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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Public health and physical planning--a time to reconsider?

Accepting that public health is an interdisciplinary field, the relationship between early public health legislation and measures and the origins of physical planning is used to underline the importance of procedural flexibility in both fields and of a combined approach to remove conditions supportive of diseases. While the conditions under which both planning and public health operate in South Africa are shown to have changed greatly, the static approach adopted by both disciplines has produced inappropriate responses. Four basic criteria for a new approach are provided and the effects which these can have on health and planning policy are illustrated, using examples involving water supply, sanitation requirements and squatter settlements.

City Planning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

MAPP in Chicago: a model for public health systems development and community building.

The Chicago Department of Public Health's (CDPH's) community planning efforts came from a city-wide strategic plan that called for the establishment of a city-wide network of community partnerships that focus on community needs and resource assessment and program development. Using Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships as a framework for planning at the community level, the CDPH supports five community coalitions through the Chicago Center for Community Partnerships. The overall goal of the Center is to increase community capacity, build new partnerships, provide coalitions with access to decision makers, and inform the role of local public health agencies in supporting this type of work. Bringing together a wide spectrum of stakeholders, coalition members work to conduct assessments and develop and implement strategies. While coalitions demonstrate outcomes related to specific strategies, they also exhibit infrastructure-level results, with increased levels of community organizing, leveraging of existing resources, and new systems for information dissemination. Simultaneously, the CDPH has gained new partners in public health, increased collaboration, and more information about communities. These outcomes are contingent on certain elements of success: (1) committed leadership; (2) commitment to a new way of doing business; (3) prepared public health workforces; and (4) community readiness.

Chicago↗
PubMed2004

Optimal placement of syringe-exchange programs.

Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) will likely play a major role in slowing the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among injecting drug users (IDUs), but the success of any single SEP will depend to a large extent on where it is located. We show how the optimal position for a new SEP can be chosen given accurate knowledge of where IDUs live and how far they are willing to travel to an SEP. This information is not normally available, and one of our major points is that SEPs will necessarily be placed in suboptimal locations and will serve fewer IDUs than they otherwise might until it becomes available. Our method for choosing the best SEP placement is illustrated with Manhattan as an idealized example.

City Planning↗
PubMed1992

Dysmenorrhea and use of oral contraceptives in adolescent women attending a family planning clinic.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalance of dysmenorrhea in female adolescents and the effect of experiencing a reduction in dysmenorrhea on oral contraceptive use. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective panel study in which 308 adolescent women at an inner-city family planning clinic were interviewed about their experiences with dysmenorrhea and their oral contraceptive use at three points in time over a 6-month period. A chi 2 test and multiple logistic regression analysis were done. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dysmenorrhea in this population was 79.6%; 18.2% reported severe dysmenorrhea. Those who had severe dysmenorrhea and also experienced the reduction of dysmenorrhea as a result of oral contraceptives were eight times more likely to be consistent oral contraceptive users (p less than or equal to 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to screen female adolescents for dysmenorrhea, provide them with information about the beneficial side effects of oral contraceptives, and follow up these young women to make sure they are experiencing the alleviation of their symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Crisis management to controlled recovery: the emergency planning response to the bombing of Manchester City Centre.

Fuelled by terrorist attacks on urban areas, emergency planning responses to manmade disasters is a growing area of critical debate within the field of urban management. The response of a major British city--Manchester--to the 1996 bombing of its commercial core, is examined in this paper. It focuses on the transformation of the emergency planning response from dealing with the immediate crisis during the first week, to a stage of controlled recovery that still continues. The response to the devastation caused by the bomb was co-ordinated by the city council, which developed a range of short- and long-term initiatives, but the re-opening of the city centre could not have happened so quickly had the council not worked in collaboration with other key organisations and agencies. Working partnerships were crucial to the immediate response and subsequent recovery, with such capacity for organisational learning built upon existing co-operative arrangements within the city, which had developed over the previous decade.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed2004

[An interview survey for health promotion for older residents in T District, Sendai City].

