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PubMed1995

Village trial of bednets impregnated with wash-resistant permethrin compared with other pyrethroid formulations.

A village-scale field trial of pyrethroid-impregnated mosquito nets was undertaken in The Gambia, West Africa, in the Mandinka village of Saruja (13 degrees 13'N, 14 degrees 55'W) during July-November 1989. Nearly all the villagers possessed and used their own bednets. Anopheles gambiae is the main vector of human malaria in the area. An experimental wash-resistant formulation of permethrin was compared with standard emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, versus placebo-treated bednets. Target concentrations of pyrethroids on bednets were permethrin 500 mg/m2 and lambda-cyhalothrin 25 mg/m2. The experimental design involved random allocation of a treatment to one net per family. Whereas 68% of people questioned said they washed their nets fortnightly, observations during the 16-week trial period showed that only 4/130 (3%) of nets involved in the trial had been washed as frequently as once per month. Early morning searches for mosquitoes under bednets (1 day/week for 16 weeks) found significantly more mosquitoes (60% An.gambiae) in placebo-treated nets than in pyrethroid-treated nets. The numbers found with each of the three pyrethroid treatments did not differ significantly from each other. Insecticidal efficacy of the treatments was tested by bioassays using wild-caught unfed mosquitoes exposed to netting for 3 min. Linear regression analysis of bioassay mortality against number of times that a net had been washed by villagers showed that nets impregnated with the wash-resistant permethrin retained their insecticidal properties better than nets impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin or with the standard permethrin formulation.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Does washing swabs increase the efficiency of red cell recovery by cell salvage in aortic surgery?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We investigated the contribution of swab washing to the efficiency of red cell recovery by intraoperative cell salvage (ICS) in 10 patients undergoing elective aortic aneurysm repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volumes and haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were recorded in the blood recovered by direct suction and from washed swabs, both before and after processing with a Haemonetics Cell Saver 5. RESULTS: The mean +/- standard deviation (SD) estimated blood loss was 991 +/- 403 ml, resulting in a mean +/- SD salvaged RBC volume of 380 +/- 124 ml. The median [interquartile (IQR) range] Hb collected from suction was 84.9 (61.8-131.4) g, of which 50.1 (45-71.5) g was returned to the patient after processing, a median yield of 68 (49-77)%. The swab wash produced a median (IQR) Hb of 39.4 (28.4-64.9) g, of which 26.2 (16.8-31) g was reinfused, a 67 (33-98)% yield. Swab wash thus contributed with a median (IQR) of 31 (24-39)% of the total RBC recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Washing swabs improves the efficiency of red cell recovery by ICS.

Aortic Aneurysm↗

PubMed1992

Increased secretion of glandular-kallikrein in the bronchial washings induced by intravenous injection of leukotriene C4 in guinea-pigs.

1. Intravenous administration of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and LTD4 (1-10 nmol kg-1) caused a dose-dependent increase in secretion of glandular-kallikrein in the bronchial washings of guinea-pigs, as measured by cleavage of a synthetic substrate and the formation of kinin. LTC4 was more potent than LTD4 and pilocarpine was much less potent than peptide leukotrienes on a molecular basis. 2. The increases in levels of glandular-kallikrein in the bronchial washings that were induced by LTC4 (3 nmol kg-1, i.v.) were almost completely inhibited by pretreatment with an antagonist of leukotrienes (ONO-1078), with an antagonist of thromboxane (S-1452), with an inhibitor of thromboxane synthetase (OKY-046), with indomethacin, with atropine or with scopolamine. These results indicate that the LTC4-induced increase in levels of glandular-kallikrein may have been mediated by the formation of thromboxane and the release of acetylcholine. 3. The increases in levels of glandular-kallikrein in the bronchial washings induced by STA2 (20 pmol kg-1, i.v.), a stable analogue of thromboxane A2, were completely blocked by pretreatment with atropine, whereas increases induced by pilocarpine (41 mumol kg-1, i.v.) were not blocked by pretreatment with indomethacin, although such increases were inhibited by atropine. This result indicates that secretion of kallikrein stimulated by LTC4 may have been mediated by the successive formation of thromboxane A2 and release of acetylcholine. 4. Intravenous administration of bradykinin (3-30 nmol kg-1) caused a dose-dependent increase in levels of glandular-kallikrein in the bronchial washings. This increase was completely inhibited by pretreatment with atropine, with indomethacin or with an antagonist of thromboxane.5. The increases in levels of glandular-kallikrein in the bronchial washings induced by LTC4 (3 nmol kg'- , i.v.) and pilocarpine (41 flmol kg- 1, i.v.) were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with an antagonist of bradykinin. These results suggest that intravenous LTC4 may increase secretion of glandular-kallikrein via formation of thromboxane A2 and release of acetylcholine in that order, and kinin released by kallikrein may enhance the rate of secretion of glandular-kallikrein.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2005

