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PubMed1983

Selective maintenance of cultured epithelial cells from DMBA-induced mammary tumours by bovine colostrum supplement.

Growth kinetics in cultures of DMBA-induced mammary tumours supplemented with bovine colostrum were compared with the kinetics of cultures maintained with the conventional supplement of foetal calf serum. Although the latter permitted a greater degree of cell proliferation, a substantial amount of the cell growth was due to the fibroblastic proliferation. In the presence of bovine colostrum, epithelial islands surrounded by a few solitary cells became established. Unlike the foetal calf serum supplemented cultures, these cultures frequently did not become completely confluent within 7 days. The absence of fibroblasts in colostrum supplemented cultures was confirmed by electron microscopy. Results from this study suggest that colostrum may be useful in selective maintenance of primary cultures of epithelial origin.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed1983

Cow-calf and sow-piglet behaviour in relation to colostrum ingestion.

The declines in both production of immunoglobulin (lg) by mothers and absorption efficiency by young make it desirable for calves to ingest an adequate amount of colostrum by 6-12 h and piglets to do so by 4-8 h. In cattle, suckling attempts may be delayed by weakness of the cow or calf due to difficult calving, injury, deformities or disease. The incidence of attacking or avoiding calves is greater among heifers than among older cows and rejection is occasionally a serious problem. Amongst dairy cattle, the major factor leading to inadequate colostrum intake is difficulty in finding a teat or suckling from it because the udder is pendulous and the teats are fat. Calves of cows with pendulous udders, and this included most older cows, failed to suck within 6 h and obtained inadequate lg levels unless put to the teat. Absorption of lg may be more efficient if the mother is present. Some attacking of piglets by gilts is common and injuries to piglets due to sow attacks may be a serious problem. Injuries, deformities, general weakness or becoming trapped in part of the farrowing pen reduce the chances that a piglet will suckle adequately. Agalactia and competition for teats result in some piglets in larger litters failing to suckle. Fighting for colostrum producing teats peaks 2 h after the birth of the first piglet so later born piglets must obtain less of the lg produced if farrowing is prolonged. Group farrowing and group calving increase the chances that some piglets or calves will fail to obtain adequate colostrum.

Animal Population Groups↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunochemical properties of secretory IgA of human colostrum].

Immunochemical properties of secretory IgA obtained from the colostrum of healthy post-partum women are discussed. Lipids were completely eliminated by centrifugation and the supernatant was adjusted at pH 8.0 with NaOH and dialysed against a PBS buffer. Fractionation through a Sephadex G-200 column was fractionated again through a DEAE-cellulose column which eluted only pure IgA. Aliquots of 3 ml each were checked for protein content in an Uvicord spectrophotometer at 254 millimicron. Three fractions were obtained from the Sephadex column, the first involving tubes 50 to 90 contained IgA and IgM, the second from tubes 91 to 120 contained IgG and the third from tubes 130 to 150 contained alfa-lactalbumin and lactotransferrin. Passage of fraction I through a DEAE-cellulose column led to the collection of pure IgA in tubes 45 to 80 with the highest content in tube 53 which was employed in the immunization of rabbits. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis were employed to check the reactivity among whole colostrum as well as Sephadex and DEAE-cellulose fractions against an anti-IgA, anti-IgM, anti-IgG, anti-immunoglobulins and anti-whole human sera. Several precipitin bands revealed that human colostrum contained IgA, IgG, and IgM. Pure secretory IgA was used to immunize adult rabbits with complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant for a period of two months. A rabbit anti-IgA serum was then obtained and after being purified by saline precipitation and dialysis and passed through a DEAE-cellulose column, was labeled with I-131 reaching a specific activity of 20 microCi/mg. This antiserum was used against human colostrum, normal serum and saliva, and serum and urine from a patient with an IgA myeloma confirmed by means of precipitin methods and autoradiographies. Chemical purity of the secretory IgA was confirmed by analytic ultracentrifugation obtaining a sedimentation value of S 20: 10.5. In all cases a single precipitin band was obtained in spite of the low concentration of the antigens; the isotopic labelling did not alter the specificity and the sensitivity of the antiserum and its usefulness was well established. The biological properties of secretory IgA are described and its importance in local immunity is emphasized.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗

PubMed1982

Distribution of T lymphocyte subsets in human colostrum.

