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PubMed1998

Physical activity and body composition: what do the national surveys reveal?

Measures of height, body weight, waist and hip girths are available from the Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey and have been used to explore differences between respondents reporting differing levels of habitual physical activity. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio were derived. Physical activity was estimated from a structured interview. The questionnaire permitted a separate estimate of levels of participation in vigorous and moderate intensity activity, as well as total energy expenditure. Each index of body composition was regressed against the measures of physical activity and other lifestyle factors. Relationships between activity and body composition measures were weak with different patterns emerging for men and women. These data suggest that it is doubtful whether changes in body composition brought about by interventions to increase population levels of physical activity will be revealed by measuring BMI. However WHR and waist-to-height ratio indices reflecting the bulk of the intra-abdominal fat stores may prove more informative.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Determination of maternal body composition in pregnancy and its relevance to perinatal outcomes.

Three models and 10 specific methods for determining maternal body composition are discussed and their perinatal relevance reviewed. English language publications (1950 to January 2004) were searched electronically and by hand. Search terms included "body composition," "human," " pregnancy," "obesity," "adiposity," "regional," "2-, 3-, 4-component," "truncal," "peripheral," "central," "visceral" along with specific techniques and outcomes listed subsequently. Three models of body composition are described: 2-component being fat and fat-free mass; 3-component being fat, water, and protein; and 4-component being fat, water, protein, and osseous mineral. Ten techniques of body composition assessment are described: 1) anthropometric techniques including skinfold thicknesses and waist-hip ratio; 2) total body water (isotopically labeled); 3) hydrodensitometry (underwater weighing); 4) air-displacement plethysmography; 5) bio-impedance analysis (BIA); 6) total body potassium (TBK); 7) dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); 8) computed tomography (CT); 9) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and 10) ultrasound (USS). Most methods estimate total adiposity. Regional fat distribution-central (truncal) compared with peripheral (limb) or visceral compared with subcutaneous-is important because of regional variation in adipocyte metabolism. Skinfolds, DEXA, CT, MRI, or USS can distinguish central from peripheral fat. CT, MRI, or USS can further subdivide central fat into visceral and subcutaneous. Perinatal outcomes examined in relation to body composition include pregnancy duration, birth weight, congenital anomalies, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, and the fetal origins of adult disease. A few studies suggest that central compared with peripheral fat correlates better with birth weight, gestational carbohydrate intolerance, and hypertension. Means of accurately assessing maternal body composition remain cumbersome and impractical, but may more accurately predict perinatal outcomes than traditional assessments such as maternal weight.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1998

Body composition measurements during wasting diseases.

Body wasting is a common feature of severe chronic diseases. Determination of body compartments is essential in the evaluation of patients with wasting diseases in order to optimize their nutritional support. The main methods described together with their advantages and disadvantages are anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, total body water, total body potassium and in-vivo neutron activation analysis. The combination of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure bone and fat mass and bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine total body water and fat-free mass permits evaluation of body composition and periodic follow-up of body compartments in various pathologies. Total body potassium, total body water and in-vivo neutron activation analysis are research methods that elucidate the abnormal consequences of chronic pathologies on hydration status and body cell mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1996

Effects of weight cycling on the resting energy expenditure and body composition of obese women.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous reports have suggested that cycles of weight loss and regain (i.e., weight cycling) are associated with adverse health consequences, a concern that may lead some obese individuals to forgo weight control efforts. The present study examined whether weight cycling was associated with a reduction in resting energy expenditure (REE) and with increases in both total and upper body fat. METHOD: REE, body composition, and body fat distribution were measured before and after weight loss, and following full weight regain, in 12 women who before treatment had a mean (+/- SEM) age of 38.8 +/- 3.4 years and weight of 98.0 +/- 3.2 kg. RESULTS: At the end of treatment, patients lost 18.9 +/- 2.6 kg which was comprised of significant decreases in body fat and fat-free mass of 15.2 +/- 2.2 and 3.7 +/- 0.8 kg, respectively (both ps < .001). REE also fell during this time from 1,631 +/- 82 to 1,501 +/- 51 kcal/d (p < .03). All of these measures, however, returned to their baseline values when patients regained their lost weight. Body fat distribution was unchanged throughout the study. DISCUSSION: These results do not support claims that weight cycling adversely affects REE, body composition, or body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Cross-calibration of GE/Lunar pencil and fan-beam dual energy densitometers--bone mineral density and body composition studies.

