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PubMed2002

Socioeconomic differences among Australian adults in consumption of fruit and vegetables and intakes of vitamins A, C and folate.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether socioeconomic groups differ in their food intakes for fruit and vegetables, their consumption of fruit and vegetables dense in vitamin A, folate and vitamin C, and their nutrient intakes of vitamin C, folate and vitamin A. METHODS: The 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey collected food intake data from 8883 adults aged 18-64 years using a 24-h dietary recall. Fruit and vegetables were measured as amount (g) consumed. Intakes of nutrients were estimated from the 24-h dietary recall data. Participants were categorized by whether or not they consumed fruit or vegetables high in vitamin A, folate and vitamin C. Gross annual household income was used to measure socioeconomic position. RESULTS: Participants from low-income households consumed a smaller quantity of fruit and vegetables. They were also less likely to consume fruit and vegetables high in vitamin C, folate and vitamin A. Consistent with these findings, men and women from disadvantaged socioeconomic groups had lower intakes of vitamin C and folate compared with their more affluent counterparts. These differences were small to moderate in magnitude. Vitamin A intakes were not significantly related to income. CONCLUSION: As well as promoting healthy dietary practices, nutrition-promotion strategies should target the nutrient intakes of lower socioeconomic groups. These programmes should focus on improving the quantity and choice of fruit and vegetables consumed by people from low-income households.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of the significance of dietary folate from wild vegetables in Vietnam.

Data on the overall dietary folate intakes among high-risk groups in poor countries is very limited. Vegetables are considered good sources but the evaluation of their contribution is hampered by the lack of data on folate concentrations in many traditional foods. Data on the analysis of folate concentrations in 16 wild vegetables used in the Mekong Delta and the Central Highlands in Vietnam and an evaluation of the relative importance of different foods in folate intakes of women is presented. Vegetable samples were collected in four study villages, blanched and frozen samples were transported to Sweden for analysis. Freeze-dried samples were analysed for total folate quantification using a commercial radio protein binding assay. Daily folate intakes among women were estimated from 7-day food frequency interviews with 213 women. The folate concentration in the vegetable samples ranged from 10 to 96 microg/100 g. The mean estimated daily folate intake among the 213 women in the study areas was 251 microg. Vegetables contributed approximately one-third of the daily folate intake, of which 72% and 42%, respectively, in the two regions was from wild vegetables. A majority of the women (87%) got some dietary folate from wild vegetables and nearly one-third had mean daily folate intakes of > 50 microg from such hidden food sources. The evaluation of dietary folate is complicated by data gaps in food composition tables, the unreliability of existing food data, variations between methods used for folate analysis and limited understanding of the bioavailability of food folate.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Effect of a very-high-fiber vegetable, fruit, and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function.

We tested the effects of feeding a diet very high in fiber from fruit and vegetables. The levels fed were those, which had originally inspired the dietary fiber hypothesis related to colon cancer and heart disease prevention and also may have been eaten early in human evolution. Ten healthy volunteers each took 3 metabolic diets of 2 weeks duration. The diets were: high-vegetable, fruit, and nut (very-high-fiber, 55 g/1,000 kcal); starch-based containing cereals and legumes (early agricultural diet); or low-fat (contemporary therapeutic diet). All diets were intended to be weight-maintaining (mean intake, 2,577 kcal/d). Compared with the starch-based and low-fat diets, the high-fiber vegetable diet resulted in the largest reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (33% +/- 4%, P <.001) and the greatest fecal bile acid output (1.13 +/- 0.30 g/d, P =.002), fecal bulk (906 +/- 130 g/d, P <.001), and fecal short-chain fatty acid outputs (78 +/- 13 mmol/d, P <.001). Nevertheless, due to the increase in fecal bulk, the actual concentrations of fecal bile acids were lowest on the vegetable diet (1.2 mg/g wet weight, P =.002). Maximum lipid reductions occurred within 1 week. Urinary mevalonic acid excretion increased (P =.036) on the high-vegetable diet reflecting large fecal steroid losses. We conclude that very high-vegetable fiber intakes reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and possibly colon cancer. Vegetable and fruit fibers therefore warrant further detailed investigation.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Development of a food composition database for the estimation of dietary intakes of glucosinolates, the biologically active constituents of cruciferous vegetables.

