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PubMed1995

Adenovirus vaccines in the U.S. military.

Acute respiratory disease (ARD) due to adenoviruses caused significant morbidity in military training populations. Since 1971 ARD has been controlled by the use of live, enteric-coated, adenovirus (ADV) types 4 and 7 vaccines. This immunization program overcame significant problems in vaccine development. Due to a production delay, military training posts stopped ADV vaccine administration in spring 1994. The delivery of ADV vaccine resumed in late February 1995, but another production delay is anticipated. A generation of military medical people have not been exposed to the significant morbidity caused by adenoviruses and are unaware of the effectiveness of the ADV vaccine. ARD morbidity before ADV vaccines, the ADV vaccine development program, and current issues regarding the control of ARD due to adenoviruses in the military are discussed.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1991

Immunization coverage survey in eight regions of Saudi Arabia.

A study of 1916 children in eight regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was conducted to find out the immunization coverage of the six expanded programme on immunization (EPI) target diseases. The eight regions surveyed were selected because they showed less than 80% coverage in a previous survey. The WHO cluster sampling technique was employed. The field workers were trained to conduct house-to-house surveys, inspect the children's immunization cards or health registers and complete the data forms. The overall coverage in the eight regions was found to be 97.5% for BCG, 94.3% for DPT and polio and 86.0% for measles. Altogether, 84.8% of the children had completed their immunization schedule by the end of their 1st year of life. The situation improved further in the 2nd year of life to reach 91.9%. The immunization coverage varied from region to region and from one EPI target disease to another. The partially immunized children represented 6-18% while those who did not receive any immunization represented only 0-8%. The drop-out rate between BCG and the third dose of DPT ranged from 1.9% to 9%. The factors behind the success are discussed and recommendations made for further improvement and maintenance of high immunization coverage.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Environmental echoes.

Allergy, auto immunity and cancer are becoming more prevalent in the developed world. One explanation might be that the immune system required to protect us from such problems is being inadequately trained, perhaps due to our increased separation from the environment which has shaped our mutating genes since we emerged from the primaeval ooze. Those infections which were the essential primers of our immunity are being prevented and action is needed to refocus the immune response without exposing us to the diseases of the past. In this paper we assess our place in relation to the environment and consider ways in which the situation can be redressed. There are considerable similarities between the immune system and human consciousness. Both enter the world in considerable ignorance of the events awaiting them, yet with the genetic ability, endowed by millennia of selection and evolution, to experience the world, to interpret and act on the experiences and to retain memory of the experiences. In both systems, maternal influences and early environmental encounters have profound effects on determining the patterns of subsequent responses. Ideally the 'learned' responses will benefit or protect the individual but inappropriate responses may lead to self damage. As the environment has altered irrevocably, attention must be paid to regulating the balance of immunological responsiveness to that expected of the normal immunological learning process. This should be possible by novel vaccination strategies.

Autoimmune Diseases↗
PubMed1985

A rubella outbreak among dental students: description of the outbreak and analysis of control measures.

From February to April 1982, rubella was diagnosed in 17 Washington University dental students. The affected students represented 4.8% of all dental students and 21% of susceptible students. Because a high likelihood of rubella transmission was perceived, three adjacent university hospitals undertook an emergency program to ensure immunity to rubella in all personnel. The program reached 84.6% of all target personnel, but only 36% of physicians (p less than 0.001). We estimated that the program increased the level of rubella immunity from 92.2% to 98.1%, at a total cost of $140,274 of which $29,990 was in excess of ordinary expenditures. Our experience indicates that schools training health professionals face the possibility of rubella outbreaks unless they ensure rubella immunity in all students. The experience also supports the value of ongoing programs to ensure rubella immunity in hospital personnel. Without such programs, hospitals may be forced to undertake emergency programs that are likely to be disruptive and expensive and may have relatively little immediate measurable impact.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunological responsiveness in trained and untrained schoolchildren and students during a school year].

