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Results for “anger expression”

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PubMed1993

Components of Type A behavior and the first-year prognosis of a myocardial infarction.

This study examined prospectively the role of Type A behavior and its subcomponents in the first-year prognosis of myocardial infarction (MI). Anger expression, irritability, and cynicism were assessed as traits related to the hostility component of the construct. The sample comprised 92 patients, less than 65 yr old, who survived the acute phase of their first MI. Psychological data was collected by self-report questionnaires during the initial hospital stay. Type A behavior was measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey and by the Finnish Type A Scale. Factors were controlled for age, sex, social status, and the MI severity. The results showed that patient who had a reinfarction or died during the first year reported more irritability and experienced anger more often than patients surviving without any complications. From the standard subcomponents only the Speed-Impatience factor of the JAS predicted poor prognosis. Our results indicated that the global Type A scores were not associated with the prognosis of MI.

Achievement↗

PubMed1989

The development of emotion expression during the first two years of life.

This study examines the course of emotion expression development over the first 2 years of life in a sample of full-term and preterm children. 58 mother/infant pairs were videotaped at infant ages of 2 1/2, 5, 7 1/2, and 22 months, recording face-to-face interaction involving play and separation/reunion sessions. The tapes were coded on a second-to-second basis using Izard's facial affect coding system. Data analysis focused on (1) differences in expressive behavior at 22 months as a function of risk status, gender, attachment status, and patterns of earlier maternal contingency behavior; (2) stability of specific emotional expressive patterns across assessment periods; and (3) the relation of expressive behavior and security of attachment at 2 years to qualities of earlier affective interchange. Mother's contingency behavior (both general level and specific contingency patterns) appeared to have a material effect on the course of emotional development, as did birth status and gender. Prematurity was associated with differential socioemotional development well into the second year, much in contrast to the "catch-up effect" observed in linguistic and cognitive functioning. Discrete emotions analysis of attachment groups yielded differentiation along a broad negative/positive dimension, but it also showed that insecurely attached children can be characterized as showing inhibited anger expression. The results of this study are discussed within the framework of organizational models of infant affective development; attachment theory and discrete emotions approaches were found to yield different yet equally informative data on the course of socioemotional development.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Children's discrimination of expressions of emotions: relationship with indices of social anxiety and shyness.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an exploratory investigation of possible relationships between individual levels of social anxiety and the ability to classify emotional expressions in a group of schoolchildren observing pictures of children of similar age. METHOD: One hundred forty-nine second- and third-grade schoolchildren underwent a facial expression discrimination trial. Children were characterized on the basis of the number of spontaneous comments they made during a pause in the trial, and on their scores on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Stevenson-Hinde and Glover Shyness-to-the-Unfamiliar Scale, and the Cloninger Harm Avoidance scale. The scales were filled in by appropriately trained teachers. RESULTS: The overall rate of correct identification was 72%, without gender-associated differences. Regression analyses showed that higher rates of misidentifications were significantly associated with higher scores on the Liebowitz scale and fewer spontaneous comments. Misidentifications of the "anger" expressions (most often misclassified as "disgust") were associated with higher ratings on the Liebowitz scale when children were exposed to a boy's picture and by fewer spontaneous comments when children were exposed to a girl's picture. Misidentification of a neutral expression of a girl's picture (most often misclassified as "sadness") was significantly associated with fewer spontaneous comments. CONCLUSIONS: These pilot results suggest that a child's ability to correctly identify other children's basic emotions is partially associated with his or her level of observed social shyness.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of burden and infectious illness in schizophrenia caregivers.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to test predictive models of schizophrenia caregiver burden and infectious illness episodes for caregivers who had regular contact with their mentally ill family members. METHODS: A nurse interviewer, blind to the patient's symptoms, caregiver burden, and psychosocial status, administered the Health Review to 70 caregivers. A second family interviewer, blind to caregiver health status and patient symptoms, assessed caregiver resources (eg, active coping and social support), vulnerabilities (eg, anger expression and passive coping) and burden. Concurrently, independent patient raters, blind to caregiver health and psychosocial status, assessed caregiver stressors. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Modified Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms were used to assess the severity of positive (eg, hallucinations and delusions) and negative (eg, anhedonia and asociality) symptoms, respectively. RESULTS: Predictive models, including measures of stressors, resources, and vulnerability factors for caregiver burden and for presence of infectious illness, were each highly significant, accounting for 40% and 29% of the variance, respectively. However, the specific measures that predicted burden and infectious illness differed. Greater burden was predicted by more severe patient negative symptoms (stressor), greater anger control and blame self-coping (vulnerability), and decreased tangible social support (resource). Presence of infectious illness episodes was predicted by more severe patient positive symptoms (stressor) and less satisfaction with social support while controlling for the frequency of reporting on the Health Review. When scores from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (stressors) were categorized into quartiles, it was found that the frequency of infectious illness in the highest quartile was four times that in the lowest quartile. Other results indicated that even though burden was not associated with infectious illness, it was associated with "continuing health problems," perceived stress, and depression. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that although schizophrenia caregiver burden and infectious illness are predicted by measures of patient stressors, vulnerabilities, and resources, the specific measures predicting these outcomes differ. The results also call attention to the powerful influence of patient symptoms as a predictor of burden and the presence of infectious illness among caregivers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Direct and crossover effects of prosocial and antisocial coping behaviors.

