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Results for “immune modulation”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Immune modulation therapy in heart failure.

Several lines of evidence suggest that inflammation plays a pathogenic role in the development and progression of congestive heart failure, influencing heart contractility and hypertrophy, promoting apoptosis, and contributing to the myocardial remodeling process. As the prevalence of heart failure continues to increase, novel therapeutic strategies are employed to decrease the burden of this disease. Although multiple studies have suggested a potential for immunomodulatory therapy in heart failure patients, the precise role of this targeted approach still remains to be determined. Further research is needed to identify the key factors in the immunopathogenesis of heart failure, identify the patients who are most likely to respond, and develop management strategies that result in consistent benefit leading to decreased morbidity and mortality in the heart failure patient population.

Cytokines↗
PubMed2006

Acute and chronic alcohol abuse modulate immunity.

This article represents the proceedings of the Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting, a satellite workshop held at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Leukocyte Biology. The meeting was sponsored by the AIRIG and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The presentations were as follows: (1) Effects of Ethanol on Immune Response to Hepatitis C Virus by Jack R. Wands, (2) Alcohol and Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction: The Role of Chronic Oxidant Stress by Lou Ann S. Brown, (3) T Cell Responses to Listeria monocytogenes in Mice on a Chronic Ethanol Exposure Protocol by Robert T. Cook, (4) Mechanisms of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Severity of Viral Infections by the Liver and Pancreas by Thomas R. Jerrells, (5) Acute and Chronic Effects on Macrophage Ectodomain Shedding: Implications for Lung Host Defenses by Jay K. Kolls, (6) Increased Susceptibility to Pseudomonas Infection of Burn-Injured Mice Given Alcohol Before Injury by Elizabeth J. Kovacs, (7) Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Expression in Macrophages by Chronic Ethanol by Laura E. Nagy, and (8) Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Alcohol Use by Gyongyi Szabo. Meeting coorganizers were Elizabeth J. Kovacs, Lou Ann S. Brown, Thomas R. Jerrells, and Robert T. Cook.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

Immune modulators in the context of the ovulatory process: a role for interleukin-1.

Recent studies have established the existence of a complete intraovarian interleukin-1 system replete with ligands, receptors, and a receptor antagonist. This article examines the hypothesis that intraovarian IL-1 may play an intermediary role in the ovulatory process. More specifically, it is hypothesized that intraovarian IL-1 beta may constitute a mediator of gonadotropins in the induction of ovulation, an effector capable of coordinating and amplifying key components of the ovulatory cascade. The insight derived from this investigation may result the elucidation of some of the molecular events underlying the ovulatory process, in the delineation of the reproductive side effects of systemic anti-IL-1 therapy, and in potentially improved strategies for the promotion of fertility or its control.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

Immune-modulating effects of melatonin, N-acetylserotonin, and N-acetyldopamine.

Melatonin and N-acetylserotonin (NAS) have antioxidant properties. In the present study, we examined whether melatonin, NAS, and N-acetyldopamine (NAD) have a modulatory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis and superoxide production. Differentiated THP-1-derived human monocytes were coincubated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and rising concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD. After 24 h, TNF-alpha was measured in cell supernatants. In addition, the production of superoxide by HL-60-derived human neutrophils upon stimulation with 4-beta-phorbol 12-beta-myristate 13-alpha-acetate (PMA) or N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD was determined. Incubation of THP-1-derived monocytes with increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a marked decrease in LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production, which was dose-dependent and on the order of 96-98%. Incubation of HL-60-derived neutrophils with increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a modest decrease in PMA-stimulated superoxide production, which was dose-dependent. At the 100 microM dose, melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a 14 +/- 4%, 30 +/- 1%, and 29 +/- 1% decrease in PMA-stimulated superoxide production, respectively. Coincubation of HL-60 cells with melatonin, NAS, or NAD also resulted in a modest dose-dependent decrease in fMLP-stimulated superoxide production. At the 100 microM dose, melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a 13 +/- 1%, 14 +/- 1%, and 14 +/- 1% decrease in superoxide production, respectively. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect of melatonin, NAS, or NAD on LPS-induced TNF-alpha production is robust and dose-dependent. These compounds are equally effective in attenuating the generation of oxidant radicals, although to a lesser degree.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2002

Mono-ADP-ribosylation: a tool for modulating immune response and cell signaling.

Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification of cellular proteins that has the potential to regulate various cell functions. This reaction consists of the enzymatic transfer of ADP-ribose to specific acceptor amino acid residues (predominantly arginine and cysteine). The best-known cellular ADP-ribosyltransferases (the enzymes that catalyze this reaction) are the seven ectoenzymes, members of the ART family. Recently, ADP-ribosylated human neutrophil-derived peptide (HNP-1, an antimicrobial peptide secreted by immune cells) has been identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from individuals who smoke cigarettes. This demonstrates that ADP-ribosylation of HNP-1 occurs in vivo. In vitro experiments have indicated that ART-1, an enzyme also present in the airway epithelium, specifically modifies Arg(14) of the HNP-1, causing the loss of the peptide's antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity, while preserving its chemotactic activity. From a functional point of view, these data support a role of ADP-ribosylation in the innate immune response. Additional functions proposed for the ADP-ribosylation reaction involve the intracellular ADP-ribosyltransferases, which are molecularly unrelated to the ARTs and intervene in cell signaling and metabolism cascades. The growing understanding of the biological roles of protein and peptide ADP-ribosylation represents a powerful tool for novel pharmacological interventions.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗
PubMed1990

Effect of the immune modulating agents cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, hydrocortisone, and cyclosporin A on an animal model of granulomatous bowel disease.

