth and a PAP smear.

Identification of unknown living or deceased persons using dental treatment records is an established forensic technique. However, some cases remain unidentified, especially when antemortem dental records are not available for comparison to postmortem dental records. Cytological smears have been previously reported to be potential sources of DNA reference samples which can be compared to DNA recovered from found human remains. The case described here involves an adult skeleton which exhibited extensive, complex dental restorative treatment. A putative identification of the found skeleton as a missing woman was established using circumstantial evidence found at the scene. However, it became important to establish a positive identification using reliable scientific methods. When it was discovered that antemortem dental records were not available because the treatment was completed in another country and the treating dentist could not be found, cytological smears stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain obtained from the putative decedent's medical records were used as a reference DNA sample. DNA was recovered from the teeth of the skeleton using cryogenic grinding. Comparison of the genotypes resulted in the conclusion that the DNA originated from the same source. The use of PAP smears in this way is seen as a valuable resource in cases where positive identification using traditional dental and medical records is not possible.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Molecular-pathogenetic classification of genetic disorders of the skeleton.

Genetic disorders of the skeleton (skeletal dysplasias and dysostoses) are a large and disparate group of diseases whose unifying features are malformation, disproportionate growth, and deformation of the skeleton or of individual bones or groups of bones. To cope with the large number of different disorders, the "Nosology and Classification of the Osteochondrodysplasias," based on clinical and radiographic features, has been designed and revised periodically. Biochemical and molecular features have been partially implemented in the Nosology, but the rapid accumulation of knowledge on genes and proteins cannot be easily merged into the clinical-radiographic classification. We present here, as a complement to the existing Nosology, a classification of genetic disorders of the skeleton based on the structure and function of the causative genes and proteins. This molecular-pathogenetic classification should be helpful in recognizing metabolic and signaling pathways relevant to skeletal development, in pointing out candidate genes and possible therapeutic targets, and more generally in bringing the clinic closer to the basic science laboratory and in promoting research in this field.

Bone Diseases, Developmental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of the skeleton of Admiral F. F. Ushakov].

Reports the results of examination of the skeleton of Admiral F. F. Ushakov, carried out in connection with canonization in the Russian Orthodox Church. Heretofore unknown data on the somatic characteristics of F. F. Ushakov and his diseases are presented. Special attention is paid to uneven age involution of the skeleton and the hypoergic aging velocity. A detailed morphological similarity between the skulls of F. F. Ushakov and monk Feodor (Admiral's uncle, I. I. Ushakov) evidenced common features inherited through the masculine line. Modern computer technologies showed that the appearance of F. F. Ushakov, determined by the skull and postcranial skeleton, agree with his appearance on the life-time portrait, in spite of Professor M. M. Gerasimov's opinion (1949). In this connection, the possibility of repeated reconstruction of Admiral Ushakov's appearance is proven.

Christianity↗

PubMed2002

Histological study on the influences of an ultrasonic scalpel on skeletonized vessel wall.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to histologically clarify the difference of vascular wall damage when an ultrasonic scalpel is used in varied ways in the vicinity of a vessel. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 1) The surface of sodium carbonate-containing jelly was manually brushed with the edge of a dissecting hook type Harmonic Scalpel (HS), and the thickness of the air bubble layer was measured to investigate the range to which the vibrations of the instrument reached. 2) The internal thoracic artery (ITA), radial artery (RA) and vein skeletonized were cut bluntly or brushed using HS ex vivo, and tissue damages were observed histologically. 3) The depth of thermal degeneration (TD) of residual stumps of ITAs skeletonized by HS using an output power level (level) of 2 and the quick touch method at the time of coronary arterial bypass grafting (CABG) were investigated histologically. RESULTS: 1) The mean thickness of the air bubble layers by single brushing was 3.7, 3.7 and 3.1 mm at level 4, 3 and 2, and no significant difference. When brushed 5 times, it was 6.9, 5.5 and 6.7 mm, respectively, showing marked increases compared with single brushing. 2) A: One side of the RA stump cut with a dissecting hook at level 2 was nicely occluded by a degenerated protein coagulum, but the contralateral had no coagulum. An ITA cut by a shear type blade at level 3 showed that both stumps were nicely occluded, but the vessel wall was introverted and fragmented. B: ITAs brushed 5 or 10 times at level 2 showed that TD occurred in tunica externa, the mean depth of 100 or 203 microm, and never exceeded the external elastic lamella. RAs brushed 10 times at level 2 and 3 showed that TD and air bubble generation occurred in the tunica externa, and the mean depth was 203 and 203 microm. However, TD exceeded the external lamella in some cases at level 3. Veins brushed 10 times at level 3 showed that TD spread to all layers. 3) The depth of TD in ITAs skeletonized clinically by HS was 400 to 530 microm, and apart from the external elastic lamella. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Though the air bubble layer was very thick in jelly, it was observed only in tunica externa ex vivo. 2) For coagulation and cut of small blood vessels, it is vital to press an HS blade edge onto the vessel so as to press equally both portions to be cut. There is a possibility of a fragmented and introverted vessel wall into the lumen. 3) By dissecting ITA and RA using HS at level 2 and the quick touch method, TD can be limited to the depth of the connective tissue of tunica externa.