OBJECTIVE: In vitro and in vivo comparisons of bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition between GE/Lunar pencil (DPXL) and fan-beam (PRODIGY) absorptiometers. DESIGN: Comparison of BMD, bone mineral content (BMC) and area of lumbar spine (L2-L4), femoral neck and total body. Total body composition compartments tissue (TBTissue), fat (TBF), lean tissue (TBLean) and %TBF were also compared. SETTING: Centre for Bone and Body Composition Research, University of Leeds. PHANTOMS/SUBJECTS: A range of spine phantoms, a variable composition phantom (VCP) and total body phantom. A total of 72 subjects were included for the in vivo study. RESULTS: In vitro: A small significant underestimation of BMD by the Prodigy compared to the DPXL ranging from 0.7 to 2% (p<0.05-0.001) for the spine phantoms. The Prodigy underestimated the VCP %Fat. Although the Prodigy underestimated phantom TBBMD by 1.1+/-1.0%, TBBMC and area were reduced by 8.2+/-1.4 and 7.3+/-1.0%, respectively. The Prodigy overestimated TBTissue 1508 g (2.2%), TBLean 588 g (1.2%), TBF 919 g (4.8%) and %TBF (0.8%). In vivo: BMD cross-calibration was only required in the femoral neck, DPXL(BMD)=0.08+0.906*PRODIGY(BMD). The Prodigy had higher estimates for TBTissue 1360 g (2.3%), TBLean 840 g (2.0%), TBF 519 g (3.4%), TBBMC 32.8 g (1.3%) and %TBF (0.3%). Cross-calibration equations were required for TBTissue(DPXL)=-1158+0.997*TBTissue(PRODIGY) and TBBMC(DPXL)= 89.7+0.949*TBBMC(PRODIGY). CONCLUSIONS: Small differences between the two absorptiometers for both BMD and body composition can be made compatible by use of cross-calibration equations and factors. The discrepancy in body composition compartments requires further research.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2002

Body composition in adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

BACKGROUND: Malnourished patients with anorexia nervosa have altered body composition characterized by depletion of fat and fat-free mass. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the body composition of adolescents with anorexia nervosa compared with that of control subjects and to investigate the relation between simple anthropometric measures and reference techniques for measuring body composition. DESIGN: Twenty-three adolescent females with anorexia nervosa aged 15.46 +/- 1.34 y (x +/- SD) were studied. Body composition was measured by anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (for body fat), and prompt gamma in vivo neutron activation analysis [for total body nitrogen (TBN)]. Twenty-five female subjects provided the control DXA data. TBN measurements were compared with prediction equations based on sex, height, age, and weight. RESULTS: Anorexia nervosa patients had significantly lower weight (40.2 +/- 4.6 kg), body mass index (in kg/m(2): 15.3 +/- 1.2), percentage of body fat (DXA) (13.8 +/- 5.8%), percentage of TBN predicted for age (73 +/- 10%), trunk fat (2.1 +/- 1.0 kg), leg fat (2.6 +/- 1.1 kg), and trunk-to-leg fat ratio than did control subjects (P < 0.05). In anorexia nervosa patients, significant correlations were found between triceps skinfold thickness and percentage of body fat (r = 0.83), body mass index and percentage of body fat (r = 0.46), and body weight and TBN (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized adolescent females with anorexia nervosa are depleted of total body fat and protein. We identified 3 simple anthropometric measures (triceps skinfold thickness, BMI, and body weight) that can be used to assess body composition and nutritional status in malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2000

Effects of medium-chain fatty acids on body composition and protein metabolism in overweight rats.

The lack of efficiency of classical treatments for obesity has led to propose alternative strategies. In order to obtain information about the effects of dietary fatty acid composition on body fat and protein metabolism, overweight female rats were fed on isoenergetic diets, using either medium-chain (MCT) or long-chain (LCT) triglycerides as a lipid source. After 23 days, the MCT group had mildly decreased body weight but greatly reduced adipose tissue depots. All fat depots were significantly diminished. MCT-fed rats showed a decrease in some hormones involved in energy balance, such as leptin and triiodothyronine. Feeding MCT resulted in improvements in nitrogen balance. Muscle protein content was similar in both treatments despite an increase in protein degradation in the MCT group. The present data clearly show that a diet with MCT as lipid fuel depresses weight gain and fat stores, relative to a standard LCT diet.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Prediction of whole-body composition from the whole-body dry matter percentage of three-week-old broiler chicks.

