PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Cognitive Training”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Utility of cognitive-behavioral procedures for social skills training with children: a critical review.

Thirty-three studies that have used cognitive-behavioral social skills training procedures were critically reviewed. These studies were classified under four broad categories: modeling, coaching, treatment packages, and social problem solving. Seven criteria were used to critically evaluate these studies: subject characteristics, treatment specification, outcome measures, statistical analyses, experimental design, generalization, and cost effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Memory enhancement training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a preliminary study.

'Mild cognitive impairment' (MCI) in older adults refers to a significant decline in memory function but not other cognitive functions. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for MCI are needed. The present randomized clinical trial tests the efficacy of a cognitive and behavioral treatment to improve memory performance and participants' attitudes about their memory. A multi-faceted intervention that included education about memory loss, relaxation training, memory skills training, and cognitive restructuring for memory-related beliefs was compared to a no-treatment control condition. Outcomes included memory performance and appraisals of memory function and control. Results indicate that the treated group had significantly better memory appraisals than controls at the end of treatment and at a six-month follow-up. There were no differences between groups on memory performance at post-test but at follow-up the trained individuals showed a trend toward better word list recall than controls. Findings suggest that individuals with MCI can benefit from multi-component memory enhancement training. Further development of such training programs and tests of their efficacy alone and in combination with medications are needed.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Cognitive and relaxation treatment of paediatric migraine.

The present study compared the efficacy of two active treatments, relaxation training and cognitive coping, with a non-specific placebo control in the treatment of 42 children and adolescents with migraine. The first treatment is a simplified version of progressive deep muscle relaxation; the second, a form of cognitive restructuring involving the alteration of dysfunctional thought processes. The results demonstrated that each active treatment was superior to the non-specific intervention in reducing overall headache activity and frequency but not duration or intensity. There were no differences between the experimental groups, and both continued to improve through a 16-week follow-up period, but the control group did not. Initial level of headache severity was an important factor in treatment outcome, with children with severe headaches responding better than those with milder headaches. Possible reasons for the differential treatment effects are discussed, and the implications for future research are considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

[Cognitive disorders and dementias in the private practice of specialists: pilot study of a self-assessment survey].

OBJECTIVES: To know about the features of cognitive disorders and dementias in the private practice of specialists and these doctor's skills on that area. METHOD: In this pilot study, self-assessment questionnaires were delivered to neurologists of São Paulo State and 196 (22.8%) were respondents. RESULTS: Many neurologists are involved, besides the private practice, with teaching (61.5%) and/or research (59.5%) activities. Most of them assessed as not good the training on cognitive disorders and dementias they had had during both the graduate (77.3%) and residence (63.1%) courses; nevertheless 60.8% self rated their knowledge on that subject as satisfactory and 83.0% declared their interest on it as at least equal to other areas. The most frequent cognitive complaints occurring as primary reason for appointment are memory loss (73.0%) and attention/concentration deficits (48.0%). Dementia of Alzheimer type (54.9%) and vascular dementia (23.0%) are the most frequent ones in the neurologist private practice. CONCLUSION: Cognitive disorders and dementias represent a significant proportion in the neurological private practice. Although they had not had a good training on the area of cognitive disorders and dementias, the respondent neurologists demonstrated great interest on it.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine by meta-analysis whether physical exercises are beneficial for people with dementia and related cognitive impairments. DATA SOURCES: Published articles and nonpublished manuscripts from 1970 to 2003 were identified by using electronic and manual searches. Key search words included exercise, rehabilitation, activities of daily living, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, aged, and geriatrics. STUDY SELECTION: Reviewed studies were limited to randomized trials evaluating exercise in persons 65 years of age or older with cognitive impairment. Studies included quantitative results (means, standard deviations, t tests, F tests) for physical fitness, physical functioning, cognition, or behavior outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION: One reviewer extracted data on study characteristics and findings. Selected articles were evaluated for methodologic quality by 2 raters. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 2020 subjects participated in the 30 trials that met the inclusion criteria. Summary effects were computed using a fixed effects (Hedge's g(i)) model. Significant summary effect sizes (ES) were found for strength (ES=.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], .58-.92), physical fitness (ES=.69; 95% CI, .58-.80), functional performance (ES=.59; 95% CI, .43-.76), cognitive performance (ES=.57; 95% CI, 0.43-1.17), and behavior (ES=.54; 95% CI, .36-.72). The overall mean ES between exercise and nonexercise groups for all outcomes was .62 (95% CI, .55-.70). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training increases fitness, physical function, cognitive function, and positive behavior in people with dementia and related cognitive impairments.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

A randomized single-blind pilot study of compensatory strategies in schizophrenia outpatients.

