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At least 415 records · Page 23Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Hyperorality in epileptic seizures: periictal incomplete Klüver-Bucy syndrome.

PURPOSE: To analyze systematically hyperorality associated with epileptic seizures and its relation to the localization of epileptic activity. METHODS: To identify patients with periictal hyperorality, we reviewed video-recordings of 269 patients (aged 6-59 years) who had consecutively undergone presurgical evaluations including ictal video-EEG recordings and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and had had epilepsy surgery because of intractable frontal (FLE) or temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Periictal hyperorality was defined if patients put or unambiguously intended to put nonfood items into their mouths during or after at least one of the reviewed seizures. For the further analysis, we included only patients with periictal hyperorality. We reviewed their medical records and reexamined their ictal video-EEG recordings. RESULTS: We identified eight patients (six women) aged 8-59 years who had hyperorality during or after seizures. Seven patients had TLE, and one patient had frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). Three of these patients underwent right-sided surgery, whereas five patients had surgery on the left. Three patients exhibited ictal and five showed postictal hyperorality. Interictal EEG suggested bilateral interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in three patients; in two other patients, no IEDs were detected. Ictal EEG suggested bilateral involvement in six cases. Patients with unilateral epileptiform activity had left TLE. CONCLUSIONS: Periictal hyperorality is a rare phenomenon occurring in 3% of the investigated epilepsy population. We suggest that periictal hyperorality is an ictal-postictal mental disturbance, an incomplete Klüver-Bucy syndrome. In most patients, bilateral seizure activity plays an important role in the pathomechanism, but it would appear that left-sided epileptic activity without contralateral involvement also can cause periictal hyperorality.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of a pilot course on the management of somatization disorder for family doctors.

Somatization disorder (SD) patients are difficult to treat and produce negative feelings in health professionals. Smith et al.'s guidelines have demonstrated cost-effectiveness in the treatment of these patients, but family doctors consider it difficult to put these into practice in the long term. The objective of this paper is to design and assess a pilot course, based on Smith's norms, to train general practitioners for the everyday management of SD patients in primary care. We have designed a 20-h practical course, using role-playing and video recording with standardized patients, and focusing on micro-skills recommended by the literature on the subject. Assessment of the efficacy of the course is made by evaluation of baseline and post course video recordings by researchers unaware of the order of the interviews. The comparison of baseline and post course assessments demonstrated a significant improvement in several key skills (giving a name to the illness, explaining the psychological and biological basis of the disease, and emphasizing stress reduction) but no change on others (explaining that SD is a well-known disorder, empowering the patient, not blaming the patient for his or her illness, and instilling hope). Finally, other skills such as assessing the patient's opinion of the illness, recognizing the reality of symptoms and informing that there is no life risk, were correctly done from the beginning and, therefore, showed no change. We found that training may facilitate the development of certain skills. However, some doctors' abilities might also require the use of techniques such as Balint groups to modify negative emotions, such as anger and fear, toward these patients.

Humans↗

PubMed2006

Further analysis of the human spontaneous eye blink rate by a cluster analysis-based approach to categorize individuals with 'normal' versus 'frequent' eye blink activity.

PURPOSE: To further analyze the possible causes of variability in spontaneous eye blink activity in apparently healthy humans. METHODS: One hundred men, aged between 23 and 57 years and with no significant eye disease, were questioned on the number of ocular symptoms they experienced (one, two, three, and so forth). Five-minute video recordings were made of the eyes in primary gaze and in silence between 11:00 and 17:00 hours. The spontaneous eye blink rate (SEBR) and palpebral aperture features were assessed from the video recordings. The central corneal threshold touch sensitivity was then assessed with a Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer. RESULTS: The average SEBR was 13.8 +/- 9.7 blinks per minute (range, 2.8-48 blinks per minute), but the distribution was heterogeneous and skewed to higher values. The SEBR was not obviously dependent on the time of day that the recordings were made, on the number of mild symptoms that the subjects reported, or on the central corneal sensitivity (P> or =0.6). Analysis of SEBR in relation to age showed a possible weak association (P=0.082, r = 0.175), but SEBR showed absolutely no correlation with palpebral aperture height (P=0.546). A hierarchic cluster analysis clearly resolved the distribution of SEBR values into two distinct groups (P<0.001, F ratio = 222). CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous eye blink activity can be rather different between healthy individuals, even under a single experimental condition. These differences do not appear to be caused by the time of day, mild symptoms, corneal sensitivity, age, or palpebral aperture features. In line with previous metaanalyses, it is therefore proposed that individuals could be grouped as to whether they have "normal" eye blink activity or be classified as having "frequent" eye blink activity. The latter group would include those who had an SEBR greater than 20 blinks per minute when assessed in primary eye gaze and in silence.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Phytoluminographic detection of dynamic variations in leaf gaseous conductivity.

