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PubMed2004

The sociology of subjectivity, and the subjectivity of sociologists: a critique of the sociology of gender in the Australian family.

In this era of reflexive sociology it is commonplace that subjectivity is of great sociological concern, and that the comprehension by social researchers of their own subject position is essential. Still, old habits die hard. Focusing on selected texts in the sociology of the Australian family, this paper traces the effects of failing to focus the sociological gaze on subjectivity and its variation across society. Highlighted are some patterns of analytic misconstruction of subjectivity, especially the substitution of measurement for a theory of practice, and the projection by sociologists of their own class-specific subjectivity onto society at large. Ultimately, this misconstruction turns works like those discussed in this paper into a powerful denial of alternative subjectivities, and a reinforcement of the socially dominant perspective.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed1982

Paradoxical communication as interpersonal influence.

This paper is concerned with the strategic uses of paradoxical communication in therapy. Eight more or less distinct uses of paradoxical communication are described, and the proposition is put forward that the paradoxical interventions associated with the Milan group differ from those described by Haley and the Palo Alto group only in that they appear to be designed to influence simultaneously the behavior of several family members. The currently popular idea that such interventions should, or even can, be based on a systemic hypothesis, if "hypothesis" is understood in its usual sense as a statement amenable to empirical testing, is explicitly questioned.

Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescents and abortion. A theoretical framework for decision making.

A knowledge of the factors influencing adolescent decision making, combined with decision-counseling techniques, will allow the nurse to improve the quality of a young woman's decision process and to reduce adverse reactions afterwards. Indeed, the young woman may take from the experience a more positive appraisal of herself as a decision maker, and perhaps begin to know mature compassion for herself and others.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1997

Understanding decision-making processes for sugar consumption in adolescence.

The mechanisms by which adolescents make food choices are not clear. The interaction and combination of the many social and psychological factors must be considered when examining adolescents' decision-making processes for sound food choices. The aim of this investigation is to examine one specific food choice, namely, the use of sucrose in hot drinks. One hundred and eighty-seven adolescents in their 16th year completed a questionnaire on the consumption of sugar using the method developed by AJZEN & FISHBEIN in their 'Theory of Reasoned Action'. The group was randomly divided into two groups so that decision-making processes with respect to two behavioural intentions-adding sugar to tea and coffee and excluding it-could be examined. The findings suggest that the immediate pleasurable taste of sugar outweighed and deferred the recognition of dangers associated with its consumption. Past dental health experiences, behaviours and education together with the role of parental figures acted as important influences. An awareness of these factors should assist dental health professionals to highlight the importance of sound food choices when negotiating dental health goals with adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The effectiveness of intervention studies to decrease alcohol use in college undergraduate students: an integrative analysis.

AIMS: This analysis was performed to critique intervention studies targeted at decreasing alcohol use in college students for the purpose of (1) synthesizing the various types of interventions and outcomes used, (2) evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions, and (3) identifying the strengths and limitations of prior studies to make recommendations for evidence-based clinical practice and future research. METHODS: An exhaustive literature search was performed for experimental studies conducted in the past 10 years. FINDINGS: Analysis using 15 identified studies indicated the following strengths: (1) use of random assignment in many of the studies, (2) use of theoretical frameworks to guide the interventions, (3) replication of previous studies, and (4) inclusion of outcome measures of alcohol use, quantity, and frequency. Limitations included: (1) small convenience samples; (2) use of multiple tools to elicit outcomes, making it difficult to compare results across studies; (3) lack of long-term follow-up to assess sustainability of the interventions; (4) use of only self-report outcome measures, which rely on subject's recall memory; (5) lack of manipulation checks to assure that subjects actually processed the interventions; and (6) a paucity of stress and coping interventions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Extensive research to address the problem of college alcohol use indicates that while education is an integral part of the approach for this problem, it is ineffective when used alone as an intervention strategy. However, some empirical support exists for the use of brief motivational interventions to reduce alcohol use and harm. A personalized approach addressing expectancies and normative use employing a motivational interviewing style may produce desired outcomes. In addition, theory-based manualized approaches using stress and coping intervention strategies need to be developed and tested. In the design of future studies, careful attention also should be given to methodological issues such as sampling, measurement issues, and inclusion of more long-term follow-up measures.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The benefits of peer support with diabetes.