The relationship of antisocial and prosocial coping behaviors to individual and relationship well-being was prospectively examined in a sample of fire-emergency workers (FEWs) and their marital or romantic partners (69 couples). Results of hierarchical multiple regression equations indicated that FEWs' antisocial coping was related to higher levels of depressive symptoms. Prosocial coping was related to decreased anger expression and increased relationship adjustment. Partners' prosocial coping was a significant predictor of FEWs' reports of better relationship adjustment. For partners, prosocial coping was positively related to their relationship adjustment. FEWs' coping was unrelated to partners' outcome. Results for the FEWs support the notion that coping has direct and crossover effects. Moreover, results indicate that prosocial and antisocial coping behaviors have differential effects on well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Gender differences in injuries among rural youth.

GOAL: This paper presents injury data from the first year of a three year longitudinal study of risk taking behaviors among adolescents. SAMPLE: Study subjects were a cohort of 758 rural students from Maryland's Eastern Shore who were in the eighth grade in 1987. METHODS: Students completed a 45 minute, self administered survey in which they reported numbers of injuries experienced in the past year, risk taking behaviors, anger expression, delinquency, alcohol and drug use, physical exercise, work experience, and level of parental supervision. In addition, students had their height and weight measurements taken by trained research staff and completed a self rating of pubertal development using Tanner drawings. RESULTS: Slightly more than half (53.2%) of the boys and over one third (37.7%) of the girls reported experiencing one or more medically attended injuries during the last year. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to estimate the extent to which gender differences in injuries could be accounted for by adolescent behaviors. Gender effects became non-significant when adjustments were made for risk taking, school discipline problems, and exercise frequency. Gender differences in injuries were reduced but remained significant when substance use, employment, and anger were controlled. Poisson regression analyses were conducted separately for males and females to assess whether factors associated with injuries were similar across genders. For boys, risk taking, anger, and school discipline problems were significantly related to number of injuries. Boys with a low body mass index and late pubertal development (mean ratio 3.09), as well as those with high body mass index and early pubertal development (mean ratio 2.16), reported greater numbers of injuries than average boys. For girls, substance use, cruising, risk taking, anger, and exercise frequency were significantly associated with injuries. Girls with an early onset of menses reported, on average, twice the number of injuries than those who were on time. Girls with high body mass index who were late in their pubertal development reported, on average, five times more injuries than other girls. CONCLUSIONS: Although gender is a significant risk factor for injuries, certain behaviors like risk taking, school related delinquency, and physical exercise partially explain the higher number of injuries among adolescent males in this study. For both males and females, indicators of pubertal and physical development are important factors to consider in studies of injuries during early adolescence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Predictors of cognitive level and depression severity are different in patients with left and right hemispheric stroke within the first year of illness.