Evidence indicates that cruciferous vegetables are protective against a range of cancers with glucosinolates and their breakdown products considered the biologically active constituents. To date, epidemiological studies have not investigated the intakes of these constituents due to a lack of food composition databases. The aim of the present study was to develop a database for the glucosinolate content of cruciferous vegetables that can be used to quantify dietary exposure for use in epidemiological studies of diet-disease relationships. Published food composition data sources for the glucosinolate content of cruciferous vegetables were identified and assessed for data quality using established criteria. Adequate data for the total glucosinolate content were available from eighteen published studies providing 140 estimates for forty-two items. The highest glucosinolate values were for cress (389 mg/100 g) while the lowest values were for Pe-tsai chinese cabbage (20 mg/100 g). There is considerable variation in the values reported for the same vegetable by different studies, with a median difference between the minimum and maximum values of 5.8-fold. Limited analysis of cooked cruciferous vegetables has been conducted; however, the available data show that average losses during cooking are approximately 36 %. This is the first attempt to collate the available literature on the glucosinolate content of cruciferous vegetables. These data will allow quantification of intakes of the glucosinolates, which can be used in epidemiological studies to investigate the role of cruciferous vegetables in cancer aetiology and prevention.

Brassicaceae↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of two frequency questionnaires for quantifying fruit and vegetable intake.

OBJECTIVE: The effect on individual rankings and total intakes of nutrients of correcting total fruit and vegetable frequencies from a long food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) using the responses to two summary questions was examined in a group of women. METHODS: The performance of a self-administered FFQ in ranking individual levels of intake and estimating absolute levels of nutrient and energy intake was compared with the performance of the questionnaire when it was corrected for fruit and vegetable intake reported using the Block summary questions. SUBJECTS: The study population included 123 women, aged between 18 and 54 years, who were recruited from the Family Planning Association Colposcopy Clinic in Sydney. RESULTS: Substantial and significant differences (P < 0.001) were found in fruit and vegetable intakes between the FFQ and the summary questions. Intake frequency by the FFQ was more than double that by the summary questions. When the FFQ was corrected for fruit and vegetable intakes using the summary questions, the intakes of beta-carotene, vitamins A and C, and dietary fibre were more than 20% lower (p < 0.001) than the uncorrected results. However, this had little effect on ranking individuals. This study also examined seasonal differences in vegetable intakes and differences in nutrient intakes when either summer or winter vegetable consumption was substituted for seasonal vegetable intake in the FFQ. Although there were seasonal differences for some foods, the substitution had little effect on intake of nutrients. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that important differences in intakes are observed when two methods, which appear to yield the same results, are used. Further work is needed to determine which, if either, of the two methods yields intakes that can be compared quantitatively with national references for assessing the adequacy of population intakes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Associations between parental report of the home food environment and adolescent intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines parental report of household food availability, parent dietary intake and associations with adolescent intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Adolescents completed the Project EAT survey and the Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire at school. Parents of adolescents were interviewed by telephone about the home food environment, eating habits and weight-related behaviours. General linear modelling was used to compare dietary intakes of adolescents across different levels of household food availability and parental intakes. SUBJECTS/SETTING: The study sample included 902 adolescents and their parent or guardian. RESULTS: Many parents were not consuming the minimum number of daily recommended fruit (44.5%), vegetable (69.9%) or dairy (46.9%) servings. While most parents reported that fruits and vegetables were available at home (90.3%) and vegetables were usually served at dinner (87.0%), fewer parents reported milk was served at meals (66.6%). Soft drinks were usually available at home (56.8%). Among girls, household availability was positively associated with fruit and vegetable intake (ttrend=2.70, P<0.01) and soft drink availability was inversely associated with dairy intake (ttrend=2.08, P=0.04). Among boys, serving milk at meals was positively associated with dairy intake (ttrend=3.65, P<0.01). Parental intakes were positively associated with dairy intake for boys (ttrend=2.04, P=0.04), and with dairy (ttrend=2.43, P=0.01), vegetable (ttrend=3.72, P<0.01) and fruit (ttrend=3.17, P<0.01) intakes for girls. CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATIONS: Interventions designed to help adolescents improve consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods may be enhanced by including a parental component aimed at increasing household availability and parents' intake of healthful food choices.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Interaction of dietary fat with a vegetables-fruit mixture on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in rats.