Lymphocytes were isolated from human colostrum and peripheral blood collected within 7 days postpartum. A 20-fold enrichment of lymphocytes from colostrum was achieved by centrifugal elutriation followed by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. The distribution of T lymphocyte subsets was determined by immunofluorescence analysis of reactivity with monoclonal antibodies of the OKT series. In confirmation of previous reports employing sheep erythrocyte rosette assays, the majority of colostral lymphocytes reacted with OKT3 monoclonal antibody, a reagent that detects a surface antigen on mature T cells. Neither colostral nor blood lymphocytes from postpartum donors expressed the OKT6 antigen that is found in immature thymocytes. A novel finding is that the T lymphocyte population in colostrum contains both OKT4 (helper/inducer phenotype) and OKT8- (cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype) positive subsets. The relative ratio of OKT4 to OKT8-positive T cell subsets in colostrum, however, is generally lower than that observed for peripheral blood T cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1982

Prevalence of anti-red blood cel antibodies in the serum and colostrum of mares and its relationship to neonatal isoerythrolysis.

The sera of 390 pregnant Standardbred mares and 409 pregnant Thoroughbred mares were tested for anti-red blood cell (RBC) antibodies. Of the Standardbred mares and Thoroughbred mares, 20% and 10%, respectively, had anti-RBC antibodies detectable in hemolytic or saline agglutination tests. Most of the antibodies were specific for the CA blood-group antigen of horses. Other antibodies were specific for the Aa, Ab, Aa, Ab, Da, Df, Ka, Ua, or Qa blood-group antigens. The occurrence of these antibodies in the serum and colostrum was compared for 268 mares. With 3 exceptions, whenever antibodies were found in 1 sample, they were found in the other. When a mare had antibodies to the Aa or Qa blood group antigens which were reactive at serum dilutions of 1:16 or greater, colostrum was withheld from that mare's foal. This practice seemed justified, because 1 foal which accidently received colostrum with anti-Aa antibodies developed neonatal isoerythrolysis. All other foals were allowed to nurse their mares' colostrum. None of them developed neonatal isoerythrolysis, even when anti-RBC antibodies were found for blood-group antigens other than Aa or Qa which reacted with the foals' RBC in in vitro tests.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1978

The effect of immunoglobulin levels on calf performance and methods of artificially feeding colostrum to the newborn calf.

A survey of 1,250 purchased calves found that 40% had blood serum Ig values of less than 15 ZST units. A positive relationship was obtained between initial blood serum Ig level of the purchased calf and subsequent mortality. Calf liveweight gain within two systems of calf rearing was not related to initial blood serum Ig levels. No relationship was obtained between initial Ig levels and incidence of diarrhoea. Artificially feeding the newborn calf to appetite with first milking colostrum in two feeds, the first 4-6 hrs after birth and a second 4-6 hrs later results in 95% of calves having blood serum Ig levels greater than 15 ZST units. Artificially feeding the calf colostrum in the presence of the dam resulted in a significant increase in the calf's blood serum Ig level. Artificially feeding colostrum at room temperature (14 degrees C) did not significantly reduce colostrum intake or calf blood serum Ig levels.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

The effect of colostrum or past colibacillosis on the adhesion of Escherichia coli to the small intestine of the pig.

Nursing litters of vaccinated (K88 antigen) and non-vaccinated gilts as well as weaned piglets, which had recovered from natural colibacillosis, were exposed to Escherichia coli O149: K91(B), K88ac(L) orogastrically and 3-4 h after exposure a proportion of each group was killed for adhesion studies; others were kept for clinical observations. From killed piglets duodenal contents were collected and after washing of the duodenum by standardised techniques it was homogenised. Viable counts of E coli O149 in these specimens were carried out and compared. Colicounts in the duodenal contents and in the homogenate of washed duodenum of naturally infected piglets were also compared. There was less than tenfold difference in counts of K88-positive E coli between duodenal contents and washed duodenum of piglets which were (A) naturally infected, (B) colostrum deprived and experimentally infected, or (C) were from colostrum fed groups where those litter mates which were kept for clinical observation died of colibacillosis. There was 10(3)-10(5)-fold difference in E coli O149 counts between comparable specimens from piglets which (a) recently recovered from K88-positive E coli infection at the time of oral challenge or (b) were from colostrum fed groups where those litter mates which were kept for clinical observation survived oral challenge. It is concluded that adhesion of K88-positive E coli to the epithelium of the anterior small intestine of the pig is a feature of natural as well as experimental colibacillosis. Such adhesion may be prevented by (i) earlier natural infection of K88-positive E coli or (ii) by the ingestion of colostrum of K88 antigen vaccinated dams.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[Concentration of species alien (bovine) IgG in the blood serum of foals after the intake of non-species specific colostrum preparation].