Gas exchange and plant luminescence (delayed light emission) of a single red kidney bean leaf undergoing synchronous oscillations in gas exchange were recorded and analyzed. Introduction of 1.1 microliter per liter SO(2) during these oscillations produced increases in plant luminescence that, when averaged over a portion of the leaf, oscillated in phase with the gas exchange oscillations. However, examination of a video record of the plant luminescence showed not only that luminescence intensities tended to be localized within discrete areas of the leaf, but that the time-dependence of luminescence intensities within these regions varied considerably from the period, amplitude, and often phase of the overall gas exchange oscillations. The video recording also showed that changes in luminescence intensities appeared to migrate across the leaf in wave-like patterns. These data are interpreted in terms of localized fluctuations in gaseous conductances of the leaf.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Changes in frontal lobe activity with cognitive therapy for spider phobia.

Patients suffering from spider phobia were studied with measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) when they were looking at a video recording of living spiders. Six patients were studied before and after cognitive psychotherapy with successful outcome in all cases. On each occasion rCBF was measured under 3 conditions: during rest, during exposure to a video recording of neutral nature scenery, and finally while the patient watched a recording of living spiders. The patients who managed to control their emotional reactions without panicking during spider exposure before treatment showed an rCBF increase in prefrontal cortex, more pronounced in the right hemisphere. Following successful treatment, these patients showed an rCBF decrease in this region. In contrast, patients who reported panic during the initial spider exposure showed hypoactivity in the frontal cortex at that time, and then showed an increase in prefrontal rCBF in the spider challenge after cognitive therapy. The psychological improvement from cognitive therapy thus appears to be associated with activation of prefrontal cortex that varies closely with the demands for self-regulation of emotional reactivity.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Patients' preferences for video cassette recorded information: effect of age, sex and ethnic group.

The emotional turmoil patients endure following a diagnosis of cancer can impair their ability to retain complex treatment-related information. Manoeuvres which increase the intensity of information have been shown to increase the amount retained. Providing details of treatment in a video format is one method of intensifying information provision, but the attitudes of patients to this format have not previously been evaluated. In this pilot study, the attitudes of 300 patients to video directed information were evaluated via questionnaires, of which 210 (70%) were returned. Eighty-nine per cent had easy access to a video cassette player. A highly significant number felt that the video would be very helpful or helpful (78%) compared to not helpful, worrying or equivocal 21% (P < 0.0001). This trend was particularly strong in patients < 60 years (83% versus 17%) (P < 0.0001) and those from ethnic groups (95% versus 5%) (P < 0.0001). As a result of this trial, a 20-min film (HEP) has been commissioned. It describes details of the two main treatments for cancer after surgery, namely chemotherapy and radiotherapy, shows patients actually having treatment, and explains the common side-effects and ways to alleviate them. Patients satisfaction with the film and its effect on anxiety and depression are currently being evaluated in an international prospective randomized trial. If it proves advantageous for patients--in view of the ethnic group bias in this study--it will be translated into the ethnic languages of the UK.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1980

Analysis of speechreading cues using an interleaved technique.

A method of locating visible differences between "homophenous" phonemes has been developed. Alternating frames from two video-recorded VCV utterances that differ only in the consonant are interleaved. The output contains odd frames of one utterance and even frames of the other. Presentation of these frames at 30 frames/sec results in a video recording that contains areas of jitter in those regions of the face that are not in identical positions at the same time during the production of the two utterances. The areas of jitter indicate the points of interest for detailed measurement. For homophenous VCV pairs involving /p/, /b/, and /m/, interleaving resulted in strong jitter in the lower lip and cheeks. There was no jitter when two utterances of the same phoneme were interleaved. A concurrent perceptual study showed that good speechreaders were able to discriminate between members of a homophenous pair in a forced-choice experiment.

Computers↗

PubMed1986

Ethological studies of depressed patients.

