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PubMedDate not supplied

[The insecticidal activity of the new combined dust Malcord].

A formulation of 0.5% Malcord dust, which contains carbofos and permethrin (a 1:1 ratio) as active agents, was designed and examined. LC99 against synanthropic insects by the active ingredient was 0.01-0.005 g/m2. The effective application rate of the dust ranged 5 to 10 g/m2 in the treatment of various objects. The residual insecticidal effect of the dust on the treated surfaces remained 1.5-2.0 months (depending upon the type of an object). The dust Malcord has been permitted by the health care authorities of the Russian Federation for its usage by specialists and the population.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation and requirements of natural room ventilation].

The current application of the carbon dioxide standard ("Kohlensäuremassstab") of 0.1 vol.-% CO2 given by Pettenkofer 140 years ago is assessed in order to evaluate tolerable indoor air and sufficient indoor air ventilation. For this purpose, criteria by Pettenkofer were contrasted by currently valid criteria. It was found that an actual guidance value should be clearly higher than the one given by Pettenkofer. As confirmed by recent measurements this actual guidance value should be around 0.15 vol.-% CO2. By means of a few examples requirements for indoor aeration of living rooms and classrooms are made evident. The corresponding calculations are based on the indoor air guidance value (i.e. actualised value of Pettenkofer) of 0.15 vol.-% CO2 and are based on respiration rates compiled in "Standards of exposure assessment" by the health authorities of the German federal states. The calculated number of complete renewals of air achieved by circulation shows that recent values given by others concerning the permitted indoor self aeration were set too low and require correction. Applying the demonstrated requirements for indoor ventilation many of the well known problems of indoor air can be minimised or even solved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Criterion significance of erythrocyte membranes adrenoreceptors functional index for evaluating the functional state of human operator].

In 30 human volunteers who performed operator activity for 25 min on the stand trainer there have been determined the pre- and post-operation magnitude of beta-adrenoception of the cellular membranes (beta-APM) by applying the author's method (Russian Federation Patent), hemodynamic indices, osmoresistance of erythrocytes and the content of total bilirubin in the blood. The quality of operator activity was determined from the amount of erroneous actions and from time (T) spent for their clearing. There exists the direct correlation between the magnitudes of beta-APM and T within the mean ranges of their magnitudes (on evidence derived from histograms). The moderately increased magnitudes of beta-APM (10-16 units) which are in the limits of the norm (10-16 units) determined by us are the criterion of high working capacity of an operator. Magnitudes of beta-APM which are higher than 16 units mesh perfectly with the high quality of operator activity, however, on the screening examination remain, to be considered as the risk factor of developing the stressor-induced diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Quality, cost, and coverage: examining the federal employees' health insurance plan.

In this article, the author uses a survey of more that 90,000 members of the Federal Employees' Health Benefits Plan (FEHBP) to examine a population whose health care is provided by a regulated market unlike any other market in the United States. Within the FEHBP, the government defines the market and brings buyers and sellers together, guaranteeing each much more security than either is able to obtain in the open market. For the sellers, there is the promise of having a customer for at least a year. For the consumer, there is the promise of being treated like any other customer in spite of preexisting illness or other special health care needs. To assess the success of this plan, the author examines how the consumers perceive the quality of their plans and their overall level of satisfaction and then compares that information to perceived quality and satisfaction among consumers in the open market.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prior misdemeanor convictions as a risk factor for later violent and firearm-related criminal activity among authorized purchasers of handguns.