Sixteen vital foals with free access to maternal colostrum received a additional non-species-specific commercial colostrum additive within the first 18 hours of their life. The additive had been prepared from bovine colostrum. At birth no bovine IgG was detectable. The concentration of bovine IgG reached its maximum 18 hours post natum with XG = 74.6 mg/dl. 96 hours after birth IgG levels had dropped to XG = 20.9 mg/dl. The correlation of bovine IgG with GGT-activity was highly significant. Formation of antibodies against bovine IgG could not be demonstrated. It is not possible to increase igG in the circulation of newborn foals to satisfactory levels with IgG of bovine origin in the used commercial colostrum additive.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA in breast milk and colostrum of seropositive mothers.

There is increasing evidence of vertical transmission of HIV-1 to infants through breast feeding of milk from HIV-1 infected mothers. It has been postulated that transmission occurs mainly via ingestion of infected cells in breast milk and colostrum. In this study, detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA was used to prove that cells from colostrum and milk do contain HIV. DNA were extracted from these cells of colostrum and milk of 18 seropositive mothers and amplified by nested PCR for HIV-1 gag and pol and 44 per cent were positive mostly by two primers. All ten negative control samples from seronegative mothers were negative. This study demonstrated the infectivity of breast milk and colostrum. Nevertheless, recommendation against breast-feeding should be weighed against poor alternatives in low socioeconomic families.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

The presence of secretory component-free human colostral IgA in early colostrum.

Human secretory IgA was prepared from colostrum. Different elution diagrams from CM-cellulose were obtained depending on the time of collection of colostrum. In case of early colostrum, collected within 6 hours post partum, two IgA fractions were obtained after chromatography on CM-cellulose. Both fractions have different molecular weights and different amino acid compositions. The results obtained suggest that the first fraction is a dimer of IgA monomers containing J chain with a molecular weight of 330,000 whereas the second fraction having the molecular weight 395,000 daltons is composed of IgA dimer, J chain and SC. When colostrum collected 48 or more hours was used as a source of IgA, only the second IgA fraction was obtained. The problem of SC-free IgA immunoglobulins is discussed.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1993

Presence of interferon-gamma and interleukin-6 in colostrum of normal women.

Colostrum and blood samples were obtained on postpartum day 2 and 3 from 17 lactating, healthy women. After delipidation and molecular sieving fractionation of colostrum, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) could be readily measured by using a sensitive immunoassay. Antiviral activity could be also measured in some colostrum samples suggesting that interferon was biologically active. On the contrary, corresponding plasma samples showed negligible activity. These results expand previous data showing the presence of IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 in normal colostrum and are in line with the concept of a basal cytokine production in physiological conditions. All of these cytokines probably act on the oropharyngeal and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the newborn and favor the development and maturation of the immune system.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Effects of selenium and vitamin E administration during a late stage of pregnancy on colostrum and milk production in dairy cows, and on passive immunity and growth of their offspring.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE) administration in late pregnancy on Se status, plasma immunoglobulin concentrations, and colostrum and milk production of dairy cows, and on Se status, passive immunity, and growth of their offspring. ANIMALS: 25 Holstein cows and their offspring. PROCEDURE: 3 and 1.5 weeks before calving, sodium selenite (5 mg/100 kg of body weight) and d,l-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (25 IU/100 kg) were administered to 13 cows. The other 12 cows were not treated. Se status was assessed by measurement of glutathione peroxidase activity of erythrocytes (GSH-Px-E). RESULTS: The 13 treated cows had higher (P < 0.01) GSH-Px-E values at calving and during the first 12 weeks of lactation. Changes in plasma immunoglobulin concentrations before or after calving did not differ between the 2 groups of cows. During the first 36 hours after calving (4 milkings), treated cows produced 22% more colostrum than did their nontreated counterparts (P < 0.005). Percentages of colostral immunoglobulins did not differ between the 2 groups. During the first 12 weeks of lactation, treated cows produced 10% more milk than did nontreated cows (P < 0.005). GSH-Px-E values at birth and 28 days of life were significantly higher in calves from treated cows. Plasma immunoglobulin concentrations and body weight during the first 56 days after birth did not differ between calves born to treated or nontreated cows. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cows given Se and VE in late pregnancy produce large quantities of colostrum and milk. Colostrum produced from cows given Se and VE is suitable to feed newborn calves and to be stored for later use. Improvement of Se status in calves born to cows given Se and VE in late pregnancy is not beneficial to passive immunity and growth.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

A long-term study on the health status and performance of sows on different feed allowances during late pregnancy. III. Escherichia coli and other bacteria, total cell content, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and pH in colostrum and milk during the first 3 weeks of lactation.