Blood Vessels↗

PubMed2002

Blockade of reticular formation activity, due to carisoprodol maternal administration, and its effects on rat skeleton development.

The purpose of this experiment was to study the influence of reticular formation blockade, due to carisoprodol maternal administration, on rat skeleton development. The drug was administered three times a day orally by stomach tube at doses: T1--20 mg/kg/24 h, T2--200 mg/kg/24 h, T3--400 mg/kg/24 h. The fetuses obtained on 21st day of gestation were counted and macroscopically examined. Placental and fetal weight, fetal and tail length were checked. After fixation in 95% ethanol the fetuses were stained under single alizarin red S Dawson method and examined under a stereo-dissection microscope. Morphological examination revealed no major malformations. Insignificant number of subcutaneous ecchymose and various skeleton anomalies were observed. The experiment revealed that carisoprodol has no influence on rat skeleton development.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1992

The expression and synthesis of the band 3 protein initiates the formation of a stable membrane skeleton in murine Rauscher-transformed erythroid cells.

While the temporal sequences of the synthesis and assembly of membrane skeletal proteins has been studied during erythroid maturation, relatively little is known about the events which initiate the assembly of membrane skeleton at the early stages of mammalian erythroid commitment. To investigate the early events that initiate the assembly of the membrane skeleton in mammalian erythroid cells, we have studied the synthesis and assembly of membrane skeletal proteins in murine Rauscher erythroleukemia virus-transformed cells. These cells are blocked in differentiation at around the early progenitor (burst forming unit-erythroid, BFUe) cell stage but can be induced to differentiate in vitro. Pulse-labeling studies reveal that Rauscher cells actively synthesize alpha spectrin, beta spectrin, ankyrin and band 4.1 proteins. However, the synthesis of the band 3 protein and its mRNA are barely detectable in these cells. The peripheral membrane skeletal components assemble only transiently in the membrane skeleton and turn over rapidly, resulting in about 20-fold lower steady state levels than are found in mature erythrocytes. Upon induction with erythropoietin and dimethyl sulfoxide, the mRNA level and synthesis of band 3 are increased about 50-fold. In contrast, the synthesis of spectrin, ankyrin and band 4.1 is increased only about 1.5 to 2.0-fold. However, after induction, the fraction of these proteins assembled on the membrane is increased, their half-lives on the membrane are nearly doubled with a concomitant 4 to 5-fold increase in their steady-state levels. These results suggest that the synthesis of peripheral membrane proteins is detected at the earliest stages of erythroid commitment and increases only slightly during further differentiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Ubiquitination of spectrin regulates the erythrocyte spectrin-protein-4.1-actin ternary complex dissociation: implications for the sickle cell membrane skeleton.

It has been demonstrated by our laboratory that the irreversibly sickled cell (ISC) spectrin-4.1-actin complex dissociates slowly as compared to ternary complexes formed out of control (AA) and reversibly sickle cell (RSCs) core skeletons. These studies indicated that the molecular basis for the inability of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) to change shape is a skeleton that disassembles, and therefore reassembles, very slowly. The present study is based on the following observations: a) alpha-spectrin repeats 20 and 21 contain ubiquitination sites, and b) The spectrin repeats beta-1 and beta-2 are in direct contact with spectrin repeats alpha-20 and alpha-21 during spectrin heterodimer formation, and contain the protein 4.1 binding domain. We demonstrate here that alpha-spectrin ubiquitination at repeats 20 and 21 increases the dissociation of the spectrin-protein-4.1-actin ternary complex thereby regulating protein 4.1's ability to stimulate the spectrin-actin interaction. Performing in vitro ternary complex dissociation assays with AA control and sickle cell SS spectrin (isolated from high-density sickle cells), we further demonstrate that reduced ubiquitination of alpha-spectrin is, in part, responsible for the locked membrane skeleton in sickle cell disease.

