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PubMed2004

Surface free energy and bacterial retention to saliva-coated dental implant materials--an in vitro study.

The aim of the present investigation was to compare the in vitro bacterial retention on saliva-coated implant materials (pure titanium grade 2 (cp-Ti) and a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) surfaces), presenting similar surface roughness, and to assess the influence of physico-chemical surface properties of bacterial strain and implant materials on in vitro bacterial adherence. Two bacterial strains (one hydrophilic strain and one hydrophobic strain) were used and the following were evaluated: bacterial cell adherence, SFE values as well as the Lifshitz-van-der Waals, the Lewis acid base components of SFE, the interfacial free energy and the non-dispersive interactions according to two complementary contact angle measurement methods: the sessile drop method and the captive bubble method. Our results showed similar patterns of adherent bacterial cells on saliva-coated cp-Ti and saliva-coated Ti-6Al-4V. These findings could suggest that bacterial colonization (i.e. plaque formation) is similar on saliva-coated cp-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V surfaces and indicate that both materials could be suitable for use as transgingival abutment or healing implant components. The same physico-chemical properties exhibited by saliva-coated cp-Ti and TA6V, as shown by the sessile drop method and the captive bubble method, could explain this similar bacterial colonisation. Therefore, higher values of total surface free energy of saliva-coated cp-Ti and saliva-coated TA6V samples (gamma(SV) approximately 65mJ/m(2)) were reported using the captive bubble method indicating a less hydrophobic character of these surfaces than with the sessile drop method (gamma(S) approximately 44.50mJ/m(2)) and consequently possible differences in oral bacterial retention according the theory described by Absolom et al. The number of adherent hydrophobic S. sanguinis cells was two-fold higher than that of hydrophilic S. constellatus cells. Our results confirm that physico-chemical surface properties of oral bacterial strains play a role in bacterial retention to implant materials in the presence of adsorbed salivary proteins.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed1998

Adsorption of salivary proteins and serum proteins to titanium.

Titanium (Ti) is very effective as a dental implant material owing to its low toxicity and high biocompatibility. I carried out in vitro experiments on the adsorption of salivary proteins and serum proteins to Ti to better understand how this material reacts in the oral cavity. I found that when Ti that had adsorbed serum proteins was exposed to salivary proteins, there was an exchange of the proteins on the Ti surface. The same thing happened when Ti that had adsorbed salivary proteins was exposed to serum proteins. These results suggest that both human salivary proteins and serum proteins adsorb to Ti with different affinity, and that protein already adsorbed to Ti might mask binding sites for other proteins.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1995

In vitro biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Pd and Ti-Sn-Nb-Ta-Pd alloys.

There is much discussion about the toxic effect of vanadium and aluminum contained in Ti-6Al-4V alloy for prosthetic implants. The goal of the present investigation was to develop new titanium alloys with sufficient mechanical properties using more biocompatible alloying elements: zirconium, tin, niobium, tantalum, and palladium. The relative growth rates of L929 and MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly higher when cultured with the extraction of Ti-10Zr-8Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd or Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd alloys than when cultured with the extraction of Ti-6Al-4AV ELI alloy. The tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area for Ti-15Sn-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd alloy were 989 MPa, 14.4%, and 49.3%, respectively, surpassing Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy. (ASTM F138-84); those for Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd alloy were 725 MPa, 23.6% and 54.9%, respectively. More than 15% addition of tin as well as zirconium deteriorated the tensile properties. Titanium release into a 5% hydrochloric acid solution from the new titanium alloys was 20-50 micrograms/cm2 per day, though that from Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy was 1300 micrograms/cm2 per day. The optimum alloy compositions are Ti-15Zr-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd and Ti-15Sn-4Nb-2Ta-0.2Pd, judging from cytocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. The former is characterized by its higher level cytocompatibility and corrosion resistance, while the latter is characterized by mechanical properties.