Clinical experience with the delivery of thawed and washed autologous blood cells, with an automated closed fluid management device: CytoMate.

BACKGROUND: Washing out of thawed autologous grafts, before reinfusion in poor-prognosis cancer patients who undergo high-dose chemotherapy, is desirable. The procedure allows for the reduction of infused dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) quantities and the performance of biologic controls on the infused cell product. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three-hundred four patients were treated with intensified chemotherapy and autologous transplantation at a single institution. Fifty-four of them received washed cell products, because three or more bags were to be reinfused. The recently available, closed, automated, and current good manufacturing practice-compliant device (CytoMate, Baxter Oncology) was used for this purpose. RESULTS: The performances of the device were similar to previously reported results, with greater than 75 percent CD34+ cell recovery. Neutrophil and platelet (PLT) recoveries were similar in the group of patients receiving washed cells and in the group of patients for whom cell products were extemporaneously thawed at the bedside. Adverse events that are typically reported after DMSO infusion were significantly less frequent and less severe in patients who received washed cells. Finally, the nurse staff on the transplant ward reported a decreased workload and more satisfactory procedure when infusing washed cell products. CONCLUSION: The CytoMate device allows for a significant reduction in DMSO infusion, with a diminished frequency and severity of immediate side effects and does not compromise neutrophil or PLT engraftment.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Immediate irritant reactions to benzoic acid are enhanced in washed skin areas.

Factors affecting immediate irritant skin reactions are poorly understood. Our purpose was to study the effect of washing on reactions to benzoic acid, a well-known immediate-type irritant. 12 test subjects washed their left upper arms with a diluted dishwashing liquid 2X daily for 6 days. Benzoic acid in a dilution series was tested on both upper arms on days 0, 3 and 6. The reactions were graded visually, and the blood flow, skin color, transepidermal water loss and electrical capacitance of the test sites were measured. On days 3 and 6, the benzoic acid reactions were stronger on the washed arm than on the control arm. This was clinically visible and was associated with changes in blood flow and skin color measurements. Washing itself did not usually cause visible erythema, but transepidermal water loss increased and electrical capacitance decreased. Low concentrations of irritant substances, such as benzoic acid, may cause clinically relevant reactions in repeatedly washed skin. This should be taken into consideration in assessing product safety in the cosmetic, medical and household chemical industries, and when tests for chemical skin irritancy are designed and the results of such tests interpreted.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Irritant effects of a detergent in wash, chamber and repeated open application tests.

Development of irritant contact reactions in a wash test, in a repeated open application test (ROAT) and in chamber tests were compared with each other in 14 atopic and 14 non-atopic Caucasian medical students. In the wash test, the students washed their upper arm skin with 10% dishwashing liquid for 1 min 2 x a day for 1 week. In the ROAT, they applied the same detergent solution to 1 antecubital fossa 2 x daily for 1 week. Chamber tests were performed with the same detergent using 8 mm, 12 mm and 18 mm Finn Chambers applied to the upper back skin for 48 h. Additional 4 h and 24 h occlusion times were used with the 12 mm Finn Chambers. Test results were evaluated on days 0, 2, 4 and 7 by eye and by using an Evaporimeter EP1 for transepidermal water loss and a Minolta Chroma Meter CR-200 for skin colour. No statistically significant differences between atopics and non-atopics were found in any of the tests. The results of the tests did not correlate with each other, with the exception of the 12 mm/48 h chamber test and the wash test in atopics (R = 0.61, p = 0.02). It seems that other individual factors in addition to atopy influence the development of irritant contact dermatitis. The results of the chamber test and ROAT predicted poorly the result of the wash test.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[Relationship between hand-washing activity of disinfectants and in vitro bactericidal activity in the presence of peptone].