Actins↗

PubMed2004

[Partial hepatectomy with skeletonization of the hepatoduodenal ligament for hilar cholangiocarcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To sum up author's experience and to define the role of partial hepatectomy with skeletonization resection in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2001, 67 patients underwent exploration in our hospital. The clinical records of these patients were reviewed. RESULTS: Sixty-five (97%) patients underwent surgical resection. Forty-nine patients (73%) had curative resection [22 skeletonization resection (SR), and the other 27 undergone SR combined with partial hepatectomy]. According to the Bismuth-Corlett classification, tumors were classified into four types. SR was performed in type I (5 cases) and type II (17 cases). Right lobectomy with right caudate lobectomy was performed in type IIIa (6 cases), left lobectomy with left caudate lobectomy in type IIIb (15 cases). Right lobectomy with whole caudate lobectomy (3 cases), left lobectomy with whole caudate lobectomy (9 cases), and quadrate lobectomy (2 cases) were undertaken in type IV. We successfully did SR and left lobectomy with whole caudate lobectomy in 2 patients (3%) who had suffered palliative biliary cancer resection and cholangiojejunostomy before. Eight patients (12%) had local resection of the tumor with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy reconstruction and intrahepatic bile ducts support. Two patients (3%) had palliative biliary drainage. Combined portal vein resection was performed in 13 (20%) patients and hepatic artery resection in 27 (40.3%). Twenty-four (35.8%) patients had no postoperative complications, and 20 (30.2%) patients developed major complications. Of the 20 patients with major complications 14 recovered; the remaining 6 patients died of liver-renal failure with other organ failure or of heart attack, intraabdominal bleeding, and gastrointestinal bleeding in 7, 12, 14, 42, 57, or 89 days after surgery. Thirty days operative mortality was 4.5%. The median survival of patients with curative resection was 16 months (ranging from 1 to 41 months), while the median survival with palliative operation was 7 months (ranging from 1 to 16 months). CONCLUSIONS: Partial hepatectomy with skeletonization resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality. For curative treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, Caudate lobectomy is always recommended in Bismuth type III/IV.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

A 3-D parametric biomechanical skeleton model for posture and spine shape analysis.

A project has been undertaken by our group to merge different segmental biomechanical models presented in literature into a full 3D parametric human skeleton representation, based on opto-electronic measurements. The obtained 3D skeleton model can then be fitted to each subject's anthropometrical characteristics. The accuracy and precision of this model relies both on anatomical findings (cadaver dissections, in vivo measurements, and parametric regression equations) reported in literature and on the approach and signal processing procedures we largely described and discussed in previous papers. The aim of this work is to present and describe the above mentioned 3D parametric biomechanical skeleton model. This model and the related graphical software package have been developed as a clinical tool for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, and they are currently used in different clinical centres.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2005

[Feasibility of lymphadenectomy with skeletonization in extended right hemicolectomy by hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of lymphadenectomy with skeletonization in extended right hemicolectomy by hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS). METHODS: From November 2001 to September 2004, 30 cases with right hemicolonic cancer were divided into two groups, and received laparoscopic or open extended right hemicolectomy plus lymphadenectomy with skeletonization. Clinical data of two groups were compared. RESULTS: The mean operative time were (214.0 +/- 16.5) min and (245.0 +/- 24.6) min (t=2.248, P< 0.05), the mean volumes of intraoperative bleeding (78.4 +/- 24.3) ml and (203.3 +/- 48.5) ml (t=4.927, P< 0.05), the mean time of anal aerofluxus (53.4 +/- 6.7) h and (67.3 +/- 9.7) h (t=2.530, P< 0.05), the mean postoperative hospital stay (11.5 +/- 1.11) d and (17.9 +/- 3.98) d (t=3.413, P< 0.05) respectively in laparoscopic and open operation groups. The mean numbers of N1, N2 and N3 lymph nodes cleared in laparoscopic group were (15.3 +/- 2.6), (5.6 +/- 1.6) and (4.3 +/- 2.2) respectively,while (16.2 +/- 3.3), (5.9 +/- 2.2) and (6.1 +/- 1.5) respectively in open operation group (all P > 0.05). The complication rates were 20.0% (3/15) and 33.3% (5/15) respectively in laparoscopic and open operation groups (chi(2)=0.0227, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Extended right hemicolectomy plus lymphadenectomy with skeletonization can be perfectly performed by HALS.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Construction of three-dimensional finite element model of human edentulous maxilla and cranial skeleton].

OBJECTIVE: To develop an effective and feasible method to construct three-dimensional finite element model of the whole edentulous maxilla and cranial skeleton. METHODS: Based on three-dimensional computer aided design model which was constructed by multi-slices helical CT scanning data of a male's head in specialized software, three-dimensional finite element model of edentulous maxillary and cranial skeleton was established; the stresses distribution in maxilla was investigated under occlusal load with computer simulated a complete overdenture. RESULTS: The three-dimensional finite element model of edentulous maxilla and cranial skeleton had favorite similarity in geometry, the distributions of stresses in maxilla and the wall of maxillary sinus could be clearly observed. CONCLUSIONS: The study verifies that this three-dimensional finite element modeling method is feasible and effective.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

[The effect of the membrane skeleton of non-nucleated erythrocytes on the properties of transport ATPases].