Alloys↗

PubMed1994

[Qualitative and quantitative study of bone colonisation in a wired surface effect. An experimental study].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bony anchorage of a new implant (orderly wired surface effect with alloy Ti Al Va and ordered pores of 488 mu). Bony integration was analyzed on qualitative and quantitative aspects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The implants were inserted into both femurs of six sheep in three localisations, in all 36 implants, during a period of 6 to 33 weeks. The implants were opposed on cortical bone or impacted into trabecular cancelous bone after corticotomy. Evaluation of rehabitation was realized using conventional radiography, MRI, isotopic study and particularly by computer assisted histomorphometry (BIOCOM program). This new technic evaluated the trabecular bone volume (TBV) of the implant, the trabecular bone density, and the mean trabecular width in real value with precision and objectivity. RESULTS: This study shows that there was good osteointegration of the implant, that this osteointegration differed with the localization of implantation. Quantitatively, the BIOCOM program showed that for metaphyseal implants in cancelous bone, the TBV of the implant was greater than that of the environment of the implant. DISCUSSION: It is questionable to speak of osteoinduction in an osteogenic situation but it is certain that in many implantation conditions, the TBV is more important in the implant than that of the environment surrounding the implant. This shows the excellent osteointegration of the implant. CONCLUSION: This implant brings a new concept of rehabitation space with its particular geometry of structure. This quality is confirmed by clinical experience with uncemented knee prosthesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Surface engineering of titanium by collagen immobilization. Surface characterization and in vitro and in vivo studies.

Collagen was covalently linked to the surface of Titanium (Ti) by a surface modification process involving deposition of a thin film from hydrocarbon plasma followed by acrylic acid grafting. The composition and properties of surface-modified Ti were investigated by a number of surface sensitive techniques: XPS, ATR-IR, atomic force microscopy and AFM force-separation curves. In vitro tests were performed to check samples cytotoxicity and the behavior of osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. In vivo experiments involved 12 weeks implants in rabbit muscle as general biocompatibility assessment and 1-month implants in rabbit bone to evaluate the effect of surface modification on osteointegration rate. Results of XPS measurements show how surface chemistry is affected throughout each step of the surface modification process, finally leading to a complete and homogeneous collagen overlayer on top of the Ti samples. AFM data clearly display the modification of the surface topography and of the surface area of the samples as a consequence of the grafting and coupling process. AFM force-distance curves show that the interfacial structure responds by shrinking or swelling to variations of ionic force of the surrounding aqueous environment, suggesting that the aqueous interface of the biochemically modified Ti samples has enhanced degrees of freedom as compared to the inorganic surface of plain Ti. As to biological evaluations, the biochemically modified Ti samples are safe in terms of cytotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility assessment. SaOS-2 cells growth rate is lower on collagen modified surfaces, and no significant difference is detected in terms of alkaline phosphatase production as compared to control Ti. Importantly, implants in rabbit femur show a significant increase of bone growth and bone-to-implant contact in the case of the collagen modified samples, confirming that biochemical modifications of Ti surface can enhance the rate of bone healing as compared to plain Ti.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2002

[The influence of two implant materials on the growth of three subgingival predominant bacteria].

OBJECTIVE: Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloy as dental implants have show impressive clinical results. Despite the high success rates, some implants do fail. Compared to those studies on osseointegration of implants, the information pertaining to their failure is little. Further studies on the relationship between implant material and micro-organism are needed. The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of two commonly used implant materials Titanium (TA2) and Ti-6AI-4V alloy (TC4) on the growth behaviour of three subgingival predominant bacteria Streptococcus sanguis (S. s), Porphyromanus gingivalis (P. g), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. n) and their mixture. METHODS: Under anaerobic condition, bacterial suspensions of S.s, P.g, F.n and their mixture were incubated together with the two implant materials respectively, setting the same bacterial suspensions as controls. After 2, 7 and 14 days, the bacterial growth amount was assayed by means of clone forming unit (CFU) method. The pH value of the bacterial suspension was determined by pH-Meter. RESULTS: The results showed that there was no difference in amount of bacterial growth or pH value between TA2 group and TC4 group (P > 0.05). There was also no statistically significant change as to the proportion of individual bacteria in bacterial mixture or the pH value of culture suspension. CONCLUSION: Under the condition of this investigation, the two studies implant materials have no examined influences on the growth of the subgingival bacteria and the pH value of their culture environment.