The aim of the present investigation was to study the interaction of dietary fat in combination with a vegetables-fruit mixture on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in rats. For this purpose, 120 weanling male. Wistar rats received a semisynthetic diet without (Groups A and C) or with a vegetables-fruit mixture (Groups B and D; vegetables and fruit content 19.5% wt/wt) for 35 weeks. Diets of Groups A and B contained 20 energy percent (20e%) fat, whereas diets of Groups C and D contained 40e% fat. The vegetables and fruit used the amount of fat, and its fatty acid composition were chosen according to the mean consumption values of The Netherlands. After the animals were maintained for four weeks on the respective diets, they were given 10 weekly injections of DMH at 50 mg/kg body wt sc. After sacrifice, their colons were removed and examined macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of tumors. Rats fed high-fat diets developed significantly more tumors than rats fed low-fat diets. Furthermore, although not statistically significant, a lower number of colorectal tumors was observed in rats fed a low- or a high-fat diet containing the vegetables-fruit mixture than in rats fed diets without the vegetables-fruit mixture. No differences were observed in intestinal tumor incidences among all groups. The results suggest that the vegetables-fruit mixture used in this experiment, present in an amount comparable with the mean consumption in The Netherlands, has no significant inhibitory effect on the development of colorectal tumors induced by DMH in rats maintained on diets low or high in fat.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗

PubMed2002

In vitro accessibility of carotenes from green leafy vegetables cooked with sunflower oil or red palm oil.

Although vegetables and fruits are readily available and consumed in most areas of Tanzania, vitamin A deficiency is still prevalent. The objective of the present study was to measure the in vitro accessibility (available for absorption) of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene in vegetable relishes prepared with or without oil. Derived results were used to calculate the contribution of vegetable relish to recommended daily intake of retinol. Five sundried green leafy vegetables from Tanzania were cooked without oil, with sunflower oil or with red palm oil. The total amount and in vitro accessibility of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene from a portion (100 g) of vegetable relish was determined. The in vitro method used simulated the digestion process in the gastrointestinal tract. Carotenoids released after digestion were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total amount of beta-carotene varied between 1211 and 3659 microg/100 g among the five vegetable sources studied. From green leaves cooked without oil, 8-29% of the beta-carotene content became accessible after in vitro digestion and 39-94% from leaves cooked with sunflower oil or red palm oil. Adding red palm oil instead of sunflower oil resulted in about twice as much accessible beta-carotene, due to the high accessibility of its beta-carotene content. The red palm oil contributed also a considerable amount of alpha-carotene. The results showed that by eating vegetable relishes with added oil daily, it should be possible to provide the recommended intake level of vitamin A.

Absorption↗

PubMed2006

Lack of acknowledgment of fruit and vegetable recommendations among nonadherent individuals: associations with information processing and cancer cognitions.

Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables is regarded as an important behavioral risk factor for multiple types of cancer. Nevertheless, adherence with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) guidelines to eat between five and nine servings of fruits and vegetables per day is remarkably low. The current study explored the extent to which nonadherent respondents in a national survey (N = 5,625) listed fruit and vegetable consumption as a method by which to decrease their own or others' cancer risk. We sought to determine whether respondents who listed fruit and vegetable consumption as a method by which to decrease their own or others' cancer risk (hereafter referred to as "listers") differed from respondents who did not list fruit and vegetable consumption as a method by which to decrease their own or others' cancer risk (hereafter referred to as) "nonlisters" on measures of information processing and cancer cognitions. Nonlisters were more likely than listers to seek out cancer information but less likely to trust the information. The two groups did not differ in the amount of attention they paid to such information. Listers had lower absolute risk perceptions than nonlisters, but listers and nonlisters did not differ on measures of relative breast and colon cancer risk perceptions and worry for cancer in general. Female listers did perceive themselves to be at less relative risk for breast cancer than nonlisters. Respondents were more likely to list fruit and vegetable consumption as a cancer-risk reduction strategy for others than for themselves, suggesting a "double standard" in their beliefs. These findings suggest that communications designed to promote fruit and vegetable consumption need to account for biases in how nonadherent individuals respond to these communications.