CONTEXT: Under current federal law, many persons with prior convictions for misdemeanor offenses pass criminal records background checks and legally purchase handguns. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether authorized handgun purchasers with prior misdemeanor convictions are more likely than those with no criminal history to be charged with new crimes, particularly offenses involving firearms and violence. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5923 authorized purchasers of handguns in California in 1977 who were younger than 50 years, identified by random sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and relative risk (RR) of first charges for new criminal offenses after handgun purchase. RESULTS: Of the 5923 authorized purchasers, 3128 had at least 1 conviction for a misdemeanor offense prior to handgun purchase, and 2795 had no prior criminal history. Follow-up to the end of the 15-year observation period or to death was available for 77.8% of study subjects and for a median 8.9 years for another 9.6%. Handgun purchasers with at least 1 prior misdemeanor conviction were more than 7 times as likely as those with no prior criminal history to be charged with a new offense after handgun purchase (RR, 7.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.6-8.7). Among men, those with 2 or more prior convictions for misdemeanor violence were at greatest risk for nonviolent firearm-related offenses such as weapon carrying (RR, 11.7; 95% CI, 6.8-20.0), violent offenses generally (RR, 10.4; 95% CI, 6.9-15.8), and Violent Crime Index offenses (murder or non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, or aggravated assault) (RR, 15.1; 95% CI, 9.4-24.3). However, even handgun purchasers with only 1 prior misdemeanor conviction and no convictions for offenses involving firearms or violence were nearly 5 times as likely as those with no prior criminal history to be charged with new offenses involving firearms or violence. CONCLUSIONS: Handgun purchasers with prior misdemeanor convictions are at increased risk for future criminal activity, including violent and firearm-related crimes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

'Treatment mills' under the Federal Trade Commission Act.

This paper is based on a presentation made by the author at the meeting of the American Urological Association's Society for the Study of Impotence on April 12, 1997. The author addresses the general applicability of the Federal Trade Commission Act to advertising by so-called impotence 'treatment mills,' focusing in particular on the Federal Trade Commission's case in the matter of Genetus Alexandria, Inc. et al.

Advertising↗
PubMed2001

Classifiers and social control in wheelchair rugby.

The purpose of this study was to examine the features of wheelchair rugby classifiers in order to maintain social control in wheelchair rugby. The examination centered on the theme-resources used by classifiers to maintain the authority of International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF). Data were collected using participant observation methodology at national and international wheelchair rugby championships and a survey of the 14 IWRF authorized classifiers. The results of this study identified five essential features of IWRF classifiers. In particular, they need to have a background in medicine or physical therapy. In addition, IWRF classifiers use their medical and sporting knowledge and experience to control the wheelchair rugby classification process and to maintain fairness of competition. The results of this study may help to train Taiwanese professionals with medical or sporting backgrounds to become international classifiers and also to develop appropriate training programs for national classifiers.

Classification↗
PubMed1978

[Diethylpentenamide, a substitute for carbromal? (author's transl)].

Bromcarbamide-containing sleeping pills are frequently used in suicide attempts and cause severe, often fatal, intoxication. Since 1975, the chemically related drug diethylpentenamide had been available (in the German Federal Republic) without prescription. The authors report four cases of attempted suicide with the drug. The signs were similar to those after carbromal intoxication. There was severe respiratory depression, successfully treated by extracorporeal detoxication with combined haemoperfusion and haemodialysis. One patient developed acute pancreatitis as a complication.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1996

Technology transfer: trends in the federalization of biomedical research.

Federal involvement in biomedical research has increased significantly in the postwar era, particularly throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. New federal laws and regulations now offer unprecedented opportunities to commercialize federally funded and conducted research, essentially creating a new field of "technology transfer" law. As a result, the biomedical research sector of the health care industry must master a number of relatively new and still developing federal laws, regulations, policies, and concerns that will probably continue to significantly affect its operations. To assist academic medical centers and others in understanding the federal presence in biomedical research, the authors give a short history of technology transfer laws and issues and summarize some of the current main areas of federal interest, including federal oversight of federally funded research, sponsored research agreements, conflict of interest, scientific misconduct, and the prospect of government price control over some biomedical inventions. The authors caution academic medical centers to realize that recent trends favoring deregulation and budget cutting could diminish federal involvement in the future. Thus, research institutions should keep abreast not only of existing rules and policies but of ongoing legislative and regulatory activities that portend possible changes.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1994

Regulation of drugs and chemicals used by the poultry industry. Good manufacturing practices.

Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are required to be followed in the use of animal drugs to produce medicated feeds. The authority is found in the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which states that medicated feed can be deemed adulterated if GMP were not followed in its production. This authority has been translated into GMP regulations applicable to all medicated feed production. More detailed GMP are imposed on those using high potency sources of drugs that require a withdrawal period (Category II). Less detailed GMP are imposed on all other drug uses (Category I and lower potency sources of Category II). Facility registration, medicated feed applications, and biennial inspections are also imposed on those required to follow the more detailed GMP regulations. The basic thrust of the regulations is assurance that drug use is correct in all respects and that the integrity of all medicated and nonmedicated feeds is maintained. The objective is food free of illegal drug residues, i.e., food safety. The GMP regulations are based on joint industry-government endeavor and reflect the practical realities of feed manufacturing. They are, for all practical purposes, good business practices assuring that medicated feeds make a positive contribution to food production and consumer confidence.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Carcinoma of the breast: introduction (author's transl)].

In the German Federal Republic, carcinoma of the breast and colon lie close together as the second und third most tumors. We owe to our surgical forefathers of 100 years ago, Dieffenbach, Rotter, and Halsted, the decisive therapeutic advance whereby as a result of a better understanding of the anatomy of lymphatic drainage, excision of axillary glands and pectoralis muscle was first undertaken. Neither increasing the extent of the operation (superradical excision) nor reducing it (enucleation, partial mastectomy) has so far with any certainly proved as effective as radical mastectomy. The prevalence of various operations used in the western world was ascertained from a survey of about 1000 surgical clinics. With less extensive operations (enucleation) there is the special danger that the understandable desire to strive for a cosmetic result may vitiate the chance of cure.

Androsterone↗
PubMed1975

[Nail changes and loss of hair: cardinal signs of mercury poisoning from hair bleaches (author's transl)].

In the German Federal Republic it has recently become known that generalised disorders of chronic mercury poisoning (loss of weight, stomatitis, hearing and sensory loss, emotional disturbances) have accompanied the cardinal signs of nail discolouration and loss of hair. The mercury content of nails in such patients was extremely high (1720 mg/l). The urinary level of mercury after dimercaprol injection was 1.97 mg/l, about 400 times above the upper limit of normal (0.005 mg/l). The poisoning was apparently caused by the use of mercury-containing bleaches (about 5% and 6% Hg) which do not require prescription and are marketed without any statement about composition or possible side-effects. The cases are a warning against uncontrolled use of external application of mercury-containing preparations.

Alopecia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[To the ways of the most reasonable implementation of digital radiography into the practical public health of the Russian Federation].

The main idea of the authors' paper is to propose the most reasonable way of actively introducing the digital principle into the traditional roentgenological section of radiation diagnosis. For this, a luminophore digital radiography system has been chosen. The authors of the paper give a full-scale assessment and appropriate recommendations for its use. The paper essentially discusses the entire complex of matters that permit assessment whether its sound use is possible in regional and municipal health care systems. This is both a section devoted to a dose load, by making a comparative assessment of luminophore radiography and "the green system" and a study of different clinical diseases (456 cases). In their study, the authors have applied an original principle in the formation of an image obtained and some other approaches in order to make a comprehensive assessment of this method. In the authors' opinion, luminophore radiography has a variety of advantages. Firstly, this technique can be simultaneously applied to several nondigital apparatuses, including those available in the ward and it shows a rather diagnostic effectiveness and economic profitability, yields a qualitative image of varying density tissues upon single exposure, and has some other capacities of the CR system as a digital technique. All this things considered, the authors consider that luminophore radiography may be one of the main ways of introducing a digital technique into the conventional roentgenological section of radiation diagnosis at the level of regional and municipal heath care systems.