Alloys↗

PubMed2001

Application of ion beam techniques for preparation of metal ion-implanted TiO2 thin film photocatalyst available under visible light irradiation: metal ion-implantation and ionized cluster beam method.

Transparent TiO2 thin film photocatalysts have been prepared on silica glass plate by an Ionized Cluster Beam (ICB) method. In order to improve the electronic properties of these photocatalysts, transition metal ions (V+, Cr+, Mn+, Fe+) were implanted into the TiO2 thin films at high energy acceleration using an advanced metal ion-implantation technique. The combination of these ion beam techniques can allow us to prepare the TiO2 thin film photocatalysts which can work effectively under visible light (lambda>450 nm) and/or solar light irradiation. The investigation using XAFS and ab initio molecular calculation suggests that the substitution of octahedrally coordinated Ti ions in TiO2 lattice with implanted metal ions is important to modify TiO2 to be able to adsorb visible light and operate under visible light irradiation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

In vivo tensile testing of fluorapatite and hydroxylapatite plasma-sprayed coatings.

A tensile test has been developed to test bioactive coating materials. Hydroxylapatite (HA) and fluorapatite (FA) coatings with various roughnesses were tested using sandblasted titanium (Ti) as a control material. Twelve goats received 7 implants each for 6 (2 goats), 12 (5), and 24 (4) week implantation periods. After 12 weeks the mean tensile strength values were highest for polished hydroxylapatite (HAP) followed by HA > FAP (polished fluorapatite) > FA > Ti, and hydroxylapatite type coatings were found to exhibit significantly higher values than fluorapatite type coatings or titanium implants. After 24 weeks no statistically significant differences could be found between any of the implant types. The order of the mean strength values was now HAP > HA > FA > FAP > Ti. Fracture always occurred between the coating and titanium if bone contact had been established. In conclusion, it is suggested that results from different types of test methods cannot be used to compare different types of bioactive coatings.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

The interfacial strength in sputtering-hydroxyapatite-coating implants with arc-deposited surface.

Titanium columns (Ti-6A1-4V) were treated with arc-deposition to roughen the surface enough to anchor the bone, and then coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) at a thickness of 5 micro m by the sputtering technique. Columns were implanted into dog femurs, and fixation of columns to bone due to bone-ingrowth was assessed histologically and with the push-out test. The HA-coated columns were inserted in the shafts of the right femurs of 2 dogs. As a control, columns that were only arc-deposited (non-coated columns) were inserted into the left femurs. The interfacial strength was higher for the HA-coated columns than for the non-coated columns. Coating a rough surface with an HA layer using a sputtering technique reinforces interfacial strength between bone and implants.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The Cresco Bridge and implant concept: presentation of a technology for fabrication of abutment-free, passively fitting superstructures.

This article describes a new and cost-effective concept comprising innovative and simplified clinical and laboratory procedures for the rational fabrication of abutment-free, cast-titanium superstructures with passive fit to implants. Other alloys, such as precious metal or cobalt-chromium, can also be used. The precision of fit between the implants and superstructure is obtained by the Cresco Ti Precision method. This method is a user-friendly technology and can be adapted to most implant systems on the market. The method does not include any abutments, even when implants are positioned in extremely different angulations or inclined in a facial or palatal direction. Coupled with a simple All Parts Included (API) delivery system, the concept therefore represents an efficient treatment alternative.

Dental Abutments↗

PubMed1994

Effect of surface roughness of hydroxyapatite-coated titanium on the bone-implant interface shear strength.