In a previous study, we found that cognitive adaptation training (CAT)--a manual-driven program of environmental supports designed to bypass cognitive deficits--improved multiple domains of outcome in schizophrenia patients recently discharged from a State psychiatric facility. The present study examined the efficacy of CAT in a sample of patients who had been in the community at least 3 months. Forty-five medicated schizophrenia patients were randomly assigned for 9 months to one of three conditions: (1) CAT, (2) a condition that controlled for therapist time and provided environmental changes unrelated to cognitive deficits, or (3) follow-up only. Comprehensive assessments were conducted every 3 months by blinded raters. Results of repeated measures analyses of covariance for mixed models indicated that patients participating in CAT had better adaptive function and quality of life, and fewer positive symptoms than those in the two non-CAT conditions. Results indicate that compensatory strategies may improve various outcomes in schizophrenia outpatients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of stress management training for nurses working in a burn treatment unit.

All fourteen nurses working in a burn unit were given three hours of individual training in cognitive behavioral stress management skills. Anxiety measures were obtained before, during, and after training by weekly administration of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and by daily administration of a nurses' stress scale constructed for this study. Nurses were randomly assigned to two groups which were treated using a successive-groups time-series design. Results suggested that stress management training was effective in reducing work-related anxiety among inexperienced nurses but not among experienced nurses. The gains made by the inexperienced nurses may have been more associated with increases in their understanding of stress and their feelings of control over stress than with changes in their actual stress management behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Training response speed in young and elderly women.

Effectiveness of response speed training on the performance of thirty adult women was assessed. Five young and five elderly female volunteers were tested in each of three experimental conditions: (1) one training session with cognitive feedback in which participants were given response rate information (control); (2) five training sessions with cognitive feedback (practice); or (3) five training sessions with cognitive feedback in which the number of S&H green stamp units earned was directly proportional to response rate (conjugate reinforcement). Dependent variables were (a) response speed on three paper-pencil tasks, and (b) postraining performance on twelve intelligence subtests chosen as far transfer tasks. Response speed increased significantly with training in both age groups, but contrary to expectation, young adults showed greater training effects than elderly adults. No significant far transfer effects were obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The teaching of Blissymbols as a bridge into literacy for children with cognitive impairments: a comparison of two training approaches.

This study compares the learning of Blissymbols by six mildly cognitively impaired children by means of a global and an analytic approach. Training consisted of two stages. The first was the training of eight compound symbols and the second the training of seven single configuration symbols. The study concludes that Blissymbols as an entrance into literacy can be taught successfully to cognitively impaired individuals by means of either an analytic or a global approach. The analytic approach seems to have greater long-term benefits, as the subjects instructed by the analytic approach consistently performed better in the generalization and re-evaluation procedures. The analytic approach, however, was much more time consuming than the global approach in terms of the length of training required. The implications for literacy development and augmentative and alternative communication systems are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2026

Post-intervention effectiveness of a computerized personalized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve in older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve may influence responsiveness to cognitive interventions, yet it is rarely used to tailor computerized stimulation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a computerized cognitive stimulation program personalized according to cognitive reserve on cognition, reserve-related activities, and digital competence in community-dwelling older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 102 adults aged ≥65 years with normal cognitive performance were recruited from three primary care centers in Zaragoza, Spain, and stratified by cognitive reserve level before random allocation to intervention or control. The intervention comprised digital literacy sessions followed by 8 weeks of home-based computerized cognitive stimulation tailored to participants' cognitive reserve profiles and life history. Controls received a single group-based health education session focused on maintaining everyday cognitive activity. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using global cognition (MEC-35), the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire, the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire-16, and domain-specific neuropsychological tests. A total of 100 participants completed the final evaluation and were included in complete-case analyses. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the intervention group showed greater adjusted post-intervention improvements in global cognition (MEC-35 between-group difference: 1.8 points) and several cognitive measures, including temporal orientation, calculation, attention, praxis, verbal fluency, processing speed, executive functions, and verbal learning. CRQ scores and digital competence also improved, with small-to-large effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: A computerized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve appears feasible in Primary Care and may improve cognition, engagement in reserve-related activities, and digital competence in older adults without cognitive impairment.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Cognitive and motivational operations in primate prefrontal neurons.