Cognition↗

PubMed2003

Accumulation and partitioning of phosphorus and heavy metals in a sandy soil under long-term vegetable crop production.

Increased inputs of phosphorus (P) and heavy metals to agricultural soils have caused considerable concern. Information on accumulation and chemical forms of the elements in soils is needed as a guide for the judicious application of agricultural chemicals and organic manures. The focus of this study was to assess accumulation of P and heavy metals among various fractions of a sandy soil with a 25 year history of vegetable crop production and primarily inorganic fertilization. The results demonstrated that long-term vegetable production practices changed concentrations and partitioning of P and heavy metals in the soil. Phosphorus, Cu, Zn, and Mn were significantly accumulated and moved downward along the soil profile. Most of the total Cr in the vegetable soil accumulated in the upper 0-15 cm. However, there was no significant accumulation and transport of Cd, Co, Mo, Ni, and Pb in the vegetable soil. Major P fractions in the vegetable soil were NaHCO3-P, followed by HCl-P and residual P. Copper, Zn, and Mn accumulated predominantly in the CaCO3 fraction or oxide fraction, whereas Cr accumulated mainly in the organically bound fraction, indicating that P, Cu, Zn, and Mn in the vegetable soil have greater mobility potential. Compared with adjacent forest soil, the vegetable soil had a lower percentage of P, Cu, Zn, and Mn in the residual fractions, and a higher percentage of P, Cu, Zn, and Mn in the CaCO3 fractions or organically bound fraction.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1998

Orange fruit is more effective than are dark-green, leafy vegetables in increasing serum concentrations of retinol and beta-carotene in schoolchildren in Indonesia.

The objectives of this study were to quantify the effectiveness of dietary retinol sources, orange fruit, and dark-green, leafy vegetables in improving vitamin A status, and to test whether orange fruit is a better source of vitamin A and carotenoids than are leafy vegetables. Anemic schoolchildren aged 7-11 y (n = 238) in West Java, Indonesia, were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 groups to consume 2 complete meals/d, 6 d/wk, for 9 wk: 1) 556 retinol equivalents (RE)/d from retinol-rich food (n = 48); 2) 509 RE/d from fruit (n = 49); 3) 684 RE/d from dark-green, leafy vegetables and carrots (n = 45); and 4) 44 RE/d from low-retinol, low-carotene food (n = 46). Mean changes in serum retinol concentrations of the retinol-rich, fruit, vegetable, and low-retinol, low-carotene groups were 0.23 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.28), 0.12 (0.06, 0.18), 0.07 (0.03,0.11), and 0.00 (-0.06, 0.05) micromol/L, respectively. Mean changes in serum beta-carotene concentrations in the vegetable and fruit groups were 0.14 (0.12, 0.17) and 0.52 (0.43, 0.60) micromol/L, respectively. Until now, it has been assumed that 6 microg dietary beta-carotene is equivalent to 1 RE. On the basis of this study, however, the equivalent of 1 RE would be 12 microg beta-carotene (95% CI: 6 microg, 29 microg) for fruit and 26 microg beta-carotene (95% CI: 13 microg, 76 microg) for leafy vegetables and carrots. Thus, the apparent mean vitamin A activity of carotenoids in fruit and in leafy vegetables and carrots was 50% (95% CI: 21%, 100%) and 23% (95% CI: 8%, 46%) of that assumed, respectively. This has important implications for choosing strategies for controlling vitamin A deficiency. Research should be directed toward ways of improving bioavailability and bioconversion of dietary carotenoids, focusing on factors such as intestinal parasites, absorption inhibitors, and food matrixes.