We have investigated the bone-implant interface shear strength of hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated Ti-6Al-4V (HA-coating A) (roughness average, Ra = 3.4 +/- 0.5 microns) and HA-coated Ti-6Al-4V with a rougher surface (HA-coating B) (Ra = 8.4 +/- 1.8 microns). There was no significant difference between HA-coating A and HA-coating B implants with respect to the bone-implant interface shear strength as determined in push-out tests using the transcortical model in adult dogs. The bone-implant interface shear strength of bead-coated porous Ti-6Al-4V was significantly greater than that of both HA-coating A and HA-coating B implants. The failure site, as determined by scanning electron microscopy, was the coating-substrate interface, not the coating-bone interface. This indicates a need to protect the HA coating from the direct shear forces. HA coating enhances early bone growth into the porous surface of the implant. Long-term fixation should depend on bone anchoring to this porous surface. Hydroxyapatite coatings must be developed which do not obstruct the pores of the surface of the implant.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of growth and metabolism of avian osteoblasts on polished disks versus thin films of titanium alloy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using high vacuum, thermal evaporation to deposit thin films of Ti-6Al-4V onto plates for subsequent cell culture investigations. Osteoblastic response to thin-film coated plates was compared to that of cells grown on Ti alloy disk inserts and uncoated culture plates. The Ti alloy disks were polished, cleaned, and passivated following a commercial protocol for orthopedic implants. Mean surface roughness was 262 nm for the Ti alloy disks and 4.756 nm for the coated culture plates. Osteoblasts isolated from 16-day chick embryo calvariae were cultured on polystyrene, thin films, and disks. At confluence, the cells were cultured an additional 48 h and were evaluated for cell number (DNA content), rate of glycolysis (lactate production), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALPase), and collagenous (3H-proline hydroxylation) and noncollagenous protein synthesis. Cell morphology was similar for the controls, disks, and thin-film groups. DNA, lactate, cell layer ALPase, 3H-hydroxyproline, and noncollagenous protein were not different (p > 0.05) among the control, thin-film, and disk groups. Medium ALPase was lower (p < 0.05) in the thin-film group compared to the control group. Although aluminum and vanadium percentages varied from nominal in the thin-film groups (11Al-2V as opposed to 6Al-4V), avian osteoblasts responded similarly to the Ti alloy thin films, disks, and uncoated culture plates for the smooth surfaces tested. The thin-film cell culture system used for elemental material studies appears to offer a promising method for the investigation of cellular response to alloyed biomaterials as well. Proper adjustments in alloy percentages before deposition, however, need to be made if thermal evaporation is utilized.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Differences in microstructural characteristics of dense HA and HA coating.

Two implant types of hydroxyapatite (HA) currently are available for dental implants: dense HA-cemented titanium (Ti) and HA-coated. It has been shown in previous reports that there are differences in the chemical and mechanical stabilities between the dense HA and HA coated. The differences are thought to be due to structural differences between the two ceramic types. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in microstructural characteristics of currently available dense HA and HA coated implants before implantation and at periods of 3 weeks and 10 months after implantation in canine bone. X-ray diffractometry, infrared analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were used. The dense HA is composed of crystal grains, with a well crystallized structure of HA, closely bound to each other and approximately 0.4-0.6 micron in size. Implantation did not change the original sintered structure of the dense HA. The HA coating was composed of an amorphous phase with a Ca/P ratio of 1.46 and a crystal phase consisting of oxyhydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, and CaO, with a Ca/P ratio of 1.57. In the amorphous phase, compared to other portions in the amorphous phase, there were some layers with lower atomic density and with no significant difference in Ca/P ratio. After implantation, the crystallization of super fine crystals of approximately 4-5 nm in thickness occurred in the amorphous phase, and with time it progressed and spread from the surface to the deeper portion of the HA coating. A Ca/P ratio of 1.58 in the crystallized portion was close to the ratio (1.60) in the dense HA, suggesting that the super fine crystals were HA. This crystallization cannot significantly decrease the solubility of the amorphous phase portion and poses risks of stress accumulation within the coating and a decrease of binding strength between the HA coating and the substrate.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Fretting wear study of surface modified Ni-Ti shape memory alloy.