TOPIC: Peer coaching for diabetes support. purpose. To see if peer coaching assists a person with diabetes make the correct diet and activity choices. SOURCES OF INFORMATION: Journal articles, Internet. CONCLUSIONS: Peer support is helpful for people who are struggling to cope with diabetes. If peer support is offered, a structured follow-up program needs to be in place.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Gay fathers: evolution of the gay-father identity.

Interview data from an exploratory study of 18 gay fathers indicate that identity congruence evolves over time as these men participate in both the world of fathers and the world of gays. Disclosure of each identity in the opposite world, and the acceptance of both identities by intimate others, are also crucial to the gay father's achievement of self-acceptance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The craving factor in the treatment of smoking.

A review of previous studies suggests that many of the consistent results obtained may reflect individual differences in smoking behaviour. It was felt that Tomkins' (1966) distinction between craving and non-craving smokers would be particularly relevant to this. The present study investigates the effects of such individual differences in smoking behaviour within a self-control treatment programme. Thirty-four smokers were assigned to three groups: two self-control treatment groups and an attention-monitoring control group. The treatment groups differed in that group II concentrated on the positive aspects of not smoking, whereas group III used a wide range of techniques. Treatment effects were not significant but a critical factor in abstinence, drop-out and percentage reduction during the study was craving/non-craving status. The results indicate that two separate populations of smokers exist who seem to have different responses to treatment. This, it is argued, has blurred analysis of results in previous studies. The two types of smoker may require separate treatment considerations, both in therapy and in long-term management.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed1970

Status inconsistency theory and flying saucer sightings.

The analysis is completed. Through a series of propositions and hypothesized links between the reporting of UFO sightings and a particular kind of social position, the utility of social theory as a basis for explaining phenomena presumed to be in the domain of the physical sciences has been demonstrated. Nothing in the data rejects the possibility that some individuals have, in fact, seen objects propelled from another solar system or that all observations are of ill-understood or misperceived terrestrial phenomena. Empirical science, particularly social science, does not address itself to ultimate truth. What has been attempted here is the employment of a sociological theory to account successfully for observed regularity in patterns of UFO sightings. Another and reasonable, though not necessarily mutually exclusive, procedure for organizing social data might provide an equal degree of explanatory consistency. This analysis merely emphasizes the need to utilize such approaches outside the confines of laboratory groups and the more convenient and established domains of social science. Our analysis has presented just one application of sociological theory to the complex interplay among quasi-scientific phenomena, physical science knowledge, and human behavior in society.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed2001

Conflict of intentions due to callosal disconnection.

OBJECTIVES: Three patients with callosal syndrome manifested a peculiar symptom in that they were unable to perform intended whole body actions because another intention emerged in competition with the original one. Attempts were made to clarify the symptomatology of this manifestation and its possible mechanism is discussed. METHODS: The three patients are described and previous reports on patients with callosal damage were reviewed. Four additional patients with similar symptoms were found and the clinical features common to all seven patients were examined. RESULTS: This symptom could not be attributed to unilateral movement disorders such as unilateral apraxia, intermanual conflict, or compulsive manipulation of tools. The manifestations included marked hesitation in initiating actions, interruption of actions, repetitive actions, and performance of unintended actions with difficulty in correcting them. All patients, except one, had a lesion in the posterior half of the body of the corpus callosum, and there was no significant involvement of the cerebral cortex. The symptom became manifest later than 4 weeks after callosal damage. It occurred during spontaneous actions, but not during well automated actions nor when following instructions. CONCLUSION: This symptom, tentatively named "conflict of intentions", can be regarded as a fragment of diagonistic dyspraxia originally described by Akelaitis, although it can occur independently of intermanual conflict. Normally, the right and left cerebral hemispheres may be complementarily modifying automated whole body actions in order to adapt behaviour to changes of the environment as well as to the intention. Partial callosal disconnection without significant cortical involvement would exaggerate the disparity between the role of each hemisphere through the reorganisation of neural systems after callosal damage. Such double, often contrary, behavioural tendencies may sometimes simultaneously enter the patient's awareness.

Adult↗
PubMed1971

Personality.

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Aggression↗