[Sports and behavior therapy in asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis. An integrated system of patient behavioral training and sports therapy].
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Activities of Daily Living↗
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Results for “Behavior Therapy”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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Benzodiazepine discontinuation difficulties in panic disorder: conceptual model and outcome for cognitive-behavior therapy.
There is consistent support for the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) to aid the successful discontinuation of benzodiazepine (BZ) medication in patients with panic disorder, and help these individuals maintain treatment gains while off medication. In this article, we provide a conceptual model for BZ discontinuation difficulties in patients with panic disorder. Outcome studies are reviewed, and are placed in the context of other evidence for the efficacy of CBT in patients with this disorder.
Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
Paradoxical interventions in behavior therapy.
The use of paradoxical interventions in overcoming resistance to behavior therapy is discussed and a categorization and description of paradoxical interventions provided. Two factors are of primary importance in assessing the desirability of using paradoxical interventions: the individual's reactance potential and the perceived freedom of the problematic behavior. Paradoxical interventions themselves can be divided into two categories: compliance-based strategies and defiance-based strategies. Several types of paradoxical interventions are described and their use within therapy discussed, such as symptom prescription, restraining, reframing and utilization techniques. Preliminary research evidence attesting to the usefulness of some of these techniques is discussed.
Agoraphobia↗
Treatment response in obese binge eaters: preliminary results using a very low calorie diet (VLCD) and behavior therapy.
The present study compared the treatment response of male and female obese binge eaters and nonbinge eaters attending a university-based weight reduction program employing a very low calorie diet (VLCD) and concurrent behavior therapy. Twenty-nine percent of female patients (n = 19) and 22% of male patients (n = 6) were characterized as binge eaters based on their scores on the Binge Eating Scale. No significant differences were found between binge and nonbinge groups on measures of weight loss, adherence to the diet, or drop-out rate, although a trend towards greater attrition in the binge group (32%) relative to the nonbinge group (17%) was noted. However, binge eaters had significantly higher pretreatment levels of trait anxiety, state anxiety, and depression as well as higher within treatment levels of anxiety and depression despite significant reductions in depression over the course of treatment. Further examination revealed a binge status X sex interaction effect on state anxiety. Binge-eating females had significantly higher anxiety levels pretreatment and throughout the 10 weeks of the study. No differences between binge and nonbinge males on levels of anxiety were found. These preliminary results tentatively suggest that a VLCD in conjunction with behavior therapy may be an effective method of weight loss for this segment of the obese population, but that elevated levels of anxiety persist in female patients. Future studies must address the long-term maintenance of weight loss in this population as well as other treatment strategies.
Behavior Therapy↗
Individual cognitive-behavior therapy in the treatment of hallucinations and delusions: a review.
The limitations of biochemical treatments in reducing the severity of hallucinations and delusions has led to an increased interest in the investigation of psychological treatments for these symptoms. These investigations have spanned the last 4 decades and have covered a range of psychological approaches from psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy to behavioral approaches. More recently, findings that some psychotherapies are not effective treatments for psychosis and that cognitive-behavior therapy can be an effective treatment for neurotic disorders have led to increasing interest in the investigation of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy for psychosis. This review describes and evaluates the research on the cognitive-behavioral treatment of hallucinations and delusions and describes the cognitive models from which the treatments have developed. The conclusion is that, on the whole, the literature provides fairly strong evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral approaches in the management of chronic psychotic disorders and associated symptoms, although there are a number of areas where further development is necessary.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Behavioral therapy in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study.
Despite advances in pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), medication treatments are not always effective. This pilot project examined the feasibility of a structured behavioral therapy program in the treatment of children and adolescents with OCD. Ten subjects with a primary diagnosis of OCD were invited to participate in the treatment program. Seven youngsters, 5 boys and 2 girls (age range 10.8-15.8, mean 13.0 years), participated and were treated for a mean of 14 sessions. These 7 subjects showed a broad range of OCD severity, as measured by the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CYBOCS score range 12-29). Five subjects were also receiving antiobsessional medication (dose was not changed during the trial), and 2 subjects were treated without medication. All 7 youngsters showed a clinically significant reduction in the CYBOCS score at treatment endpoint (mean change 61%, range 30%-90%, effect size 2.04, p < 0.05), and the therapeutic gains were stable for at least 3 months after treatment. One of 5 children who had been receiving concurrent antiobsessional medication was able to tolerate a dose reduction following behavioral treatment. Two to three booster sessions within 6 months posttreatment were effective in preventing relapse in 4 of 6 subjects. The 3 children who declined behavioral treatment showed no improvement at 3-month and 6-month follow-up. Behavioral treatment appeared to be a useful adjunct to medication in children and adolescents with OCD. Further research could evaluate whether behavioral treatment would lower the dose requirements for children receiving antiobsessional medications. Randomized clinical trials are also needed to confirm the effectiveness of behavioral therapy alone or in combination with medication.
1-Naphthylamine↗
What is the role of cognitive-behavior therapy in patient management?