A combination of shape memory characteristics, pseudoelasticity, and good damping properties make near-equiatomic nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy a desirable candidate material for certain biomedical device applications. The alloy has moderately good wear resistance, however, further improvements in this regard would be beneficial from the perspective of reducing wear debris generation, improving biocompatibility, and preventing failure during service. Fretting wear tests of Ni-Ti in both austenitic and martensitic microstructural conditions were performed with the goal of simulating wear which medical devices such as stents may experience during surgical implantation or service. The tests were performed using a stainless steel stylus counter-wearing surface under dry conditions and also with artificial plasma containing 80 g/L albumen protein as lubricant. Additionally, the research explores the feasibility of surface modification by sequential ion implantation with argon and oxygen to enhance the wear characteristics of the Ni-Ti alloy. Each of these implantations was performed to a dose of 3 x 10(17) atom/cm(2) and an energy of 50 kV, using the plasma source ion implantation process. Improvements in wear resistance were observed for the austenitic samples implanted with argon and oxygen. Ion implantation with argon also reduced the surface Ni content with respect to Ti due to differential sputtering rates of the two elements, an effect that points toward improved biocompatibility.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Physicochemical study of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite-coated implants in humans.

This study represents the first report of the physical and chemical changes occurring in coatings of failed hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium implants obtained from a comprehensive, multicenter human dental implant study. A total of 53 retrieved samples were obtained and compared with unimplanted controls with the same manufacturer and similar manufacture dates. Forty-five retrieved implants were examined for surface characteristics and bulk composition. Implants were staged based on implantation history: stage 1 (implants retrieved between surgical placement and surgical uncovering), stage 2 (implants retrieved at surgical uncovering and evaluation), stage 3 (implants retrieved between surgical uncovering evaluation and occlusal loading), and stage 4 (implants retrieved after occlusal loading). Scanning electron microscopy showed progressive coating thinning with implantation time. At later stages, bare Ti metal was detected by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Increases in Ti and Al (2-7.5 atm % each) were detected at the apical ends of all stage 4 samples. In unimplanted coatings, X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, and calcium oxide in addition to large hydroxyapatite crystals (c axis size, D002 = 429 +/- 13 A; a axis size, D300 = 402 +/- 11 A, a/c aspect ratio 0.92). The nonapatitic phases disappeared with increased implantation time, although there was a persistence of amorphous calcium phosphate. Bulk coating chemical analysis showed that Ca/P ratios for implant controls (1.81 +/- 0.01) were greater than stoichiometric HA (1.67) and decreased for implant stages 3 and 4 (1.69 +/- 0.09 and 1.67 +/- 0.09, respectively), explained by the dissolution of the non apatitic phases. Crystal sizes also changed with implantation times, being smaller than the control at all but stage 4. Fourier transform infrared analyses agreed with these results, and also indicated the accumulation of bone (protein and carbonate-apatite) in the retrieved coatings. The accumulation of bone was not stage dependent. These findings indicate that there was some biointegration with the surrounding bone, but the greatest changes occurred with the HA coating materials, their loss, and chemical change.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1989

[Osseointegrated implants in clinical dentistry. Surgical procedure].

Osseointegrated implant was developed by Professor Brånemark at the University of Göteborg, Sweden (1965). Implant are made from pure titanium (Ti 99.75%, others 0.25%), which are installed into the jaw bone using an osseointegrated method by leaving the fixtures unloaded and isolated for a period of 3 to 4 months in lower jaw bone and for a period of 5 to 6 months in upper jaw bone of totally edentuleus patients. The clinical procedure that produces osseointegration is performed in 2 major treatment stage due to being minimized tissue trauma. The fixture are fitted with a series of screw using abutment and prosthetic appliance. Osseointegrated implant placed within the 15 years of the study demonstrated a 91% success in the lower jaw and a 81% success in the upper jaw. We have experienced 30 clinical cases of osseointegrated implant since 1984 and then the clinical use of osseointegrated method give all our patients very satisfactory results. Pre-operative examination (including X-ray findings), surgical technique, clinical cases so on will be reported.

Bone Screws↗

PubMed2000

Implant survival to 36 months as related to length and diameter.