Causes of cognitive impairment after stroke are not yet clear because a large number of sociodemographic and clinical variables complicate the understanding of the phenomenon. We aim to evaluate sociodemographic and clinical predictors of cognitive level and depression in subjects with different lesion laterality. We assessed 153 right (n = 87) and left (n = 66) unilateral first-ever stroke patients within the first year of illness with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-Patient Edition, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the Barthel Index, and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Sociodemographic variables were also measured. Sixty-two (41 %) patients suffered from Major Depression (MDD), and 26 (17 %) suffered from Minor Depression (MIND). An univariate analysis of variance showed that MMSE scores were different throughout the groups of left and right stroke patients with MDD, MIND and without depression. Left stroke patients with MDD were more cognitively impaired than all the other groups. This result was valid after controlling for the effect of lesion location on cognitive level difference between the groups. A series of stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that depression severity was a predictor of cognitive level and vice-versa in left hemispheric stroke patients only. Moreover, educational level in right hemispheric stroke patients and state-anger and number of regions affected in left hemispheric stroke patients were other predictors of cognitive level. The study confirms the hypothesis that predictors of cognitive level and depression severity are different in subjects with different laterality of lesion and that MDD is associated with cognitive impairment in left stroke patients.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Men with chronic occupational stress benefit from behavioural/psycho-educational group training: a randomized, prospective, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Overworking is one of the most frequent stressors. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of behavioural/psycho-educational group training in men who are chronically stressed from overworking. METHOD: Of 72 male subjects, 36 were randomly assigned to training for 8 weeks and another 36 formed the control group, which received a placebo intervention. Primary outcome measures were systolic blood pressure, salivary cortisol concentration upon awakening, and self-reported changes on the scales of the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress (TICS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: A significant reduction in mean values was observed in daily systolic blood pressure and salivary cortisol concentration on all the TICS and most of the STAXI and SF-36 scales. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioural/psycho-educational group training appears to be effective in the treatment of men suffering from chronic stress due to overworking.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The relation between dominance, anger, and hormones in normally aging men: results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.

This paper examines the relation of two personality characteristics (dominance and anger) to hormones in normally aging men. The relation of the Jackson Personality Research Form E Dominance subscale and the Spielberger Anger Expression scale to serum levels of 17 endocrine variables, including testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), cortisol, and prolactin, was examined in 1709 men aged 39 to 70 years randomly sampled from the Boston Metropolitan Statistical Area. Canonical correlation analysis resulted in the identification of a personality profile characterized as dominant with some aggressive behavior that tends to correlate with a hormonal pattern labeled the "availability of androgens." These results partially support previous findings in animals, adolescents, and criminal populations that "aggressive dominance" is related to testosterone.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Psychologic factors as precursors to hypertension.

The possibility that certain psychologic factors lead to hypertension has been considered by many investigators over the past 60 years, but prospective studies with suitable methods to evaluate this hypothesis were not available for analysis until the 1990s. There are now five large longitudinal studies demonstrating a relation between symptoms of anxiety or depression and subsequent hypertension incidence. Anger expression, long considered a major psychologic factor in hypertension, has been studied less extensively, and the findings to date are less consistent. While some evidence supports the biological plausibility of psychologic factors as risk factors for hypertension, biobehavioral mechanisms explaining the relationship have not been adequately explored. The results of these recent studies may lead to new intervention trials specifically selecting hypertensive patients with anxiety or depression for treatment with stress reduction or other appropriate psychologic therapies. Such studies would further contribute to the evaluation of anxiety and depression as risk factors for hypertension.