Examination of trained (43 skiers) and untrained senior schoolchildren (31 young males); low-order students-skiers (110 girls) and untrained students (17 girls); high-order students-skiers (n=39) and students not going in for sports (n=60) established that in school children and female students of both groups, the cellular and humoral immunogical changes were mainly seasonal: in spring versus autumn, a considerable reduction in the concentration of immunoglobulins (Ig) G, M, and A and circulating immune complexes (CIC) was attended by a significant B-immunity system increase. In the high-order skiers, the time course of changes in immunological responsiveness depended on both a season and a muscle activity regime. In autumn with the start of intensive training loads, the vast majority of immune defense parameters (9/12) were significantly higher in the trained skiers than in the untrained. In spring versus autumn, despite a significant reduction in many cellular and humoral immunological parameters with a considerable increase in the count of T and B lymphocytes in both groups of students, many parameters, in particular the levels of T and B lymphocytes, IgG, and CIC usually remained higher in the sporting students than those in the untrained students of the same age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Glutamine: a potentially useful supplement for athletes.

The role of glutamine as a possible ergogenic aid has not been posited in the scientific literature. Although there is an abundance of clinical evidence supporting the need for exogenous glutamine in the maintenance of muscle protein mass and immune system function in critically ill patients, little work has been done that examines the potential utility of glutamine for athletes engaged in heavy exercise training. This brief review will describe a number of studies on the effects of glutamine supplementation on muscle protein mass, immune system function, and glucose regulation. Based on the available clinical evidence, we would speculate that glutamine has potential utility as a dietary supplement for athletes engaged in heavy exercise training.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Naturopaths and childhood immunizations: heterodoxy among the unorthodox.

Many families at a community clinic in Seattle reported that they were choosing not to immunize their children at the advice of practitioners of naturopathy. To learn more about this alternate form of health care, a review of the available literature on naturopathy was undertaken and interviews were conducted with individual naturopaths in the state of Washington. Naturopaths vary widely in their training, practices, and philosophy of healing. Many are opposed to routine immunization because they view immunization programs as unnatural, unnecessary, and elitist. Other practitioners, however, did not actively discourage parents from immunizing their children. Pediatricians must be aware of the growing popularity of naturopathic medicine in their care of families, and in their role as advocates for children.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1999

Psychoneuroendocrine immunology: perception of stress can alter body temperature and natural killer cell activity.

Psychoimmunology has been credited with using the mind as a way to alter immunity. The problem with this concept is that many of the current psychoimmunology techniques in use are aimed at alleviating stress effects on the immune system rather than at direct augmentation of immunity by the brain. Studies in animals provide a model that permits us to approach the difficulties associated with gaining an understanding of the CNS-immune system connection. A particular advantage of using animals over humans is that psychological and social contributions play a less prominent role for animals than for human subjects, since the animals are all inbred and reared under identical controlled conditions. If the insightful information provided by animal studies is correct, then psychotherapy for the treatment of diseases might be made more effective if some aspect of this knowledge is included in the design of the treatment. We emphasize conditioning as a regimen and an acceptable way to train the brain to remember an output pathway to raise immunity. We propose that a specific drug or perception (mild stress, represented by rotation, total body heating or handling) could substitute and kindle the same output pathway without the need for conditioning. If this view is correct, then instead of using conditioning, it may be possible to use an antigen to activate desired immune cells, and substitute a drug or an external environmental sensory stimulus (perception) to energize the output pathway to these cells. Alternatively, monitoring alterations of body temperature in response to a drug or perception might allow us to follow how effectively the brain is performing in altering immunity. Studies with animals suggest that there are alternative ways to use the mind to raise natural or acquired immunity in man.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary care needs of children with hydrocephalus.

Nurse practitioners are frequently called on to provide primary care to children with chronic medical conditions. Some conditions are seen less often than others, and primary care providers may be hesitant or reluctant to administer care without consultation or referral to the attending specialist. However, the attending specialist often is not trained in primary care and is unfamiliar with current immunization schedules, treatments for common infectious conditions, or child care and school regulations. Consequently, these children often receive less than optimal primary health care. Children with hydrocephalus have life-long special health care needs. These needs may alter their primary care; however, a review of the condition, its current treatment, and associated problems can provide the nurse practitioner with the necessary information to provide optimal primary health care to these children and their families.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1991

Importance of the host response in the periodontium.