Removal of spectrin and other proteins of membrane skeleton from rat erythrocyte membranes resulted in a significant loss of Na,K-ATPase and Ca-ATPase activities, and even more of respective phosphatase activities. At the same time the modulating influence of ATP and Ca2+ on the enzymes disappeared. These ATPase activities were reconstituted by addition of concentrated spectrin to spectrin-depleted membranes. The activating influence of Ca2+ on ouabain-resistant and ouabain-sensitive phosphatases in ghosts could be discovered only in the presence of ATP. The highest activities of both the phosphatases were revealed when both ATP (0.5 mM) and Ca2+ (10-30 mM) were present simultaneously in the incubation medium. These data show that the functioning of transport ATPases in non-nuclear erythrocyte membranes is related to the membrane skeleton: regulating influence of intracellular ATP and Ca2+ on enzymes seems to be realized through the proteins of the skeleton.

Actins↗

PubMed2006

Protein 4.1, a component of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton and its related homologue proteins forming the protein 4.1/FERM superfamily.

The review is focused on the domain structure and function of protein 4.1, one of the proteins belonging to the membrane skeleton. The protein 4.1 of the red blood cells (4.1R) is a multifunctional protein that localizes to the membrane skeleton and stabilizes erythrocyte shape and membrane mechanical properties, such as deformability and stability, via lateral interactions with spectrin, actin, glycophorin C and protein p55. Protein 4.1 binding is modulated through the action of kinases and/or calmodulin-Ca2+. Non-erythroid cells express the 4.1R homologues: 4.1G (general type), 4.1B (brain type), and 4.1N (neuron type), and the whole group belongs to the protein 4.1 superfamily, which is characterized by the presence of a highly conserved FERM domain at the N-terminus of the molecule. Proteins 4.1R, 4.1G, 4.1N and 4.1B are encoded by different genes. Most of the 4.1 superfamily proteins also contain an actin-binding domain. To date, more than 40 members have been identified. They can be divided into five groups: protein 4.1 molecules, ERM proteins, talin-related molecules, protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPH) proteins and NBL4 proteins. We have focused our attention on the main, well known representatives of 4.1 superfamily and tried to choose the proteins which are close to 4.1R or which have distinct functions. 4.1 family proteins are not just linkers between the plasma membrane and membrane skeleton; they also play an important role in various processes. Some, such as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), non-receptor tyrosine kinase that localizes to focal adhesions in adherent cells, play the role in cell adhesion. The other members control or take part in tumor suppression, regulation of cell cycle progression, inhibition of cell proliferation, downstream signaling of the glutamate receptors, and establishment of cell polarity; some are also involved in cell proliferation, cell motility, and/or cell-to-cell communication.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Bone scan patterns of patients with diffuse metastatic carcinoma of the axial skeleton.

Bone scan findings (using 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate) in five patients with diffuse metastatic carcinoma of the axial skeleton are reviewed. Although there were few visually recognizable asymmetries of tracer localization, the diffuse involvement was diagnosed through abnormally elevated counting rates in the axial skeleton, decreased visualization of the kidneys, and faint or absent visualization of the appendicular skeleton.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1991

Preparation, reconstruction and interpretation of seven human skeletons from the late Bronze age (urn-field-culture) found at a storage pit in Stillfried/March, lower Austria.

In the first published paper "Stillfried-Archäologie-Anthropologie" (Felgenhauer, Szilvássy, Kritscher & Hauser 1988) emphasis of study was laid on morphological, metric and radiological analyses of the 7 skeletons from the late Bronze age (urn-field-culture) found at a storage pit in Stillfried/March in Lower Austria. The present publication deals with the methods of reconstruction of this spectacular discovery. When the skeletal material was disinterred in 1976 it was decided to make appropriate arrangements for an in-situ-presentation at a later stage. After the preparatory work and the scientific investigations were concluded, an in-situ presentation of the 7 skeletons was placed as a key-exhibit in the anthropological displays in the Natural History Museum in Vienna. The 7 skeletons represent three grown-ups and four children i.e. a man about thirty years of age, a woman of forty and one of forty five years of age, as well as a girl of nine and three boys eight, six and three years of age. The reconstruction of this outstanding discovery demanded not only an answer to the genealogical question but also an interpretation of the circumstances of death making use of forensic evidence. Additionally, the personal state of the seven individuals, their physical shape, state of health, and their racial attachment were discussed.

Austria↗