A study was made on the relation between in vitro bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis which is the main bacterial flora of skin and the disinfecting activity of hand-washing with povidone-iodine, sodium hydrochloride, chloramin-T, chlorhexidine gluconate and benzalkonium-chloride. Although the bactericidal activity of povidone-iodine and sodium hydrochloride was significantly high as compared with those of the other three disinfectants, both povidone-iodine and sodium hydrochloride showed no or a little hand-washing effects. In vitro the bactericidal activity of both povidone-iodine and sodium chloride were significantly retarded by the addition of peptone in the reaction mixture. On the other hand, chloramin-T, chlorhexidine gluconate and benzalkonium chloride showed a high disinfecting activity in hand washing in spite of low in vitro bactericidal activity. Moreover, the bactericidal activity of these three disinfectants were not suppressed by the addition of peptone in the reaction mixture. These results strongly suggested that hand washing effect of disinfectant is affected by the protein on the hand and that hand-washing activity of disinfectant should be determined by in vitro bactericidal activity in the presence of peptone.

Chlorhexidine↗

PubMed2002

[Antimicrobial effects and efficacy on habitually hand-washing of strong acidic electrolyzed water--a comparative study of alcoholic antiseptics and soap and tap water].

The rate of bacterial elimination for the stamp method was compared with regular hand-washing (using soap and tap water), hygienic hand-washing (using alcoholic antiseptics), and hand-washing using strong acidic electrolyzed water (the SAEW method) in routine work. After routine work, the average number of bacteria remaining on the nurse's hands with using the SAEW-method, rubbing method and tap water method, were: 54 +/- 63, 89 +/- 190, 128 +/- 194 CFU/agar plate, respectively (n = 81). In this study. It was clarified that a much larger number of Bacillus sp. were detected for the rubbing method than for the other methods. After further nurse work, the most number of absorbed bacteria on a nurse's hands were counted after cleaning a patient's body. The rate of bacteria elimination for hand-washing with soap and tap water after taking care of a patient was insufficient, especially when before care was provided the number of bacteria on the nurse's hands were less than 100 CFU/agar plate. From these results, the following manual for sanitary hand washing is recommended: 1. At first, dirty hands should be cleaned and the number of bacteria should be reduced using soap and tap water or by scrubbing with disinfectants. 2. After the number of bacteria has been reduced, use the SAEW method routinely. 3. For care requiring a high level of cleanliness or if no tap water facilities are available, use the rubbing method. Finally, routine use of the SAEW method in ICU could be recommended with conventional disinfectants and soap and tap water on a case by case basis for less than adverse reactions, such as in the case of rough-hands or keeping a low level of bacteria on hands.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1983

Bacteriological quality of fabrics washed at lower-than-standard temperatures in a hospital laundry facility.

We determined whether the bacteriological quality of fabrics cleaned in a hospital laundry could be maintained at wash temperatures lower than 75 degrees C by the use of economically reasonable formulas and wash conditions. Three groups of bacteria were examined to determine bacteriological quality: aerobic, nonexacting chemoorganotrophs, staphylococci, and total coliforms. The distribution of bacteria on soiled fabric was patchy, with staphylococci and total coliforms ranging from less than 0.1 to greater than 4 X 10(3) CFU/cm2 and chemoorganotrophs ranging from less than 0.1 to greater than 5 X 10(5) CFU/cm2. The washing process routinely produced fabric containing less than 1 CFU/cm2. Low-temperature (47.8 to 60.0 degrees C) wash procedures eliminated all bacterial groups at least as effectively as did high-temperature procedures. The effectiveness of bacterial density reduction at low temperature was augmented by increased concentrations of bleach. Successful low-temperature washing such as that shown here may save both energy and money for hospitals.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1995

Dilution assessment of cervicovaginal secretions obtained by vaginal washing for immunological assays.