BACKGROUND: It is generally accepted that diameter and length of an endosseous dental implant and its stability at placement are critical factors in achieving and maintaining osseointegration. In the event of slight implant mobility at placement, the conventional or accepted treatment is to place a longer implant and/or one of wider diameter. This manuscript presents stability and survival/failure data for implants of different diameters and lengths following 36 months post-placement, as well as crestal bone loss data between placement and uncovering. METHODS: A subset of the Dental Implant Clinical Research Group's database was used to study the 3-year survival and stability of various implant lengths (7 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 13 mm, and 16 mm) and diameters (3 mm+ and 4 mm+). Placement to uncovering crestal bone loss was also determined. The implants were generally representative of those available for clinical use (screws, basket, grooved, hydroxy-apatite-coated, CP-Ti, Ti-alloy). The study protocol specified that the implants be randomized to various jaw regions to accomplish the primary goals of the study--the comparison of each implant design's overall survival. A total of 2,917 implants were placed, restored, and followed. Data for all 3 mm to 3.9 mm diameter implants were pooled into a "3+" group, and the 4 mm to 4.9 mm diameter implants into a "4+" mm group. No attempt was made to look at the influence of any other variables on survival outcomes. The possible influence of clustering on survival was taken into consideration. RESULTS: The 3+ mm group had a mean stability (PTV) of -3.8 (SD = 2.9), and the 4+ group had a mean PTV of -4.4 (SD = 2.7) (P < 0.05). The PTVs for implant lengths ranged from -2.9 (SD = 2.8) for 7 mm lengths to -3.9 (SD = 2.9) for 16 mm lengths (P < 0.05). Survival to 36 months was 90.7% for the 3+ diameter and 94.6% for the 4+ group (P = 0.01). Survival ranged from 66.7% for the 7 mm implants to 96.4% for 16 mm implants (P = 0.001). Outcomes did not change when clustering was considered, although the P value decreased slightly. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that: 1) shorter implants had statistically lower survival rates as compared with longer implants; 2) 3+ mm diameter implants had a lower survival rate as compared with 4+ mm implants; 3) 3+ mm diameter implants are less stable (more positive PTVs) than 4+ mm implants; and 4) there was no significant difference in crestal bone loss for the two different implant diameters between placement and uncovering.

Alloys↗

PubMed1987

The effect of surface macrotexture and hydroxylapatite coating on the mechanical strengths and histologic profiles of titanium implant materials.

A mechanical and histological evaluation of uncoated and hydroxylapatite-coated titanium implant materials was performed. Cylindrical implants of uncoated commercially pure (CP) titanium and hydroxylapatite-coated Ti-6Al-4V alloy were studied using a transcortical model, with implants evaluated after periods of 3, 5, 10, and 32 weeks. All implants had a surface macrotexture consisting of a series of semicircular annular grooves, approximately 750 micron in maximum depth. The attachment characteristics of interface shear stiffness and interface shear strength were determined by mechanical push-out testing. Nondecalcified histologic and microradiographic techniques, with implants in situ, were used to evaluate the response to the implant materials and the presence of the surface macrotexture. Mechanical testing results indicated that the hydroxylapatite-coated implants exhibited significantly greater values of maximum interface shear strength than the uncoated implants after all time periods. Interface shear stiffness was also significantly greater at all time periods for the hydroxylapatite-coated implants as compared to the uncoated implants. Histological evaluation after 3 weeks revealed an osteoid layer covering on all areas coated with the hydroxylapatite material; mineralization of this layer appeared to be complete after 10 weeks. In all cases, longer-term implants demonstrated mineralization of interface bone directly onto the hydroxylapatite coating, and in no case was a fibrous layer observed between the hydroxylapatite coating and the interface bone. Sections from the uncoated CP titanium implants revealed a thin fibrous layer present in nearly all areas. Only isolated regions of direct bone-implant apposition were observed for the uncoated implants. The presence of this fibrous tissue layer, however, apparently did not adversely affect the development of considerable attachment strength. The results from this study indicate that the hydroxylapatite coating can significantly increase the attachment strength of implants which rely upon bone apposition for fixation. In addition, the hydroxylapatite coating provides an osteophilic surface for bone deposition, and allows for a more rapid development of implant-bone attachment.

Animals↗