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, hydrocortisone, and cyclosporin A on a model of granulomatous infiltration in the terminal ileum and draining lymph nodes of the guinea pig. Treatment groups of six animals were used and compared to untreated groups of 12. Epithelioid cell granulomas and primary macrophage granulomas were induced by the inoculation of BCG (Pasteur) and irradiated Mycobacterium leprae respectively into the terminal ileum of the guinea pig. The response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin was reduced in both groups of animals receiving any of these agents. Cyclophosphamide and methotrexate treated animals inoculated with BCG or M leprae showed a significant reduction of granulomatous infiltration at the inoculation site (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.001 respectively). BCG inoculated animals treated with either hydrocortisone or cyclosporin A showed no reduction in granulomatous infiltration at either the inoculation site or the draining lymph nodes. By contrast M leprae inoculated animals receiving either of these agents showed a significant reduction of granulomatous infiltration at both the inoculation site (p less than 0.001) and in the primary draining lymph node (p less than 0.001). Ziehl Neelsen staining showed an increased proportion of animals with detectable acid fast bacilli (AFB) at the inoculation site in the groups receiving hydrocortisone (50%) and methotrexate (67%) compared to untreated controls (8%). No AFB were observed in any of the animals inoculated with M leprae. In conclusion, this model may be helpful in elucidating the mechanism of T lymphocyte response in Crohn's disease and the variable clinical response seen with the use of immunosuppressive agents in this condition.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

Histone H1 modulates immune status in experimental breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer chemotherapy aims at employing cytotoxic agents that swing the balance between tumor cell invasion and host immune cells in favor of the latter. This study aimed at assessing the effect of exogenous histone H1 in maintaining the immune status of animals in experimental breast cancer taking advantage of its tumor-suppressive activity. METHODS: Histone H1 was injected intratumorally as a single injection in tumor-bearing animals. Tumor response was assessed from changes in tumor volume, survival time and the immune status of animals from total and differential blood cell counts, levels of circulating immune complexes, thromboxane B2 and IgA in serum. Immune response was assessed from the macrophage count in the tumor and peritoneal exudates after activation. RESULTS: Histone H1 treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth, enhanced mean survival time and significantly improved the immune response and status. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that histone H1 plays a vital role in maintaining the immune status.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy.

Infections of humans and animals by parasitic helminths share key features with atopic diseases, such as allergic asthma. Both diseases lead to the induction of high levels of Th2- type cytokines associated with abundant IgE production and eosinophilia. This immunological association has raised strong interest in the nature of the molecules that promote Th2 and regulatory T cell responses, and the molecular mechanism. Complex carbohydrates are potent inducers of Th2 responses, and carbohydrate antigens (Ags) can stimulate the production of different classes of glycan-specific antibodies (Abs), including Th2 associated IgG but also non-specific IgE. In this review we focus on the immunological responses towards glycan Ags derived from allergens and parasitic helminths, especially schistosomes. Biological effects of carbohydrate Ags are dependent on recognition of these Ags by carbohydrate- binding proteins (lectins). Cell-surface C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), such as DCSIGN, L-SIGN, the mannose receptor, macrophage galactose binding lectin, and other lectins, such as the soluble collectins and galectin-3, recognize particular glycan Ags of schistosomes and allergens, which may contribute to orchestrate Th2 associated adaptive responses. Remarkably, schistosomes express 'self glycan' Ags that are recognized by CLRs on DCs, whose principal function is thought to capture self-glycan Ags and generate regulatory T-cells to induce tolerance to these Ags. By expressing such self-glycan Ags, schistosomes may deceive the host immune system to their own benefit. The host protects itself against too much damage by down-regulating helminth-induced Th2 immune responses, and may thus simultaneously be protected against excessive Th2 cell-mediated allergic responses.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuronal factors modulating immunity.

In this minireview we will discuss some evidence suggesting that the immune response is under neuronal regulation. In particular, we will concentrate on the effects that various neuropeptides have on immunity both in vitro and in vivo. Of these, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, somatostatin, and calcitonin gene related peptide will be discussed in detail. In addition, the effects of nerve growth factor on the immune system will be presented. Finally, a possible role for these neuropeptides in various diseases and its clinical relevance will be suggested.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Beta-endorphin modulates immune functions. A review.

The investigation of psychoneuroimmunological pathways represents a growing field of research. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about a direct correlation of endogenous opioids and immunologically competent cells.

Basophils↗