The use of ethological methods for characterising the non-verbal behaviour of depressed patients and quantifying change during treatment is described. Approximately 150 individual motor patterns--expressions, gestures and movements--have been defined and this element list provides the basis for encoding video-recordings of interactions. Data quality is controlled by inter- and intra-observer comparisons and by a split-screen technique which simultaneously displays a computer animation of a data file and the original video-recording. Two investigations of the characteristics of non-verbal behaviour in Depression are discussed. The first showed that the frequency and duration of many items of behaviour of depressed patients interviewed soon after admission to hospital differed significantly from matched controls. Recordings of an interview at an intermediate point in treatment showed a reduction in these differences and they had disappeared when examined shortly before discharge. The second study was of mothers suffering from Post Natal Depression who were interviewed once. This study provided evidence that quantification of non-verbal behaviour can distinguish between diagnostic subcategories and showed some of the fine detail of behaviour which can be revealed in this way.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Bilateral alteration in stepping pattern after unilateral motor cortex injury: a new test strategy for analysis of skilled limb movements in neurological mouse models.

Mice are becoming increasingly popular to model neurological disease and motor system dysfunction. For evaluation of discrete, chronic motor impairments, skilled limb movements represent a valuable extension of standard mouse test batteries. This study introduces an efficient and sensitive test strategy for comprehensive assessment of skilled fore- and hind-limb stepping in mice. Adult C57BL/6 mice were trained and video-recorded in two walking tasks, the widely used rotorod test and a new ladder rung task. The animals then received a unilateral ischemic lesion in the motor cortex forelimb and hind limb area and were video-recorded on days 12 and 26 post-lesion. Forelimb and hind limb stepping movements were rated using a combination of endpoint measures and qualitative assessment. The results showed that while animals maintained a weight-supported gait, posture and stepping movements were abnormal at both post-operative intervals. The rotorod analysis revealed stepping deficits in both forelimbs that led to adoption of compensatory movement strategies. The ladder rung task revealed stepping errors in ipsi- and contralateral fore- and hind-limbs. The findings demonstrate that this test strategy provides comprehensive assessment of motor impairments in mice and that qualitative movement analysis is a valuable tool for elaborating subtle motor disturbances.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The influence of head position and head position change on spontaneous body posture and motility in full-term AGA and SGA newborn infants.

No consensus exists concerning the influence of head position and head position change on body posture and motility. Especially the existence of an asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) in full-term newborns is an issue of discussion. Three-hour video recordings were made of 15 full-term appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 15 full-term small for gestational age (SGA) infants between the third and eight postnatal day. During a playback of the video recording head position, head position change and several movement patterns of the four limbs were fed into a computer using an event-detecting program. Furthermore, spontaneous head turnings were selected and body posture just before, immediately at and 1 min after the head turning were sketched. The data were analyzed concerning: (1) influence of head position on symmetry of movement of the four limbs; (2) the existence of an ATNR and ATNR-related patterns. In both AGA and SGA infants all movement patterns except hand-face and hand-mouth contact showed a symmetrical distribution, independent of head position. Furthermore, the occurrence of an ATNR following a spontaneous head turning in both AGA and SGA infants was rare. From our results it may be concluded that the ATNR is rare in full-term AGA and SGA newborns. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that head position is not a major factor influencing quantitative aspects of spontaneous motor behaviour. The results are of clinical importance as they imply that in the examination of the neurological condition of the full-term newborn infant by means of observation of spontaneous posture and motility, head position is not of major importance.

Functional Laterality↗

PubMed2003

Feeding behaviour of free-ranging walruses with notes on apparent dextrality of flipper use.

BACKGROUND: Direct observations of underwater behaviour of free-living marine mammals are rare. This is particularly true for large and potentially dangerous species such as the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus). Walruses are highly specialised predators on benthic invertebrates - especially bivalves. The unique feeding niche of walruses has led to speculations as to their underwater foraging behaviour. Based on observations of walruses in captivity and signs of predation left on the sea floor by free-living walruses, various types of feeding behaviour have been suggested in the literature. In this study, however, the underwater feeding behaviour of wild adult male Atlantic walruses (O. r. rosmarus) is documented for the first time in their natural habitat by scuba-divers. The video recordings indicated a predisposition for use of the right front flipper during feeding. This tendency towards dextrality was explored further by examining a museum collection of extremities of walrus skeletons. RESULTS: During July and August 2001, twelve video-recordings of foraging adult male walruses were made in Young Sound (74 degrees 18 N; 20 degrees 15 V), Northeast Greenland. The recordings did not allow for differentiation among animals, however based on notes by the photographer at least five different individuals were involved. The walruses showed four different foraging behaviours; removing sediment by beating the right flipper, removing sediment by beating the left flipper, removing sediment by use of a water-jet from the mouth and rooting through sediment with the muzzle. There was a significant preference for using right flipper over left flipper during foraging. Measurements of the dimensions of forelimbs from 23 walrus skeletons revealed that the length of the right scapula, humerus, and ulna was significantly greater than that of the left, supporting our field observations of walruses showing a tendency of dextrality in flipper use. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the four feeding behaviours observed are typical of walruses in general, although walruses in other parts of their range may have evolved other types of feeding behaviour. While based on small sample sizes both the underwater observations and skeletal measurements suggest lateralized limb use, which is the first time this has been reported in a pinniped.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effects of temperature on maximum acceleration, deceleration and power output during vertical running in geckos.