Whole carcasses of 3-wk-old broiler chicks from four independent experiments were analyzed for percentage of whole-body DM, ether extract, and CP. The percentage of whole-body ash was calculated by the difference among DM, ether extract, and CP. A linear relationship between percentage whole-body DM and percentage whole-body ether extract (P < 0.001; r2 = 0.798) was found, but no relationships were detected between percentage whole-body DM and percentage whole-body CP (P = 0.29; r2 = 0.010). The percentage of whole-body ash was moderately correlated with the percentage of whole-body DM (P = 0.04; r2 = 0.036). In conclusion, the percentage of whole-body ether extract of 3-wk-old broiler chicks can be predicted from the percentage of whole-body DM by using the prediction equation Y = 0.961x - 17.855. Neither the percentages of whole-body CP nor ash could be accurately predicted from the wholebody DM percentage.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effects of mother's smoking on their infants' body composition as determined by total body potassium.

It has been suggested that the lower birth weight of newborn infants of mothers who smoke is due mainly to a deficit of lean body mass (LBM). We tested this hypothesis by measuring total body potassium, thus deriving the LBM and fat mass, of newborn infants of mothers who smoked (I-SM; n = 32) or did not smoke (I-NSM; n = 46). Mothers who smoked were significantly younger than nonsmoking ones (25.4 and 28.9 yr, respectively) and with less years of education, but were similar in other parameters examined. The 78 infants, all singleton, were studied within 1 to 3 days of birth. The I-SM had significantly reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference but there was no difference in skinfold thickness. We measured total body potassium with a whole-body counter specially made for use with infants. Mean absolute total body potassium was significantly greater in the I-NSM, but the concentration in relation to weight was not different. Assuming 1 kg LBM to contain 52.1 mmol potassium, the mean LBM was 3028 g in the I-NSM and 2739 in the I-SM; mean fat mass was similar in both groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed an independent negative effect of mother's smoking on birth weight and LBM. This unequal reduction in LBM indicates a complex effect of smoking, probably mediated by alterations in protein synthesis and adipocyte metabolism. It may relate to the higher morbidity rates in infants of mothers who smoke.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

Endocrine responses and body composition changes during feed restriction and realimentation in young bulls.

Changes in serum metabolic hormones, carcass composition, and body weight gains were examined in 21 Angus bulls (9 mo old) subjected to feed restriction and realimentation. They were allotted to three feeding regimens: 1) control (CON); 2) restricted (REST); and 3) realimented (REAL). The CON group was fed 3.2% of their body weight; the REST group was fed 1.5%. The REAL group was fed the restricted diet (1.5% BW) for 84 d then fed the control diet (3.2% BW) until slaughter. The CON and REAL groups were slaughtered at approximately 400 kg and the REST group at 346 kg. For the experiment, average daily gains (kg/d) were different (P < .05) (CON = 1.60; REAL = 1.35; REST = .64). Bulls were bled every 20 min for 6 h on d 14, 70, 98, and 127 of the experiment. Overall carcass characteristics (yield grade, muscle area, marbling) and chemical analysis of 9-10-11 rib sections indicated changes in quantity and percentages of protein and fat commensurate with the dietary intake treatments. The REST group had the least lean and fat (P < .05); the REAL group had less fat than (P < .05) but the same amount of lean (P > .05) as the CON group. Serum GH was higher in the REST than in the CON group (P < .05). In the REAL group, serum GH values rose to a level similar to that of the REST group; realimentation lowered serum GH (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[Changes in body composition in obese patients on a low-calorie diet].

Energy balance was studied on 4 obese hospitalized subjects kept on hypocaloric diet (489 Kcal - 54% CHO, 10,6% Fat, 35,4% Protein) for 18 +/- 3,7 days. Energy expenditure was measured trough heart-rate monitoring (individual calibrations before and after the study were performed) and nitrogen balance was computed to establish protein loss. Individual qualitative composition of body weight loss was then assessed: 71,4 +/- 5,23% could be attributable to fat loss, 9,38 +/- 3,32% to protein loss, 18,2 +/- 5,5% to water loss. Part of this last figure could be attributable to a slight under-estimation of the method utilized to measure the energy expenditure (heart-rate monitoring).

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Potential errors in body composition as estimated by whole body scintillation counting.