Anthropometry↗

PubMed2003

Intake of fruit and vegetables and the risk of ischemic stroke in a cohort of Danish men and women.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that a high dietary intake of fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke. The magnitude of the effect is uncertain, and only one study reported data on the intake of specific fruit and vegetables and the risk of stroke. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the intake of fruit and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke, with particular attention paid to specific fruit and vegetables and subtypes of ischemic stroke. DESIGN: In a prospective cohort study of 54,506 men and women who were included in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health study from 1993 to 1997, estimated total intakes of fruit and vegetables (in g/d) were extracted from a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire completed at baseline. Data about subjects hospitalized with ischemic stroke were obtained from the Danish National Registry of Patients and were verified later by record reviews. The follow-up for ischemic stroke ended on the date of a first hospital admission for stroke or transient ischemic attack, the date of death or emigration, or the end of the study, whichever came first. RESULTS: We identified 266 cases of ischemic stroke involving hospitalization during 168,388 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up: 3.09 y; range: 0.02-5.10 y). After adjustment for potential confounders, persons in the top quintile of fruit and vegetable intake (median: 673 g/d) had a risk ratio of ischemic stroke of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.47, 1.12) relative to persons in the bottom quintile of intake (median: 147 g/d) (P for trend = 0.04). When comparing the top quintile with the bottom quintile, an inverse association was most evident for fruit intake (risk ratio: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.95; P for trend = 0.02). Similar risk estimates were seen for most types of fruit and vegetables, although the risks were significant only for citrus fruit. CONCLUSION: An increased intake of fruit may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke.

Brain Ischemia↗

PubMed2003

Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiologic study results showed that subjects who had high intakes of whole-grain foods had lower risks of death and heart disease than did subjects who had low intakes. However, the findings were inconsistent for fruit and vegetable intake. OBJECTIVE: The relations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable intakes with the risk of total mortality and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke were studied in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort (baseline: age 45-64 y, n = 15,792). DESIGN: Proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess the relations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable intakes with the risk of death and the incidence of CAD and ischemic stroke, with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, energy intake, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Dietary intakes were assessed by using a food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Over an 11-y follow-up period, whole-grain intake was inversely associated with total mortality and incident CAD. The relative hazards of death for quintiles 2-5 of fruit and vegetable intake were 1.08 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.33), 0.94 (0.75, 1.17), 0.87 (0.68, 1.10), and 0.78 (0.61, 1.01), respectively; P for trend = 0.02. An inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and CAD was observed among African Americans but not among whites (P for interaction = 0.01). The risk of ischemic stroke was not significantly related to whole-grain, refined-grain, or fruit and vegetable consumption. CONCLUSION: These observational findings suggest a beneficial effect of whole-grain and fruit and vegetable consumption on the risks of total mortality and incident CAD but not on the risk of ischemic stroke.

Arteriosclerosis↗

PubMed2001

Which plasma antioxidants are most related to fruit and vegetable consumption?

Substantial evidence suggests that fruit and vegetable intake reduces the risk of some cancers and other chronic diseases. While a varied diet containing fruits and vegetables may confer benefits greater than those of any single nutrient, it would be useful to have data on the plasma nutrients most influenced by fruit and vegetable intake. The authors examined the correlation between fruit and vegetable intake as measured by the abbreviated CLUE II food frequency questionnaire and several plasma antioxidants. This study includes 116 male subjects aged 35-72 years who were nonsmokers and nonusers of vitamin supplements and who provided blood samples in the CLUE II Study in Washington County, Maryland. Plasma was assayed for ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. Lipid- and energy-adjusted partial correlation for the relation with fruit and vegetable intake was r = 0.64 for ascorbic acid, r = 0.44 for beta-carotene, and r = 0.50 for beta-cryptoxanthin. While this study does not address efficacy, the stronger association of ascorbic acid with fruit and vegetable intake seen here may imply that ascorbic acid is an important component of the protective effect seen for fruits and vegetables in numerous epidemiologic studies.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Fruits, vegetables, and adenomatous polyps: the Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit case-control study.

Although high vegetable intakes have been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, this relation is less well established for the precursor lesions, adenomatous polyps. With a case-control design involving adenomatous polyp cases (n = 564), colonoscopy-negative controls who were polyp free at colonoscopy (n = 682), and community controls (n = 535), this 1991-1994 Minnesota Cancer Prevention Research Unit study investigated the relation between fruit and vegetable consumption and first incident adenomatous polyps. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. For women, adenoma risk was approximately halved in the highest versus lowest quintile of juice consumption (cases vs. colonoscopy-negative controls: odds ratio (OR) = 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27, 0.92; cases vs. community controls: OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.30, 1.06). The association was stronger for adenomas with moderate or severe dysplasia compared with mild dysplasia. Juice was not associated with adenoma risk in men. The results for fruits, vegetables, total fruits and vegetables, green leafy vegetables, and several botanically and phytochemically defined subgroups generally were not statistically significant. Because elevated vegetable consumption has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer, vegetables may have a stronger role in preventing the progression of adenomas to carcinomas rather than in preventing the initial appearance of adenomas.