We studied performance and kinematics of the diurnal gekkonid lizard Phelsuma dubia while running vertically on a smooth surface at different temperatures. Trials were conducted at 5 degrees C intervals from 15 degrees C to 35 degrees C. High-speed video recordings and digitization were used to obtain measures of instantaneous velocity, acceleration, deceleration and mass-specific power output and maximal values for each were taken as performance measures. Kinematic variables were also obtained from high-speed video recordings and included stride length and duration, step (stance phase) length and duration, and duty factor. Maximal instantaneous velocity, acceleration and deceleration increased by a factor of approximately 1.7 between 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C, and less so (approximately 1.2x) between 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Mass-specific power output was more temperature-sensitive, increasing 2.5x up to 25 degrees C and a further 1.4x above that temperature. Stride length increased 1.5x over the entire temperature interval studied, while stride duration decreased by a factor of 1.9, suggesting that velocity is modulated by changes in both stride length and duration in P. dubia. Duty factor was not significantly influenced by temperature. Stride length was the only kinematic measure to be influenced by stride number, with second steps from a standstill being longer than first steps. We discuss the significance of velocity and acceleration being affected in a similar manner by temperature, and that speed is modulated by both changes in stride length and duration.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

A behavioural analysis of the delayed non-matching to position task: the effects of scopolamine, lesions of the fornix and of the prelimbic region on mediating behaviours by rats.

The delayed non-matching to position task (DNMP) is a widely used automated test of spatial memory, yet its validity has been challenged by suggestions that animals use motor mediating behaviours which facilitate correct responding. This possibility was systematically studied by analysing video recordings of rats displaying delay-dependent and delay-independent deficits following lesions or drug manipulations. Rats were first trained to perform the DNMP task and whilst untreated, a number of potential mediating behaviours were identified from the video recorded behaviour. Two independent raters recorded any apparent motor strategies and attempted to predict the response the animals made during the choice phase of the task by viewing only behaviour during the delay periods. Subsequently, the behaviour of the same animals was examined following scopolamine treatment and following lesions of the prelimbic cortex or of the fornix. The experiment confirmed previous reports of delay-dependent and delay-independent deficits under the varying conditions (drug, lesions), but also revealed that rats use clearly identifiable mediating behaviours that appear to facilitate correct responding in the DNMP task. Consequently, apparent "memory" impairments in the DNMP task, may reflect a disruption of behavioural strategies used by the animal to assist in performing the task.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Natural food and feeding behavior of Culicoides furens larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

The gut contents of Culicoides furens (Poey) larvae were compared with the relative abundance of potential food items in the natural larval habitat. Additional experiments examined the predatory behavior of the larvae by means of video recordings. Gut analyses indicated that filamentous green algae were the most frequently consumed food items. Diatoms, despite their high density in the soil, were not a major food source and many may have been ingested accidentally with algae. Gut content and video recording analyses indicated that nematodes, although occasionally eaten, probably were not the major dietary item. Moreover, fourth instars seemed to feed on nematodes more frequently during the day than during the night, possibly related to diel, small-scale vertical migrations of larvae in response to changes in light. When starved, larvae seemed to ingest nematodes more readily, as indicated by the absence of other items when nematodes were present in the gut. Overall, the results indicated that C. furens larvae are trophic generalists rather than solely predators.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Further assessment of gender- and blink pattern-related differences in the spontaneous eyeblink activity in primary gaze in young adult humans.