Immunological mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease for over 25 years. Studies throughout the 1970s established that advanced forms of the disease were dominated by B-cells/plasma cells while early and putative stable forms of the disease were dominated by T-cells/lymphocytes. Based on these observations, a model of disease was put forward which highlighted a possible T-cell/macrophage immunoregulatory imbalance being involved in disease pathogenesis. Studies throughout the 1980s have supported such a concept although the precise nature of this imbalance remains elusive. At the same time, clinical studies have established that patient susceptibility may be of overriding importance in determining disease outcome. In this context therefore, factors which influence this susceptibility should be fundamental in determining periodontal disease activity. These factors may include genetic variation between individuals in the way in which they respond to periodontopathic bacteria upon which environmental factors would be superimposed. These environmental factors would include anything that altered the balance between the host and the parasite and may be as diverse as recent viral infections resulting in T-cell anergy or physical and mental stress. Recent studies have shown that in elite atheletes, physical stress during training and competition leads to a suppression of mucosal immunity as evidenced by a reduction in salivary IgA. The subsequent effect of these environmental factors at the level of the periodontium, however, remains to be determined.

Disease Susceptibility↗
PubMed2024

Construction of an immunogenic cell death-related LncRNA signature to predict the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common malignant diseases worldwide. This study aimed to construct an immunogenic cell death (ICD)-related long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature to effectively predict the prognosis of LUAD. METHODS: The RNA-sequencing and clinical data of LUAD were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and stepwise multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were utilized to construct lncRNA signature. Then, the reliability of the signature was evaluated in the training, validation and whole cohorts. The differences in the immune landscape and drug sensitivity between the low- and high-risk groups were analyzed. Finally, the expression level of the selected ICD-related lncRNAs in LUAD cell lines via reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). CCK-8 and transwell assays were performed to study biological function of AC245014.3. RESULTS: A signature consisting of 5 ICD-related lncRNAs was constructed. Kaplan Meier (K-M) survival analysis showed shorter overall survival (OS) in high-risk group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the signature was good predictive and independent prognostic factor in LUAD. Moreover, the high-risk group had a lower level of antitumor immunity and was less sensitive to some chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs. Finally, the expression level of selected ICD-related lncRNAs was validated in LUAD cell lines by RT-qPCR. Knockdown of AC245014.3 significantly suppressed LUAD proliferation, migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, an ICD-related lncRNA signature was constructed, which could accurately predict the prognosis of LUAD patients and guide clinical treatment.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Neonatal tetanus mortality survey, north and south Omo administrative regions, Ethiopia.

Neonatal tetanus (NNT) is the second most frequent cause of infant mortality among the six vaccine preventable infections in developing countries. However, lack of reliable data has largely obscured the importance of the problem in these countries. A community based NNT mortality survey was conducted, using cluster sample method developed by WHO/EPI, in August 1989 in North and South Omo, Ethiopia. The study found 14 neonatal tetanus deaths among 2100 live births which occurred from 15 July 1988 to 15 July 1989, giving NNT mortality rate of 6.7/1000 LB (live births) and an estimated incidence rate of 8.4/1000 LB, accounting for 40% of all neonatal deaths. Male newborns were 2.5 times more commonly affected than females. Cutting of umbilical cord with unsterile instrument, home delivery attended by untrained TBAs, and lack of adequate tetanus TT immunization were found to be associated with increased incidence of NNT. Acceleration and promotion of TT immunization of all women of child bearing age and training of TBAs in proper obstetric care, coupled with continuous supportive supervision, is recommended in order to successfully execute the NNT elimination initiative undertaken by the Ministry of Health.

Ethiopia↗
PubMed1995

[Renal graft].