This review summarizes the role of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) in obesity treatment. Although not a specific intervention per se, CBT is the systematic application of principles of social cognitive theory to modify behaviors that are thought to contribute to or maintain obesity. Most forms of CBT include the use of five strategies: self-monitoring and goal setting; stimulus control for the modification of eating style, activity, and related habits; cognitive restructuring techniques that focus on challenging and modifying unrealistic or maladaptive thoughts or expectations; stress management; and social support. The use of these strategies in comprehensive obesity programs has been helpful in improving short-term weight losses, but long-term success remains elusive, even though these strategies are predictors of long-term weight loss maintenance. Given that obesity is a chronic condition, not unlike hypertension or diabetes, CBT interventions will need to focus on broader treatment outcomes, such as improved metabolic profiles, quality of life, psychological functioning, and physical fitness. In addition, new methods for delivering CBT interventions should be explored, including home-based programs and combination with adjunctive pharmacotherapy delivered in primary care centers.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
[Treatment of obesity. Results of various therapeutic procedures--current status. Long-term success in behavior therapy].
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Behavior Therapy↗
Treatment of obesity by very low calorie diet, behavior therapy, and their combination: a five-year perspective.
Seventy-six obese women with a mean age of 42.1 years and weight of 106.0 kg were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (a) very low calorie diet alone; (b) behavior therapy alone; or their combination (i.e. combined treatment). Weight losses for the three conditions at the end of treatment were 13.1, 13.0, and 16.8 kg, respectively, with losses for combined treatment significantly greater than those for the two other conditions. Weight losses 1 year after treatment were 4.7, 6.6, and 10.6 kg, respectively. A significantly greater percentage of subjects in the behavior therapy alone (36 percent) and combined treatment conditions (32 percent) maintained their full end-of-treatment weight losses than in the very low calorie diet alone condition (5 percent). Five years after treatment, a majority of subjects in all three conditions had returned to their pretreatment weight, and 55 percent of the total sample had received additional weight reduction therapy. The short and long term effects of treatment are discussed in terms of their implications for practice and research.
Adult↗
Behavior therapy, pimozide treatment and prolactin secretion in anorexia nervosa.
The involvement of the hypothalamic dopaminergic pathway in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) was evaluated by monitoring the serum prolactin (PRL) levels in 10 adolescent anorectic females. 5 patients were treated by behavior therapy program and 5 were treated with pimozide, an antidopaminergic drug. The study was conducted for a period of 20 weeks. Elevation of PRL levels was used as an indicator of antidopaminergic activity. PRL was increased in the 5 patients receiving the antidopaminergic agent, while no elevation was observed in the patients undergoing behavior therapy. All 10 patients were treated successfully as expressed by their gradual gain in weight. It is concluded that antidopaminergic activity does not seem to be a prerequisite for clinical improvement.
Adolescent↗
Prevention of implantable defibrillator shocks by cognitive behavioral therapy: a pilot trial.
BACKGROUND: Although psychological stress is known to favor ventricular arrhythmic events, there is no evidence that stress management intervention decreases ventricular electrical instability in implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) patients. The aim of the study was to determine whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) results in a decrease of arrhythmic events requiring ICD intervention through an improvement in sympathovagal balance. METHODS: Of 253 consecutive ICD patients (age 59 +/- 10 years, 64 men), 70 were randomly assigned to CBT (n = 35) or conventional medical care (n = 35). Measures of heart rate variability, psychological well-being, and quality of life were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 1 year. The primary outcome was appropriate ICD shock. RESULTS: Although, it was not statistically different, the number of patients requiring shocks was less in the CBT group than in the conventional treatment group. At 3 months, among patients without antiarrhythmic drugs, none of the subjects in the CBT group had experienced arrhythmic events requiring ICD intervention, as compared with 4 in the control group (P < .05). At 12 months, there was no difference in the number of arrhythmic events requiring therapy between the CBT group versus the control group. Among heart rate variability indexes, daytime pNN 50 and nocturnal SDNN improved significantly in the CBT group, as compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: By decreasing anxiety and possibly improving sympathovagal balance, cognitive behavior therapy may decrease the propensity for ventricular arrhythmias in ICD patients. However, these effects appear to be limited over time.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
Gamblers anonymous and cognitive-behavioral therapies for pathological gamblers.
Numerous types of treatments for pathological gambling have been described, but two of the most common are Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and cognitive-behavioral therapy. This paper describes some outcome data associated with the two approaches. It also reviews evidence suggesting that a combined intervention may enhance therapy engagement and reduce relapse rates.
Behavior Therapy↗
Treating acute stress disorder: an evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counseling techniques.