Anger↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Aggression and its correlates in Vietnam veterans with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.

This study measured self-reported aggression, hostility, and anger in Vietnam combat veterans with (n = 27) and without (n = 15) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). On the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Past Feelings and Acts of Violence Scale, Episodic Dyscontrol Scale, and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), PTSD subjects scored significantly higher than non-PTSD subjects, whose scores fell in the range reported for normative, noncombat populations. The PTSD versus non-PTSD group differences were not explained by combat exposure, which did not correlate significantly with the psychometric aggression measures. These findings suggest that increased aggression in war veterans is more appropriately regarded as a property of PTSD, rather than a direct consequence of military combat. The association between compromised neurologic and neuropsychologic status and the psychometric measures was modest and explained little of the group differences.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[A comparison of East German and West German probands: emotionality and objective personality variables].

Data from a joint research project between the University of Trier and the Humboldt University Berlin of personality dimensions were compared and analyzed. Since Germany was separated for forty years, studies of the general population are necessary in order to yield possible cultural differences. In the present comparison we analyzed personality constructs like anxiety, curiosity, anger and anger expression as well as variables of objective personality tests. The sample from the former western German states contained N = 109 persons. As a basis for comparison, we selected a parallized matched sample (n = 109) from the new eastern German states out of a larger sample (N = 586). The main results were as follows: (1) reliability (consistency) and factor structure of the measures are similar for both samples. This equivalency is the formal prerequisite for a comparison. (2) There are substantial differential effects between eastern and western samples. Wellness as well as emotionality also show different results considerable with regard to age and sex.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

No respite during sleep: heart-rate hyperreactivity to rapid eye movement sleep in angry men classified as Type A.

9 men scoring as Type A and Angry and 9 men scoring as Type B and Nonangry on the Jenkins Activity Survey and Spielberger's Trait Anger Expression completed a 1-min. mental arithmetic task and slept through 1 period of rapid eye movement. The Angry Type A scorers showed greater heart-rate increases from baseline to that during mental arithmetic and from nonrapid eye movements to periods of REM than the Nonangry Type B scorers. While the former showed equivalent reactivity to stressors while awake and asleep, the latter group showed less heart-rate reactivity during the period of REM than during mental arithmetic. Neither group yielded clear descriptions of their dreams, and no differences between groups were noted for ratings on aggressivity in dreams. It appears that Angry Type A scorers show cardiovascular hyperreactivity even when asleep in the lab.

Aggression↗

PubMed2001

Levels of aggression among a group of anabolic-androgenic steroid users.

There have been numerous case studies and press reports of individuals committing acts of extreme violence while taking large doses of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS). However, research using psychometric measures of aggression has tended to use small numbers of subjects which makes generalizing results difficult. In the current study the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) was administered to 50 AAS users and 40 non AAS-using control subjects. Subjects also underwent a semistructured interview focusing on AAS's effects on levels of aggression. Results showed that AAS users reported being significantly less in control of their aggression than controls. The semi-structured interview findings showed that elevations in aggression due to AAS use were reported by 60 per cent of AAS users. However, these elevations appeared more related to irritability and bad temper than acts of physical violence. The study also found that more AAS users than controls had worked as doormen/bouncers. This highlights the issue of whether AAS use causes aggression or whether aggressive individuals are attracted to AAS use. Future research should investigate this question.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial factors and coping strategies of adolescents in a rural Pennsylvania high school.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the coping levels of rural adolescents and gender differences of coping strategies and psychosocial factors. To identify the relationships of coping strategies with psychosocial factors of rural adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SAMPLE: A convenience sample of 72 students attending a rural high school in southwestern Pennsylvania. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects completed the Coping Response Inventory-Youth (CRI-Y), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED), the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). RESULTS: Significant gender differences were found for psychosocial factors of depression, self-esteem, and anxiety. Several significant relationships were observed between coping strategies and psychosocial factors of rural adolescents. Additionally, using content analysis, seven categories were determined based on the content of the open-ended question on the CRI: familial factors, peer relationships, etc. CONCLUSIONS: These rural adolescents endorsed higher levels of avoidance coping than normative samples. Rural adolescents reported many problems needing proper coping skills in their everyday lives. This study provides information to public health professionals working with rural adolescents that could be used to help them attain more effective coping strategies.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Oral contraceptive use: implications for cognitive and emotional functioning.

