PubMed2001
Highly excited many-particle states in quantum systems such as nuclei, atoms, quantum dots, spin systems, quantum computers, etc., can be considered as "chaotic" superpositions of mean-field basis states (Slater determinants, products of spin or qubit states). This is due to a very high level density of many-body states that are easily mixed by a residual interaction between particles (quasiparticles). For such systems, we have derived simple analytical expressions for the time dependence of the energy width of wave packets, as well as for the entropy, number of principal basis components, and inverse participation ratio, and tested them in numerical experiments. It is shown that the energy width Delta(t) increases linearly and very quickly saturates. The entropy of a system increases quadratically, S(t) approximately t(2), at small times, and afterward can grow linearly, S(t) approximately t, before saturation. Correspondingly, the number of principal components determined by the entropy N(pc) approximately exp[S(t)] or by the inverse participation ratio increases exponentially fast before saturation. These results are explained in terms of a cascade model which describes the flow of excitation in the Fock space of basis components. Finally, the striking phenomenon of damped oscillations in the Fock space at the transition to equilibrium is discussed.