OBJECTIVE: Acute stress disorder permits an early identification of trauma survivors who are at risk of developing chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to prevent PTSD by an early provision of cognitive behavior therapy. Specifically, this study indexed the relative efficacy of prolonged exposure and anxiety management in the treatment of acute stress disorder. METHOD: Forty-five civilian trauma survivors with acute stress disorder were given five sessions of 1) prolonged exposure (N = 14), 2) a combination of prolonged exposure and anxiety management (N = 15), or 3) supportive counseling (N = 16) within 2 weeks of their trauma. Forty-one trauma survivors were assessed at the 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Fewer patients with prolonged exposure (14%, N = 2 of 14) and prolonged exposure plus anxiety management (20%, N = 3 of 15) than supportive counseling (56%, N = 9 of 16) met the criteria for PTSD after treatment. There were also fewer cases of PTSD in the prolonged exposure group (15%, N = 2 of 13) and the prolonged exposure plus anxiety management group (23%, N = 3 of 13) than in the supportive counseling group (67%, N = 10 of 15) 6 months after the trauma. Chronic PTSD in the supportive counseling condition was characterized by greater avoidance behaviors than in the prolonged exposure condition or the prolonged exposure plus anxiety management condition. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PTSD can be effectively prevented with an early provision of cognitive behavior therapy and that prolonged exposure may be the most critical component in the treatment of acute stress disorder.
Acute Disease↗
A cognitive-behavioral therapy for sleep-maintenance insomnia in older adults.
Older adults (3 men, 4 women, aged 55 to 68 years) with chronic sleep-maintenance insomnia were treated sequentially with relaxation therapy (RT) and then with a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) specifically designed for alleviating sleep maintenance problems. Sleep diaries and an objective measure of sleep, the sleep assessment device, showed only modest improvements in measures of wake time after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, and night-to-night sleep variability following RT. However, significant improvements in these measures were observed following CBT and at a 3-month follow-up. These findings, considered in conjunction with previous reports, suggest that CBT specifically addresses factors that sustain sleep maintenance complaints. Additional trials of CBT with larger samples are warranted.
Aged↗
[Behavior therapy of uncontrolled imbecilic children].
This paper reports the use over a period of five months of operant conditioning methods, which consisted above all in the withdrawal of privileges, in the case of ten preschool-age problem children. In all of the patients, the program of behavioral therapy resulted in a considerable reduction of the rate of occupational malbehavior. "Good conduct" showed a slight decrease as the challenging character of recompense grew smaller, but was still above the initial level. Intelligence, extraversion, and emotional lability are related to the results of behavioral therapy and discussed in detail. Operant conditioning appears effective when a clear reaction is required under simple conditions of stimulation. In the case of more complex situations with a variety of behavioral alternatives, imitiative learning should be far more promising.
Behavior Therapy↗
[Behavior therapy and/or drug therapy in depression? Critical remarks on published comparative studies].
Are published results of comparative treatment-evaluation studies in depression meaningful for everyday practice? The most recent German- and English-language review-articles and large scale comparative studies--with tricyclic antidepressants, cognitive behavior therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy--are assessed using a specific list of criteria, in order to find an answer to this question. Basic design problems and specific weaknesses in the pharmacological as well as in the non-pharmacological treatments are identified. It turns out, that the published "statistically significant" results of these studies are not clinically convincing, neither for the pharmacological nor for the two nonpharmacological treatments--not even for the emerging superiority of cognitive behavior therapy. A cost-comparison does not reveal a major advantage of pharmacotherapy. Recommendations for future research and psychiatric practice are derived.
Antidepressive Agents↗
Treatment of phobias. II. Behavior therapy and supportive psychotherapy: are there any specific ingredients?
Systematic hierarchical desensitization (behavior therapy [BT]) was compared with supportive psychotherapy (ST) during a 26-week treatment trial of patients with agoraphobia, mixed phobia, or simple phobia. We found essentially no difference in effectiveness, not because patients treated with BT had done badly, but because patients receiving ST had done well. A detailed methodologic review concludes that this finding is entirely compatible with the major critical reviews of the psychotherapy literature. Is the active ingredient in psychotherapy simply the generation of hopeful expectancies? This is necessary but not sufficient. For phobics, the psychotherapy session serves primarily as an instigator. The specific corrective activity occurs outside of the formal session in the form of maintained exposure in vivo. Supposed differences between therapies may be entirely due to the rapidly with which the instigational function becomes effective.
Agoraphobia↗
Impact of cognitive behavior therapy on health-related quality of life among adult hypnotic users with chronic insomnia.
Results were combined from representative surveys of health related quality of life (HRQoL; n=11,877; age range=16-104) with data from a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavior therapy for chronic insomnia (n=209; age range=31-92). Secondary analyses of scores from the SF-36 measure of HRQoL were conducted in order: (a) to compare the health related quality of life profiles of adult hypnotic users with chronic insomnia with those of population norms, and (b) to assess the impact of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for insomnia on HRQoL outcomes over 6 months. Compared with the primary care reference values, HRQoL among the trial participants at baseline was generally poorer. The magnitude of these decrements reduced markedly with advancing age. In the evaluation of the CBT intervention, statistically significant differences in SF-36 scores in favor of the intervention were present for physical functioning, emotional role limitation, and mental health over 6 months. Overall, this study shows that the SF-36 can play an important role in describing HRQoL in this patient group, and in the evaluation of interventions within this group.
Adolescent↗