Vigorous exercise has been reported to increase the apparent potassium content of athletes measured by whole body gamma ray scintillation counting of 40K. The possibility that this phenomenon is an artifact was evaluated in three cyclists and one nonathlete after exercise on the road (cyclists) or in a room with a source of radon and radon progeny (nonathlete). The apparent 40K content of the thighs of the athletes and whole body of the nonathlete increased after exercise. Counts were also increased in both windows detecting 214Bi, a progeny of radon. 40K and 214Bi counts were highly correlated (r = 0.87, p less than 0.001). The apparent increase in 40K was accounted for by an increase in counts associated with the 1.764 MeV gamma ray emissions from 214Bi. Thus a failure to correct for radon progeny would cause a significant error in the estimate of lean body mass by 40K counting.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Differences between young and old females in the five levels of body composition and their relevance to the two-compartment chemical model.

BACKGROUND: Body composition differs between young and old females, although the magnitude of these age-related changes remains uncertain. This uncertainty persists because methodology applied in earlier studies required assumptions that may be age-dependent and also because studies included young and old subjects who differed substantially in body size and health status. METHODS: To resolve these earlier concerns we examined components at the atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue-system, and whole body levels of body composition in 19 weight- and height-matched pairs of young (age 19-35 yrs) and old (age > 65 yrs) healthy White females. Isotope dilution, dual photon, whole-body counting, hydrodensitometry, and anthropometric methods were used either alone or in combination to produce multicomponent models. RESULTS: Old females had significantly more fat, greater truncal skinfolds and circumferences, and significantly less fat-free body mass (FFM), total body potassium (TBK), total body water (TBW), and bone mineral than did their young matched counterparts. Skeletal muscle mass was less in the old females, although the magnitude of the difference from young females varied between the three indices examined. The main assumptions (i.e., TBW/FFM = 0.73 kg/kg and density of FFM = 1.100 g/cc) which the widely used two-compartment TBW and hydrodensitometry methods are based on were not significantly different in young and old females. In contrast, the main assumed steady-state value for the two-compartment TBK method (TBK/FFM = 64.2 mmol/kg) was significantly lower (p < .001) in the old females. CONCLUSION: New approaches thus allow for a critical reexamination of body composition in elderly subjects, and these methods also give new insight into less complex widely used body composition techniques.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1998

Six-compartment body composition model: inter-method comparisons of total body fat measurement.

OBJECTIVE: To compare 16 currently used total body fat methods to a six-compartment criterion model based on in vivo neutron activation analysis. DESIGN: Observational, inter-method comparison study. SUBJECTS: Twenty-three healthy subjects (17 male and 6 female). MEASUREMENTS: Total body water (TBW) was measured by tritium dilution; body volume by underwater weighing (UWW); total body fat and bone mineral by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), total body potassium (TBK) by whole-body 40K counting; total body carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and chlorine by in vivo neutron activation analysis; skinfolds/circumferences by anthropometry (Anth); and resistance by single-frequency bioimpedance analysis (BIA). RESULTS: The average of total body fat mass measurements by the six-compartment neutron activation model was 19.7+/-10.2kg (mean+/-s.d.) and comparable estimates by other methods ranged from 17.4-24.3 kg. Although all 16 methods were highly correlated with the six-compartment criterion model, three groups emerged based on their comparative characteristics (technical error, coefficient of reliability, Bland-Altman analysis) relative to criterion fat estimates, in decreasing order of agreement: 1. multi-compartment model methods of Baumgartner (19.5+/-9.9 kg), Heymsfield (19.6+/-9.9 kg), Selinger (19.7+/-10.2 kg) and Siri-3C (19.6+/-9.9 kg); 2. DXA (20.0+/-10.8 kg), Pace-TBW (18.8+/-10.1 kg), Siri-2C (20.0+/-9.9 kg), and Brozek-UWW (19.4+/-9.2 kg) methods; and 3. Segal-BIA (17.4+/-7.2 kg), Forbes-TBN (21.8+/-10.5 kg), Durnin-Anth (22.1+/-9.5 kg), Forbes-TBK (22.9+/-11.9 kg), and Steinkamp-Anth (24.3+/-9.5 kg) methods. CONCLUSION: Relative to criterion fat estimates, body composition methods can be organized into three groups based on inter-method comparisons including technical error, coefficient of reliability and Bland-Altman analysis. These initial groupings may prove useful in establishing the clinical and research role of the many available fat estimation methods.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Serum leptin levels and body composition in postmenopausal women treated with tibolone and raloxifene.