Local immunological defense mechanisms in the cervicovaginal mucosa currently remain incompletely defined, especially from a quantitative point of view. Addition of an inert substance, lithium chloride (LiCl), into the washing buffer used to carry out the vaginal washing for collecting cervicovaginal secretions and measurement of its concentration with a flame absorption spectrophotometer, before and after the specimen is sampled, permits the quantification of the volume of cervicovaginal secretions collected and the approximation of the dilution factor of a soluble component introduced by the washing. Lithium, at a concentration of 10 mM, gives the best precision of measurement and has no effect on the results of the immunoassays. In a population of 27 nonpregnant women (age range, 18 to 45 years), the volume of cervicovaginal secretions collected by vaginal washing with 3 ml of LiCl-phosphate-buffered saline was 12% +/- 3.2% (mean +/- standard deviation) of the total volume and showed large interindividual variations (range, 5.6 to 18.8%); the mean dilution factor of a soluble component from the vaginal secretions was 9.9% +/- 2.8% (range, 6.3 to 18.8%). According to the date of the menstrual cycle, the mean volume of collected cervicovaginal secretions was significantly increased in the luteal phase in comparison with the follicular phase; conversely, the mean dilution factor of a soluble component was more important in the follicular than in the luteal phase. These features strengthen the need to quantify accurately the dilution factor introduced by vaginal washing when studying cervicovaginal immunity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

New method for determination of efficacy of health care personnel hand wash products.

A method of studying the effects of health care personnel hand wash products is described. The fingernail regions of the hands of volunteers are inoculated with a mixture of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens, and the areas are dried for a standard time. After routine hand washing, each fingernail region is individually scrubbed with an electric toothbrush which moves longitudinally to the handle into collection fluid contained in a petri dish. The test bacteria in the fluid are then enumerated. (Bacillus subtilis spores may be included as tracers to show degree of physical removal of the procedure.) This method has several advantages over the frequently used glove juice technique. Experimental designs with large numbers of volunteers, multiple sampling sites, and many hand wash products may be performed. Ten sampling sites (fingers) are available, versus the two gloved hands for testing products. (Efficiency is almost 100% in the recovery of spore tracers placed on the fingernails.) Many commercial health care personnel hand wash products containing antimicrobial agents substantive to the skin do not rapidly reduce numbers of inoculated bacteria in the fingernail regions to any greater extent than nonantimicrobial hand washes. Products containing isopropanol or ethanol are very effective in decreasing bacteria in areas around and under the fingernails.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1997