Delivery of Health Care, Integrated↗
PubMed1982

[The International Year of Disabled Persons: a physically handicapped person's retrospective and outlook (author's transl)].

Neither in the Federal Republic of Germany has the 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons (IYDP) brought about what quite a few disabled people had expected it to. It could not possibly have done so. The problems of people with disabilities are so complex that one year alone is not enough to make society aware of all of them, not to speak of sensitising the disabled and the able-bodied towards getting on well with one another, to achieve which would improve the life situation of disabled people to an appreciable extent. Yet something good has come about, though perhaps not in terms of "measurable effect", namely an increased consideration for people with disabilities on the part of the able-bodied. And this is essential to the future of the disabled population. Beyond New Year's Eve 1981, it is up to the disabled (and many of them are in a position to do so) to keep alive the many initiatives and issues raised by IYDP, and to see to their continued discussion.

Communication↗
PubMed1996

Redefining private insurance in a changing market structure.

This discussion on likely changes and challenges for the health insurance industry over the coming decade assumes that significant national reform of health care financing for the privately insured population will not occur--or, if it does, that it will mirror the insurance market reforms that many states already have undertaken. First, the changes in private insurance coverage during the past several years are considered, with particular attention to the erosion of employer-based coverage and to the rising influence of public insurance programs--especially Medicaid--on the private insurance market. Next is a description of the changing web of state laws and regulations governing private health insurance. At this writing, virtually every state has enacted or is considering reforms of the small group market to limit what many perceive as unfair or destructive insurer practices and to set new ground rules for competition among insurance arrangements. The changing nature of private insurance contracts in the United States is considered next. Evolving from conventional fee-for-service contracts, private insurance is increasingly a complex mixture of capitation, partial capitation, and reinsurance of capitated arrangements. Finally, this chapter discusses three issues of increasing importance in shaping the marketplace for private insurers: (1) the federal preemption of states' regulatory authority over self-insured employer plans; (2) emerging state regulation to restructure competition in the health insurance and health care markets; and (3) the growing interest of both federal and state governments in medical savings accounts to finance health insurance and health care spending.

Capitation Fee↗
PubMed1979

Government intervention and innovation in industry: a policy framework.

The authors build on recent studies to derive a framework for analyzing the effects of basic forms of government intervention on technological innovation. Relying on a recent Rand Corporation study of federally funded demonstration projects, the authors classify 10 projects on the basis of types of government intervention. The authors explain that the government can try to induce change in two basic ways--directly or indirectly. The direct method includes support for the development of new technology and the creation of market mechanisms to provide incentives for change. The indirect approach can range from persuasion to regulating product standards or direct government purchases. The authors set up four categories to encompass the joint effects of direct and indirect intervention, and offer tentative generalizations about the application of intervention. Direct intervention, such as R&D programs, is not likely to produce products of technological significance unless it is complemented by regulatory action. This type of joint action yields a high payoff when successful; many major post-World War II innovations such as the computer, the jet engine, and advanced semiconductor devices resulted from this mix of interventions. Conversely, regulatory measures alone entrench existing technologies and limit the payoff to incremental intervention. The emphasis in this category is on perfecting and redefining established technologies rather than innovating new ones. The findings of this study reinforce the notion that regulatory interventions play a vital role in shaping technological progress, although the process is seen as one that defies simple generalizations.

Financing, Government↗
PubMed1993

Death investigations on military installations.

The authority to conduct a death investigation, including an autopsy examination, on a military installation depends upon the type of jurisdiction on the installation and the decedent's military connection. Exclusive federal jurisdiction gives the military authority to investigate deaths of active duty military members and, under specific conditions, of civilians with a military connection. Concurrent or shared jurisdiction gives the local civilian medical examiner the right of first refusal as to military members. Thus, the civilian medical examiner may waive jurisdiction to the military. This is not the case when a civilian dies under the same circumstances.

Autopsy↗