After years of pioneering research and clinical applications, renal transplantation has now moved into the era of routine practice-the first line treatment for renal failure in more than 1500 new patients each year in France. Despite this success, transplantation is not a cure, it simply replaces one disease by another-immunodepression. As a result, over the next 20 years, 60% of the recipients will undoubtedly develop cancer. In addition, the life span of a transplanted kidney is shorter than that of the recipient. Consequently most of them will require a second graft 8 to 10 years after the first. Together with the development of new innovating immunology agents such as FK 506 and mycophenolate, for example, these current facts raise the challenging question of the future for renal transplantation. Will adequation between donors and recipients be achieved? Should we develop single organ transplantation units within our current nephrology-urology structures or create multiorgan units devoted solely to transplantation? And finally, will (or perhaps when will) progress in immunology completely control the problem of organ rejection? One technical point is also of interest. Being (with orthopaedic surgery) one of the rare indications where open surgery can be expected to continue over the next 20 years, renal transplantation units will play an essential role in training future surgeons.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Detection and prevention of childhood disability with the help of Anganwadi workers.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of Anganwadi Workers (AWW) for detection and prevention of disability in children below 6 years of age. DESIGN: Cross sectional and longitudinal follow up. SETTING: Ten Anganwadi Centers in ICDS Urban Project. METHODS: Trained AWWs identified disabilities and instituted preventive measures like immunization and supplementary nutrition. Simultaneous independent verification by pediatricians. Repeat survey after 6 mo of follow-up. RESULTS: Amongst the 1545 children, AWW identified disability in 126 subjects which were verified in 118 cases by pediatricians. The disability rate was 7638 per 100,000 population. Visual, mental, orthopedic, speech and hearing disabilities rates were 4790, 2654, 583, 518 and 453 per 100,000 population, respectively. In the repeat survey, 35 of the 74 children with visual disability (mostly xerophthalmia), 4 of the 9 with orthopedic disability and 3 of the 7 with hearing disability could be managed satisfactorily. CONCLUSIONS: AWW can help in early detection and appropriate management of incipient and preventable childhood disabilities.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed1986

Cluster sampling for immunization coverage.

The WHO/EPI cluster sampling method for immunization coverage surveys is part of the course for management training in EPI programmes. The application of this method, based on a framework of villages, is impractical in dispersed populations common in many countries in Africa. To make the method work under those circumstances leads to unacceptable bias, which tends to overestimate the real coverage rate. A modified random cluster sampling method for dispersed populations is presented.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Antioxidant supplementation enhances neutrophil oxidative burst in trained runners following prolonged exercise.

The influence of an antioxidant vitamin supplement on immune cell response to prolonged exercise was determined using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Twelve healthy endurance subjects (n = 6 male, n = 6 female; mean +/- SD for age, 30.1 +/- 6.2 yr; height, 1.76 +/- 7 m; body mass, 72.2 +/- 10.2 kg; VO2max, 63.7 +/- 12 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) participated in the study. Following a 3-week period during which subjects ingested a multivitamin and -mineral complex sufficient to meet the recommended daily allowance, they took either a placebo or an antioxidant vitamin supplement (containing 18 mg beta-carotene, 900 mg vitamin C, and 90 mg vitamin E) for 7 days prior to a 2-h treadmill run at 65% VO2max. Blood samples were drawn prior to and immediately following exercise. These were analyzed for neutrophil oxidative burst activity, cortisol and glucose concentrations, and white blood cell counts, as well as serum anti-oxidant vitamin concentrations. Plasma vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene concentrations significantly increased following 7-day supplementation (p < .05). In comparison to the placebo group, neutrophil oxidative burst was significantly higher following exercise (p < .05), but no differences were found in any other parameter following the 7-day supplementation period. Although the impact of exercise on neutrophil function is multifactorial, our data suggest that antioxidant supplementation may be of benefit to endurance athletes for the maintenance of this particular function of the innate immune system following the 7-day supplementation period.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exercise, cancer and the immune response of monocytes.

We examined the influence of a regularly moderate endurance training program on qualitative and quantitative alterations of monocytes from 24 breast cancer patients. At the beginning, after 5 weeks and 7 months of bicycle training we analyzed the composition of leucocytes and phagocytotic activity of monocytes using two different methods under resting conditions. At the end of the study the amount of granulocytes was enhanced, but lymphocytes and monocytes were decreased. While the phagocytotic capacity of monocytes increased compared with receptor destroying enzyme-treated sheep red blood cells, phagocytosis against Anti D-loaded human erythrocytes did not change. These different results led us to suggest that physical exercise training increases the number of specific receptors in the surface membrane of monocytes.

Animals↗