Cellular profiles in asthmatic airways: a comparison of induced sputum, bronchial washings, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid has improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of asthma. Safety issues and access to expert resources limit this techniques as a research tool. Induced sputum is a non-invasive method of collecting airway fluid which is applicable to subjects with a range of severity of airflow obstruction. The method of sputum collection and processing differs between groups. A study was undertaken to compare induced sputum with bronchoscopically collected fluid. METHODS: Sixteen patients with mild stable asthma underwent both sputum induction and bronchoscopic examination with bronchial washings and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in random order, with each procedure being separated by an interval of 12 days. Airway fluid was processed and stained for differential cell counting. RESULTS: Induced sputum was relatively rich in neutrophils and eosinophils compared with bronchial washings and BAL fluid (mean (SE) 1.3 (0.4)%, 5.0 (2.7)%, and 36.4 (3.7)% neutrophils and 0.6 (0.1)%, 1.6 (0.6)%, and 3.3 (1.1)% eosinophils in BAL fluid, bronchial washings, and induced sputum, respectively). The proportions of cells obtained at sputum induction correlated with those in bronchial washings but not BAL fluid (r = 0.6 and 0.7 for neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, p < 0.05). By contrast, induced sputum had a lower proportion of lymphocytes and macrophages than bronchial washings or BAL fluid, without any correlation. CONCLUSION: Induced sputum is rich in neutrophils and eosinophils and poor in lymphocytes, suggesting an origin in the larger airways. Induced sputum adequately reflects the findings in fluid collected by direct bronchoscopy.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The efficacy of postenucleation saline wash and the effect of different antimicrobial agents on microbial contamination of donor eyes.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of postenucleation saline wash and the effect of different antimicrobial agents on the microbial contamination of donor eyes. METHODS: Two hundred donor eyes were given saline wash and treated with any one of the following 5 randomly selected antimicrobial solutions: 1% povidone-iodine for 3 min, 0.3% gentamycin for 10 min, 0.3% ciprofloxacin for 10 min, a combination of neomycin 1,700 IU, gramicidin 0.025% and polymyxin B 5,000 IU (Neosporin(R)) for 10 min and a combination of 0.3% amikacin for 10 min, followed by 2.5% cefazolin for 10 min. Limbal swabs were sent for culture before and after saline wash and after treatment with antimicrobial agents. RESULTS: On culture of the pretreatment swabs, 77.5% were positive for growth with 75.5% bacterial and 11.5% fungal. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (29.1%) was the most common bacterial contamination followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.5%), Acinetobacter sp. (18.5%) and Alcaligenes faecalis (13.2%). A 20-ml sterile saline wash resulted in a 20% decrease (p < 0.01) in the amount of contamination. The maximum antimicrobial effect with regard to bacterial decontamination was achieved with povidone-iodine (64% decrease in the amount of contamination, p < 0.01) followed by ciprofloxacin (47.6% decrease, p < 0.05), the combination of cefazolin and amikacin (42.5%, p < 0.05), Neosporin (38.5%, p < 0.05) and then gentamycin (21.7%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: A thorough saline wash and treatment with 1% povidone-iodine for 3 min is a more effective method for the decontamination of donor eyes as compared to most currently available and frequently used antibiotics.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cytologic evaluation of low grade transitional cell carcinoma and instrument artifact in bladder washings.

OBJECTIVE: To identify key cytologic features for the separation of low grade transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) from nonneoplastic lesions in bladder washings. STUDY DESIGN: The cytomorphologic features of 95 bladder washing specimens showing papillary fragments, which included 50 low grade TCCs and 45 nonneoplastic lesions, were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Bladder washings from low grade TCCs showed papillary and irregular groups of cells with ragged borders, cytoplasmic homogeneity and subtle nuclear changes, such as increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and irregular nuclear border. Bladder washings after instrumentation from nonneoplastic lesions of the bladder showed cellular specimens with cohesive, ball-shaped and papillary clusters with smooth borders lined with a denser-staining cytoplasmic collar. Reactive urothelial cells often displayed loose aggregates with irregular borders but no cytoplasmic collar. CONCLUSION: In bladder washing cytology, nuclear changes and cytoplasmic homogeneity play a major role in the diagnosis of carcinoma.

Artifacts↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic value of hair shafts and squamous cells in peritoneal washing cytology.

OBJECTIVE: Little attention has been given to hair shafts and squamous cells in peritoneal fluid. To investigate their diagnostic value in peritoneal washing specimens, we reviewed peritoneal washing cytology preparations from 83 cases of ovarian tumors. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed peritoneal washing specimens and histologic sections of 86 cases of ovarian tumors and tumorous conditions, including 22 teratomas, 16 serous adenocarcinomas, 10 clear cell adenocarcinomas, 9 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 5 cases of endometriosis, 4 mucinous adenomas, 3 serous cystadenocarcinomas and 17 other tumors. RESULTS: We observed both squamous cells and hair shafts surrounded by inflammatory cells in 5 of the 22 cases of ovarian teratoma. Rupture of an ovarian teratoma was clinically and histologically found in one of the five cases. Hair shafts were not observed in the other tumors or in nonneoplastic conditions. The diameter of hair shafts in peritoneal washing specimens ranged from 10 to 28.8 microns (average, 16.6), and such hair shafts were present within an ovarian teratoma examined histologically. The diameter of hair shafts from six normal adults who were examined as controls ranged from 61.5 to 118.6 microns (average, 89.4). CONCLUSION: Hair shafts and squamous cells surrounded by inflammatory cells in peritoneal washing specimens are a diagnostic clue to ovarian teratoma and can be observed even when rupture of the tumor is not detected clinically or microscopically.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Localization of fibrinogen during ADP- or thrombin-induced aggregation of washed rabbit platelets.