Adenomatous Polyps↗

PubMed2006

Prospective study of fruits and vegetables and risk of oral premalignant lesions in men.

The authors prospectively evaluated fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of oral premalignant lesions among 42,311 US men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Diet was assessed every 4 years by food frequency questionnaires. The authors confirmed 207 cases of clinically or histopathologically diagnosed oral premalignant lesions occurring between 1986 and 2002. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks were calculated from proportional hazards models. Significant inverse associations were observed with citrus fruits, citrus fruit juice, and vitamin-C-rich fruits and vegetables, indicating 30-40% lower risks with greater intakes (e.g., citrus fruit juice quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 relative risk = 0.65, 95% confidence interval: 0.42, 0.99). Inverse associations with fruits did not vary by smoking status and were stronger in analyses of baseline consumption, with a 10-year lag time to disease follow-up (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 relative risk = 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.20, 0.82; p = 0.01). No associations were observed with total vegetables or with beta-carotene-rich or lycopene-rich fruits and vegetables. For current smokers, green leafy vegetables (ptrend = 0.05) and beta-carotene-rich fruits and vegetables (ptrend = 0.02) showed significant linear trends of increased risk (one additional serving/day relative risk = 1.7). The risk of oral premalignant lesions was significantly reduced with higher consumption of fruits, particularly citrus fruits and juices, while no consistent associations were apparent for vegetables.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Mutagenic, transforming and promoting effect of pickled vegetables from Linxian county, China.

A recent epidemiological survey in China showed that there is a regional distribution of esophageal cancer and a correlation between mortality for this cancer and environmental factors, especially the consumption of pickled vegetables. A series of experimental studies with pickled vegetable extract were done using different in vitro biological systems. The results showed that pickled vegetable extract induced 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants in V79 cells and increased sister chromatid exchanges in the same cells and in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Pickled vegetables extract induced transformed foci in Syrian hamster embryo cells and in 3-methylcholanthrene initiated C3H/10T1/2 cells. The mutagenic, transforming and promoting activities of pickled vegetable extract seen in vitro conform with in vivo results and provide evidence for the presence of a mutagen and/or a carcinogen in pickled vegetable extract. A possible role of pickled vegetables consumption in the etiology of esophageal cancer is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Effect of heat processing and of vegetables and fruit in human diets on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the modulating effect of heat processing and of vegetables and fruit in human diets on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumors. Groups of 36-45 male Wistar rats were fed for the whole experiment, starting at 4 weeks of age, one of the following diets: a semi-synthetic animal diet (A, control); diet A to which vegetables and fruit were added (B); a raw human diet (meat, bread and eggs) supplemented with semi-synthetic compounds (C); diet C with fried or baked products (D); a complete human diet consisting of heated products, and vegetables and fruit (E). The animal diets (A and B) contained 21.6% fat energy (E), 26.0% protein E, 52.4% carbohydrate E and 10.7% (w/w) fiber. The human diets (C, D and E) contained 40.6% fat E, 13.2% protein E, 46.2% carbohydrate E and 5% (w/w) fiber. Starting at 8 weeks of age and after 4 weeks of feeding the experimental diets, each rat was s.c. injected 50 mg/kg body wt, DMH for 10 weeks once weekly. At the end of the experiment, at the age of 9 months, all rats were killed and macroscopic abnormalities were collected. The colon was examined microscopically for tumors and lesions suspected of being tumors. The results revealed a lower incidence of adenomas in rats consuming the animal diet with vegetables and fruit (B) compared with the control animal diet (A). In contrast to the animal diets, vegetables and fruit added to fried or baked human diets showed no protection at all, but even increased the incidence of carcinomas. Heat processing alone had no significant effect on the DMH-induced tumor incidence. As the fat content and heat processing were main variables between the animal and human diets containing vegetables and fruit, the results obtained suggest that one of these factors or both influence the tumor-modulating effect of non-nutrient substances in vegetables and fruit.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