The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the clinical status of the mammary glands and (2) compare it with the bacteriological findings, the total cell content (TCC) and its percentage of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) and pH in colostrum and milk secretion of sows on 2 different feeding regimes, high versus low, during late pregnancy. The milk samples were collected from both agalactia post partum (APP) sows and clinically healthy sows. Sows with a rectal temperature exceeding 39.5 degrees C within 48 h after parturition were considered to be diseased in APP and treated medically. The sows were sampled on days 1, 3, 8 and 22 of lactation during 6 consecutive lactations. Irrespective of feeding regimes, 49 out of 77 lactations among the APP sows and 15 out of 96 lactations among the clinically healthy sows revealed E. coli in pure cultures with a concomitant TCC exceeding 10 x 10(6) cell/ml already on the first day of lactation. The healthy sows with E. coli infection were denominated as being subclinically infected sows. The intensity in growth of E. coli successively declined, and the bacteria were finally eliminated between days 3 and 8 of lactation. The TCC were 82 x 10(6) cells/ml and 157 x 10(6) cells/ml in the clinically and subclinically E. coli infected glands, respectively, on the first day of sampling. The TCC declined gradually in both groups of sows, but was still higher than in bacteriologically negative milk on day 22 of lactation. The percentages of PMNLs were 66% and 79% in clinically and subclinically infected glands, respectively, on day 1 of lactation, thereafter decreasing to approximately 50% on day 22 of lactation in both groups of sows. In APP sows, swelling, reddening and/or soreness were registered in 38 out of 87 mammary glands with E. coli mastitis on the first sampling occasion. The TCC in bacteriologically negative colostrum and milk collected from APP sows on day 1 of lactation was significantly higher, 2.27 x 10(6) cells/ml, when compared with the TCC in bacteriologically negative milk secretion from the clinically healthy or subclinically infected sows, 1.38 x 10(6) cells/ml versus 1.51 x 10(6) cells/ml, respectively. The PMNLs were higher on day 1 in clinically healthy sows, 59.6%, than in subclinically infected and APP sows (43.5% and 48.3% respectively). The pH in secretion from clinically or subclinically E. coli infected glands (6.57 versus 6.46) were higher than in bacteriologically negative colostrum samples (6.29) from clinically diseased sows on the first day of sampling. On day 22 of lactation, pH-values had stabilized on a level of approximately 7.00 in all milk samples from earlier bacteriologically positive or negative mammary glands. The 2 feeding regimes, low versus high, were not found to influence TCC, PMNLs or pH except for TCC in bacteriologically negative samples of APP sows (2.69 versus 3.62). The lactation number influenced the PMNLs in both groups of sows with E. coli infected mammary glands, and both the TCC and PMNLs in bacteriologically negative colostrum and milk.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1997

Effect of storage of colostrum in various containers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of storage on expressed colostrum kept at room and refrigeration temperature in 2 different types of containers (steel and plastic) at different time intervals (0 hours to 7 hours). DESIGN: Prospective immunological study. SETTING: Maternity ward. METHODS: Colostrum was collected from 60 healthy lactating mothers and tested for total and differential cell counts and cell viability in plastic (polypropylene) and steel containers at 0 hours and 7 hours after storage at 28 degrees C and 4 degrees C. RESULTS: Colostrum stored for 7 hours in plastic containers had a significantly (p < 0.001) higher cell count and viability compared to that stored in steel containers both at 4 degrees C and 28 degrees C. The differential cell count did not vary with time, temperature or storage vessel. CONCLUSION: If required, colostrum should be stored at 4 degrees C in plastic (polypropylene) containers to maintain its protective quality.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Feline colostrum--friend or foe: maternal antibodies in queens and kittens.

The transfer of immunoglobulins (Ig) by colostrum from the queen to the neonatal kitten not only provides protection from infection, but may also cause serious illness. Neonatal isoerythrolysis may occur when kittens of blood type A or AB receive colostral anti-A alloantibodies from a type B queen. In contrast to other species, Ig concentrations in milk and colostrum did not differ markedly. Gastrointestinal absorption of IgG was limited to the first day of life. The half-lifes of maternally derived IgG and IgA in kittens were shorter than in puppies. In conclusion, milk from another queen may be given as a replacement for colostrum to neonatal kittens. Kittens at risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis must be removed from their type B queen during the first day of life and may safely receive milk or colostrum from a type A queen.

ABO Blood-Group System↗

PubMed1976

Passive immunity in the lamb. Effects of a second feed of colostrum on antibody absorption from the first feed.