In contrast to human platelets, which aggregate poorly in response to ADP unless fibrinogen is present in the external medium, washed rabbit platelets form large aggregates in response to ADP without fibrinogen in the suspending medium. Addition of fibrinogen to the suspending medium of rabbit platelets frequently has little or no effect on the extent of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. We examined washed rabbit platelets by immunocytochemistry during ADP-induced aggregation and deaggregation and during thrombin-induced aggregation when the external medium did not contain added fibrinogen to determine if (a) fibrinogen was expressed on the surface of rabbit platelets that could support aggregation when the platelets were stimulated, or (b) fibrinogen secreted from the alpha granules supports platelet aggregation. Glutaraldehyde-fixed samples were prepared at different times after addition of ADP or thrombin, embedded in Lowicryl K4M, sectioned, incubated with sheep anti-rabbit fibrinogen, washed, reacted with gold-labeled anti-sheep IgG, and prepared for electron microscopy. The alpha granules of rabbit platelets were heavily labeled with immunogold; the platelet membrane was not labeled. During platelet aggregation and deaggregation in response to ADP, fibrinogen was not detectable on the platelet surface. In response to thrombin, large aggregates formed before fibrinogen was secreted from the alpha granules; fibrinogen was detectable focally at sites of granule discharge by 30-60 sec and fibrin formed by 3 min. Therefore, stimulated washed rabbit platelets can adhere to each other without large amounts of fibrinogen taking part in the close platelet-to-platelet contact, since aggregation occurs before detectable secretion, and large areas where the platelets are in contact are devoid of fibrinogen between the adherent membranes. Adhesion mechanisms not involving fibrinogen may support the aggregation of washed rabbit platelets.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗

PubMed2005

Induction of compulsive-like washing by blocking the feeling of knowing: an experimental test of the security-motivation hypothesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: H. Szechtman and E. Woody (2004) hypothesized that obsessive-compulsive disorder results from a deficit in the feeling of knowing that normally terminates thoughts or actions elicited by security motivation. To test the plausibility of this proposed mechanism, an experiment was conducted to produce an analog of washing in obsessive-compulsive disorder by eliciting a scenario of potential harm and using hypnosis to block changes in internally generated feelings that would normally occur during washing. RESULTS: Participants reacted with increased disgust, anxiety, and heart rate to their mental images of contamination and potential danger. As predicted, high but not low hypnotizable participants showed a significant prolongation of washing when change in feelings during washing was blocked hypnotically. CONCLUSION: Results show that blocking the affective signal that is normally generated during security-related behaviors, such as washing, leads to prolonged performance of these behaviors. This finding lends support to the plausibility of the proposed model of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Effect of washing, antibiotics and trypsin treatment of bovine embryos on the removal of adhering K99+ Escherichia coli.

Bovine embryos with the intact zona pellucida were exposed in vitro to K99+ Escherichia coli (K99 E. coli). The recommended procedures for washing and treating embryos were then evaluated for their effectiveness in removing or killing the adherent bacteria. After 10-step washing, bacteria were recovered not only from the embryos exposed to E. coli suspensions but also from those treated with trypsin during washing. On the other hand, no bacteria were recovered from any embryos treated with antibiotics (gentamicin; 50 micrograms/ml) in culture medium before washing, indicating that the recommended washing procedures with appropriate antibiotics assure that zona pellucida-intact bovine embryos are free from E. coli.

Animals↗