To investigate neuronal mechanisms of higher cognitive activity, single neuronal activity has been recorded from the prefrontal cortex of monkeys trained in cognitive tasks. It has been well documented that there are prefrontal neurons which are involved in cognitive operations such as coding the meaning of a stimulus or retaining information in working memory. On the other hand, there are also prefrontal neurons which show reward-related activity changes. Two kinds of reward-related activities are found in the primate prefrontal cortex; one kind is concerned with processing post-trial events such as coding the reinforcement and/or error, and the other is concerned with the expectancy of the specific reward. These reward-related activities, which appear to be involved in motivational operations, are related also to cognitive operations such as coding the context in which the reward is given or omitted, or monitoring the context concerning the task situation with which the animal is faced. It seems that the prefrontal cortex is involved in the integration of cognitive and motivational information for goal-directed behavior. While the function of the prefrontal cortex is often associated with working memory, I introduce the idea that the prefrontal cortex plays important roles for coding, monitoring and providing the context for goal-directed behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Curriculum development in pharmacotherapy: testing the ability of preclinical medical students to learn therapeutic problem solving in a randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: To determine whether preclinical medical students are able to learn therapeutic problem solving simultaneously with gaining knowledge of pharmacology. METHODS: A randomized controlled pre/post-test study among 85 3rd year preclinical medical students from two medical faculties in Amsterdam. In addition to the normal curriculum, the study group followed a course, which was a copy of the obligatory training in cognitive therapeutic skills for 5th year students who had gained knowledge first, followed by applying the knowledge. Before, immediately after and 9 months after the training both the study group and a control group took a test (T0, T1, T2). The level of knowledge and cognitive therapeutic skills were assessed. As a reference, 38 5th year students also took the tests. RESULTS: On T0 the levels of cognitive therapeutic skills of the study and control groups were similar (26.7% and 27.4% of the required level for graduation, respectively). On T1 and T2, the study group scored significantly higher compared with the control group: 46.0/36.7% and 41.3/36.3%, respectively (P<0.05). In comparison with T0, the scores of the study group on T1 increased significantly and showed no significant decline on T2. There were no differences between the groups with respect to the level of knowledge in any of the three tests. The level of cognitive therapeutic skills in the 5th year reference group increased slightly but not significantly from 40.3% to 44.5% after the training; the level of knowledge increased significantly from 48.8% to 68.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Preclinical medical students are able to learn cognitive therapeutic skills simultaneously with gaining knowledge of pharmacology.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Development of an integrated cognitive-behavioral and social skills training intervention for older patients with schizophrenia.

There is considerable evidence that psychosocial treatments benefit younger adults with schizophrenia. However, no studies have been undertaken of such interventions for older patients with schizophrenia. This report describes the development of a novel integrated treatment combining cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and social skills training (SST). This intervention is designed to address the needs of older patients with schizophrenia by challenging beliefs common in this population that interfere with treatment and by providing repetitive practice of behaviors to improve retention and skill development. The authors provide two case reports and pilot data suggesting benefits of this approach.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Altering intergroup perceptions by altering prevailing mode of cognitive representation: "they look like people".

This article reports the results of 3 studies that attempted to alter the mode of cognitive representation by training with nonsocial targets and then examined subsequent intergroup perception. In each study, participants examined an array of drinking glasses while receiving training in exemplar or prototype cognitive representation. Participants then responded to written trait descriptions of people (Experiment 1), photographs of the faces of members of European ethnic groups (Experiment 2), and full-body photographs of indigenous people (Experiment 3). Compared with prototype training, exemplar training with the nonsocial targets resulted in more complex cognitive representations of the social targets and written descriptions of the social targets that were more individuated. Discussion considers the implications of these results for the study of intergroup perception.

Analysis of Variance↗