Lambs were taken from their mothers before sucking and fed pooled colostrum (30 g/kg body weight), containing added antibody to egg albumin, 1 h after birth. At 4 h after feeding there was a two-fold range in immunoglobulin (IgG) concentration and a sixteen-fold range in anti-egg albumin activity in their sera. The coefficient of correlation between the IgG and antibody concentrations was significant but low (r = 0.445, P less than 0.02). When a second feed of colostrum without added antibody was given 6 h after the first, both the IgG and the antibody concentrations increased significantly, indicating that there had been increased absorption from the first feed, rather than absorption from the second. The increases in IgG had a significant negative correlation with the IgG concentrations before the second feed (r = 0.760, P less than 0.001). Sera from control lambs fed only untreated colostrum gave only trace, probably non-specific, antibody reactions. The results suggest that single feeds of colostrum are generally inefficient, and that the passive immune status of young lambs may be improved and made more uniform by subsequent feeds, even though these may be themselves deficient in IgG.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The effect of diet in late pregnancy on progesterone concentration and colostrum yield in ewes.

In the ewe, high level feeding is associated with low levels of circulating progesterone and that progesterone withdrawal is a prerequisite for lactogenesis and the onset of copious milk secretion. A total of 108 ewes was allocated to a 3 x 2 factorial experiment to determine the effect of diet on serum progesterone (P4) concentration and colostrum yield. On D 96 of pregnancy, the ewes were offered either grass silage, molassed sugar beet pulp (beet pulp) silage or grass silage supplemented with beet pulp. All ewes were given ad libitum access to silage. From D 126 of pregnancy, half the diets were supplemented with soybean meal with the aim of achieving a total crude protein intake of 220 g/ewe/day. Blood samples were taken on D 142 of pregnancy and at 1, 10 and 18 h post lambing for P4 determination. Metabolizable energy intakes (Mega Joules/ewe/day) of 9.1, 11.2 and 12.1 (SEM 0.37) and crude protein intakes (g/ewe/day) of 142.8, 167.4 and 162.0 (SEM 3.46) were recorded for grass silage, beet pulp ensiled and beet pulp supplemented silages, respectively, from D 126 to D 147 of pregnancy. Soybean meal supplementation increased the crude protein intake from 97.1 to 217.0 g/ewe/day (SEM 2.86) and Metabolisable Energy intake from 9.0 to 12.6 Mega Joules/ewe/day (SEM 0.31). Supplementation with soybean meal decreased P4 concentration (ng/ml) on D 142 (P < 0.05) and at 1 h (P < 0.01), 10 h (P < 0.01) and 18 h post lambing (P < 0.01). Ewes offered grass silage had higher P4 concentrations on D 142 (P < 0.01) and at 1 h after lambing (P < 0.05) than the beet pulp-supplemented ewes. There were negative linear relationships between P4 concentration at D 142 and colostrum yield at 1 h (P < 0.01) and between P4 concentration at 1 h and colostrum yield at 1 h (P < 0.001) and total yield at 18 h (P < 0.001). In conclusion, ewes which were underfed had higher P4 concentrations at all times, and there were negative linear relationships between colostrum yield and P4 concentrations on D 142 of pregnancy and at 1 h post lambing.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2026

Fourier-transform infrared-based genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes and variants for sow colostrum composition.

Sows with high prolificacy and better lactation traits are beneficial for weaned piglet number. Because the genetic basis of sow lactation traits remains elusive, genetic improvement for lactation traits lags behind that for litter traits, constraining the full realisation of genetic potential for large litters. Here, we measured 1 060 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) wavenumbers and five predicted colostrum composition traits from sow colostrum samples. Heritability estimates for both the FTIR spectra and predicted traits ranged from moderate to high. Correlation analysis revealed that lactose percentage was negatively genetically correlated with the other four predicted traits (fat percentage, protein percentage, total solid content, and urea nitrogen content) and with 24 h litter weight, which was positively genetically correlated with both protein and total solid content. Genome-wide association studies on the FTIR spectra and predicted traits identified 134 significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (False discovery rate < 0.05), with most clustering on Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) 5 and 7. Among the candidate genes, two expressed in lactating mammary tissue have established roles in milk trait determination: (1) LALBA, which encodes a major colostrum protein and is responsible for lactose synthesis, and (2) BTN1A1, which mediates milk fat secretion. Additionally, the study detected two important candidate variants on SSC7: (1) rs691487382, which was colocalised with the expression quantitative trait locus signal for TRIM26 in the liver, a key metabolic organ supporting lactation, and (2) rs327923027, a missense variant located in a phylogenetically conserved domain of TRIM26, an E3 ubiquitin ligase implicated in liver homeostasis. Taken together, this study identifies, for the first time, candidate genes and variants for sow colostrum, providing genomic markers useful for genetic improvement.

Association analysis↗