PURPOSE: To further assess the spontaneous eyeblink rate (SEBR) in primary gaze in young adults to further define the causes of variance in this activity. METHODS: Nonconcealed video recordings were made of 61 white adults (30 males), aged 18 to 28 years, while silently directing their gaze to a 2-m-distant, 35-mm-high target under 350 lux illumination. An event marker was used to trace the video recordings in real time. RESULTS: The overall SEBR was 10.3 +/- 3.1 eyeblinks/min (+/- SD) and the inter-eyeblink interval (IEBI) was 6.4 +/- 2.4 s, with no difference being detected between men and women (p > 0.1). There was no evidence of substantial time-dependent change in SEBR during the 5-min recording period. As assessed on a single occasion, it was noted that the subjects could display one of three patterns of eyeblink activity, namely irregular, J-type, or symmetrical. Both the SEBR and IEBI values were statistically different (p < or = 0.05) for the three patterns, with the highest SEBR values (12.3 +/- 2.4 eyeblinks/min) and lowest IEBI values (5.1 +/- 1.3 s) being observed for those with a symmetrical eyeblink pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Different patterns of spontaneous eyeblink activity can result in differences in the SEBR and IEBI values. It is proposed that the pattern of spontaneous eyeblink activity where there are similar intervals between each eyeblink event should be referred to as a "normal" (rather than symmetrical) pattern and should be considered as the normal eyeblink activity, both from a physiological and statistical perspective.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The role of the insular cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy.

The role of the insular cortex in the genesis of temporal lobe epileptic (TLE) seizures has been investigated in 21 patients with drug-refractory TLE using chronic depth stereotactic recordings of the insular cortex activity and video recordings of ictal symptoms during 81 spontaneous electroclinical seizures. All of the recorded seizures were found to invade the insula, most often after a relay in the ipsilateral hippocampus (19/21 patients). However, 2 patients had seizures that originated in the insular cortex itself. Ictal symptoms associated with the insular discharges were similar to those usually attributed to mesial temporal lobe seizures, so that scalp video-electroencephalographic monitoring does not permit making any difference between ictal symptoms of temporo-mesial and insular discharges. A favorable outcome was obtained after a temporal cortectomy sparing the insular cortex in 15 of 17 operated patients. Seizures propagating to the insular cortex were found to be fully controlled by surgery, whereas those originating in the insular cortex persisted after temporal cortectomy. The fact that seizures originating in the insular cortex are not influenced by temporal lobectomy is likely to explain some of the failures of this surgical procedure in TLE.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Young stutterers' nonspeech behaviors during stuttering.

The purpose of this study was to assess the nonspeech behaviors associated with young stutterers' stuttering and normally fluent children's comparable fluent utterances. Subjects were 28 boys and 2 girls who stutter (mean age = 54 months) and 28 boys and 2 girls who do not stutter (mean age = 54 months). Each child and his or her mother were audio-video recorded during a loosely structured, 30-min conversation. Sixty-six different nonspeech behaviors associated with 10 randomly selected stutterings per stutterer and 10 comparable fluent utterances per normally fluent child were assessed by means of frame-by-frame analysis of the audio-video recordings. Results indicate that (a) young stutterers produce significantly more nonspeech behaviors during stuttered words than do normally fluent children during comparable fluent words, (b) young stutters produce significantly more head turns left, blinks, and upper lip raising during stuttered words than do normally fluent children during comparable fluent words, and (c) talker group membership could be significantly determined on the basis of certain types of nonspeech behaviors despite considerable overlap in frequency and type of nonspeech behavior between the two talker groups. Findings suggest that children can be classified as stutterers on the basis of their nonspeech behaviors and that these behaviors may reflect a variety of cognitive, emotional, linguistic, and physical events associated with childhood stuttering.

Child Behavior↗

PubMed2004

Whip use and race progress are associated with horse falls in hurdle and steeplechase racing in the UK.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Falls during racing present a risk of injury to both horse and jockey and a risk of fatality to horses. OBJECTIVES: To use video recordings of races to describe the circumstances surrounding horse falls at hurdle and steeplechase fences and to identify and quantify within-race risk factors for horse falls in National Hunt racing in the UK. METHODS: A retrospective, matched, nested case-control study using video recordings of races was conducted on 6 UK racecourses. Cases and controls were matched on both race type and jump number at which the fall occurred. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to examine the univariable and multivariable relationship between predictor variables and the risk of falling. RESULTS: The risk of falling was significantly associated with whip use and race progress. Horses which were being whipped and progressing through the race were at greater than 7 times the risk of falling compared to horses which were not being whipped and which had no change in position or lost position through the field. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified whip use and the position of the horse with respect to others in the field as potential risk factors for horse falls. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: If these findings are confirmed by the use of intervention trials (e.g. with whip-free or restricted whip use races), modifications could be introduced which would reduce the frequency of horse falls, leading to improved equine welfare.

Accidental Falls↗