OBJECTIVE: To plan a program for promoting health and improving quality of life among the older residents in T District, Miyagino Ward, Sendai City. SUBJECTS & METHOD: T District has the highest rate of aged individuals and the largest number of elderly living alone in the Ward. Based upon our community-based health and welfare activities, we recognized that many older residents in T District had health and social problems. In order to grasp these problems and plan a program for health promotion, we conducted an interview survey (using the Esnographic method) of resource persons and older residents in the District. The information obtained at interviews was analyzed by the KJ method. RESULTS: The interview survey indicated the most prominent needs for the older residents were extension of the network for human relationships and increase in opportunities for communication and meeting each other. The older residents did not have enough information on the health and welfare services provided by Miyagino Public Health and Welfare Center, and we realized the importance of promoting communication between residents, private organizations and our Center. We informed the residents of these results, and discussed the strategies to promote health and improving quality of life among the older residents in T District in 2001. Based upon the survey and discussion, we started to publish and circulate "Community Information for Older Residents", established a class for residents to become supporters of the needy older population in T District, and facilitated their active participation in the community activities. CONCLUSION: The interview survey using the Esnographic approach and analysis with the KJ method were useful tools for us to plan and implement a program for health promotion for older residents.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling.

The focus for interventions and research on physical activity has moved away from vigorous activity to moderate-intensity activities, such as walking. In addition, a social ecological approach to physical activity research and practice is recommended. This approach considers the influence of the environment and policies on physical activity. Although there is limited empirical published evidence related to the features of the physical environment that influence physical activity, urban planning and transport agencies have developed policies and strategies that have the potential to influence whether people walk or cycle in their neighbourhood. This paper presents the development of a framework of the potential environmental influences on walking and cycling based on published evidence and policy literature, interviews with experts and a Delphi study. The framework includes four features: functional, safety, aesthetic and destination; as well as the hypothesised factors that contribute to each of these features of the environment. In addition, the Delphi experts determined the perceived relative importance of these factors. Based on these factors, a data collection tool will be developed and the frameworks will be tested through the collection of environmental information on neighbourhoods, where data on the walking and cycling patterns have been collected previously. Identifying the environmental factors that influence walking and cycling will allow the inclusion of a public health perspective as well as those of urban planning and transport in the design of built environments.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Road traffic injuries in Colombia.

Road traffic injuries are a leading public health problem in Colombia. Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users, especially in the main urban centers of Bogotá, Medellin and Cali. Data analyzed in this report include official statistics from the National Police and the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences for 1996-2000, and results of a study conducted at the National University of Colombia in 2000. Methods from the Highway Capacity Manual were used for determining physical and technical variables, and a Geographical Information System tool was used for the location and spatial analysis of the road traffic crashes. Pedestrians accounted for close to 32% of injuries and 40% of the deaths from road traffic crashes. The problem of road traffic crashes existed predominately in urban areas. In the main urban centers, pedestrians constituted nearly 68% of road traffic crash victims. The high level of risky road use behaviors demonstrated by pedestrians and drivers, and inadequate infrastructure for safe mobility of pedestrians in some sections of the road network were the main contributing factors. Major improvements were achieved in Bogotá following enhancements to the municipal transport system and other policies introduced since 1995. In conclusion, policies and programs for improving road safety, in particular pedestrian safety, and strengthening urban planning are top priority.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

Formal analysis of the urban 'Dutch model' with aims of re-formulating spatial quality concerns for pedestrian precincts in current New Town developments.

In the Japanese post WWII urban planning and design field, concerns for formal features regarding the sequential street-front visual image in new high-density urban spaces have been a rather subordinated subject. Famous New Town schemes such as Tsukuba Science City (1963), or Minato Mirai 21 (1965) for instance, are typical inland and reclaimed land examples that summarize the validity and limitations of functional zoning systems applied to these artificial urban developments for the last half century. In those examples, the interaction between space mobility and land use has not been explored sufficiently in order to create attractive street-front images, yet such interaction is essential to the way the cityscape and its character are perceived by the eye. However, current insight regarding the sustainable New Town paradigm has brought a renewed perspective regarding design policy of the pedestrian precinct. This study investigates the formal features of the sequential street-front image of Dutch late-medieval town examples which could help re-formulate the existing design policies regarding the quality of pedestrian space especially in the artificial reclaimed land design field. The purpose is to find out how the principles of those old high-density artificial environmental design models generate such effective interaction between mobility and land usage, creating an enriched aesthetic visual image of street-front space as a result.

City Planning↗