This study investigated the role of oral contraception use versus nonuse as a moderator variable differentially influencing cognitive-emotional processes. Seventy-six healthy women (29 users and 47 nonusers; 18 to 48 years old), completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire, the Rotter Scale of locus of control, the Daily Hassles Scale, and a Repertory Grid. A subsample (N = 33) also volunteered for a blood draw. Hormonal levels of progesterone and estrogen mostly were unrelated to cognitive and emotional measures, and contraindicated the "chemical suppression" proposition. Alternatively, when cognitive-emotional functioning was examined separately for users and nonusers, cognitive factors including the appraisal of stress, loci of control, and self-integration were implicated with specific patterns of negative affect and much more so for users than for nonusers. For the most part, oral contraceptive use versus nonuse seemed to influence the saliency rather than the nature of cognitive-emotional patterns. Discussion focused on oral contraceptive use as a moderator variable and the need for longitudinal research to clarify the evolving, biopsychosocial influence of hormonal regulatory treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

An attempt to understand the paradox of anorexia nervosa without drive for thinness.

The "atypical" subgroup of women with anorexia nervosa not characterized by drive for thinness (DT) was studied. The study group comprised 151 anorectic patients (restrictor anorectics [AN-R], n=74; binge-purging anorectics [AN-BP], n=77). Subjects completed the following self-administered questionnaires: Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Patients were subdivided into three groups on the basis of body mass index (BMI) and DT score: AN-I with a BMI<15 and DT<7 (n=24); AN-II with a BMI>15 and DT<7 (n=34); and AN-III with a BMI<17.5 and DT>7 (n=93). Patients belonging to the AN-III group had a more severe disorder and form of psychopathology based on their scores on several scales. No association emerged between personality disorders and any single subgroup. Three hypotheses emerge: (1) some patients (about 38%) deny DT and provide negative answers on the questionnaires; (2) patients without DT (even when malnourished) seem to show less severe psychopathologic and personality traits; and (3) patients without DT answer questions honestly, but they have developed a character structure that enables them to feel negative and ego-dystonic emotions regarding their condition. Implications for treatment are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The influence of abdominal obesity and chronic work stress on ambulatory blood pressure in men and women.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of abdominal obesity and work stress (operationalised as low control over work) on ambulatory blood pressure on a working day and evening. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: 156 school teachers (58 men and 98 women) carried out ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate monitoring on a work day and evening. Cardiovascular activity was also measured under baseline conditions on another occasion, when body weight, height, waist and hip circumference were assessed. Perceived control over work was assessed by questionnaire, along with mental health, anger expression and social support. 126 participants repeated the protocol after 12 months. Waist/hip ratio was used as the index of abdominal obesity. RESULTS: Baseline blood pressure was positively associated with waist/hip ratio in men, but ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were not independently related to waist/hip ratio or job control. However, blood pressure and heart rate recorded during the working day and evening were elevated in men with high waist/hip ratio who experienced low job control, independently of age and body weight. Effects for diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were replicated after 12 months. Body mass index was not related to blood pressure or heart rate during the day or evening after adjustment for age and waist circumference. Low job control was associated with poor psychological well-being, negative mood and lack of social support. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the hypothesis that abdominal obesity in men is characterised by a tendency towards heightened stress-induced physiological activation, but that this tendency will only be manifest in the presence of appropriate environmental challenges such as chronic work stress.

Adult↗