OBJECTIVE: To compare body composition and serum leptin levels in untreated postmenopausal women and postmenopausal women treated with tibolone or raloxifene. DESIGN: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Sixty-eight postmenopausal women were randomized to receive either no treatment (group A, n = 21) or tibolone 2.5 mg/day (group B; n = 23) or raloxifene 60 mg/day (group C; n = 24). All women underwent height, weight, body mass index evaluation and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry determination of body composition at the beginning of the study and after 12 months. Serum leptin levels were determined at the beginning of the study and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months in all groups. RESULTS: Women in group A showed no significant changes in both fat and lean mass of arms and legs, whereas a significant increase in trunk fat mass, total fat mass, total percentage of body fat, and trunk percentage of fat was detected 1 year after the beginning of the study. After 12 months, the total percentage of fat mass was significantly higher in group A compared with group B, and the trunk percentage of fat mass was significantly higher in group A compared with groups. In subjects in groups B and C, after 1 year, fat mass, both total and at all areas evaluated, did not show any significant change compared with baseline values. In subjects in group B, total lean and lean mass of the trunk and legs increased significantly at the end of the study, whereas no significant changes were observed in lean mass, total and at all areas evaluated in subjects in group C. After 12 months, total lean mass and lean mass of the legs were significantly higher in group B compared with the other groups. In group A, serum leptin levels were significantly increased at the end of the study compared with baseline values. Leptin concentrations were significantly higher in group A compared with groups B and C after 6 and 12 months. No significant change in serum leptin levels in subjects in groups B and C was detected throughout the study. Serum leptin levels showed a positive, significant correlation with all body composition parameters and body mass index in all groups at the beginning and at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms that postmenopausal hypoestrogenism leads to increased fat content and serum leptin levels. Raloxifene and tibolone seem to prevent postmenopausal body composition changes without significant modifications of serum leptin levels.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1990

Growth hormone and body composition.

Through its anabolic, lipolytic and antinatriuretic actions, GH has profound effects on body composition. In untreated acromegaly, body weight, body cell mass and extracellular water are increased simultaneously with a decrease of body fat. After successful treatment, extracellular water and body fat normalize, but cell mass remains high. The changes in cell mass, body fat and extracellular water observed in acromegaly suggest different dose-response relationships between GH and these parameters. The relationship between GH concentration and the lipolytic actions of GH is more linear, while the relationship between GH and excess extracellular water is more curvilinear. The sodium-retaining effect of GH seems to be mediated by stimulation of the Na(+)-K+ pump. At higher GH levels, the pump activity is counteracted by an alleged sodium transport inhibitor. In GH-deficient children, GH treatment is followed by rapid loss of adipose tissue and muscular gain. The influence of GH on body composition in GH-deficient adults has recently received attention. Compared to normal subjects, these patients are overweight and have decreased cell mass. Replacement treatment with GH restores body composition towards normal.

Acromegaly↗

PubMed2004

Body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis in renal transplant recipients.

UNLABELLED: Bioelectrical impedance analysis was introduced more than a decade ago to measure body composition and nutritional status. There are presently limited data on the nutritional status and body composition measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis in renal transplant recipients, especially among the Asian population. The normal values for these data in renal transplant recipients remain unknown. METHODS: All renal transplant recipients with stable graft function who attended the outpatient renal transplant clinic in June 2003 were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from participating patients and their outpatient clinic notes. Body composition and bioelectrical impedance data were obtained using the Metron BioScan 916 v3 analyzer. RESULTS: Out of a total of 168 renal transplant recipients, 110 participated in this study of body composition and bioelectrical impedance for comparison with data from a previous study of 419 normal healthy volunteer controls. When compared to the healthy Malaysians, renal transplant recipients showed similar body composition in terms of body mass index, body cell mass, muscle bulk, percentage of body fat, percentage of fat free mass, and percentage of total body water. However, renal transplant recipients have more extracellular water, a lower phase angle, and a lower reactant. CONCLUSION: Malaysians who have undergone renal transplantation have similar body composition to the healthy Malaysians when measurements are obtained using bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Body composition relates poorly to performance tests in NCAA Division III football players.

We assessed body composition (height, body mass, body mass index, body fat by densitometry, fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean/fat ratio) and performance (10- and 40-yd sprints, pro shuttle run, vertical jump, sit and reach, and bench press) in 77 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III football players. Data were analyzed by position and playing status. Significant differences (p </= 0.05) were found between positions for all body composition measurements and all performance tests except the sit and reach. Starters outperformed nonstarters in all performance tests except the 10-yd sprint and sit and reach (p </= 0.05). Correlations (r) for percent body fat and performance tests ranged from 0.52 to 0.70, and common variance with the effects of body mass removed ranged from 8 to 23%. Percent body fat is not closely correlated with results of commonly administered performance tests in Division III football players.

Adult↗