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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Effects of body size and social context on the arboreal activities of lowland gorillas in the Central African Republic.

The objectives of this 27 month study were to document the positional behaviors used by lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Central African Republic and to compare the effects of body size dimorphism on the use of arboreal substrates. During this study, despite their great size, all gorillas used trees regularly. Predictions concerning the relationship of body size to arboreal behavior were generally upheld. Small branch and suspensory activities were rare for silverbacks. Females used smaller and multiple substrates and suspensory postures more frequently than males. Although females foraged in the periphery of trees, males stayed close to the cores and rarely used terminal branches. In addition to body size, this study found that party size, social rank, and tree structure all influence an animal's substrate choice and subsequent positional activities. Lone males typically remained in the cores of trees where substrates are large. Group males may have been forced to use all parts of trees because others were present. Lone males used small crown trees which provided easy access to terminal branch foods. Males and females foraging together used larger trees (containing more feeding sites) than single sex groups. Female positional behavior may have been affected by the presence of males. When apart from males, females used the cores of trees and larger substrates more than when foraging with males. As habitat and social context both influence substrate use, they should be considered essential components of body-sized based interpretations of the behavior of fossil or extant species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Cooperation: close friends and common enemies.

The Prisoner's dilemma game has been a key conceptual tool for analyzing social behavior for over 50 years. A recent study shows how the spatial scale of competition in this game critically determines when cooperation can emerge.

Competitive Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resemblances of twins and their parents in pattern A behavior.

A twin study was conducted to determine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the development of Pattern A behavior. Thirty-five sets of college-aged MZ twins and 21 sets of DZ twins completed the lenkins Activity Survey for Health Prediction. This self-administering questionnaire yields scales measuring Pattern A behavior and its related traits of Speed and Impatience, Job Involvement, and Hard-driving Competitiveness. Results showed a modest genetic component for the Hard-driving Competitive aspect of Pattern A. Data were also presented regarding resemblances between the twins and their parents on Pattern A.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Timing in relay running.

Skillful performance in relay running requires that the athlete who is to take possession of the baton meets the baton carrier before reaching the end of the transmission zone while running at the highest speed possible. In the present study we examined the effects of variations in approach speed on the running behavior of the receiver. Kinematic analyses indicated that receivers regulated both the moment of initiation as well as the accelerative characteristics of their run. Contrary to the instructions given, baton carriers adapted their running speed as well to ensure a safe passage, making it difficult for the receiver to evaluate the appropriateness of their behavior.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1980

Reverse discrimination and aggressive behavior.

Aggression of each of 32 white male and female university students toward an opponent who had just defeated him in a competition was assessed in a 2 X 2 experiment design in which the winning opponent was either a black or a white and the loss was for one or two reasons: because the opponent 1) was economically deprived or 2) had superior ability. It was assumed that those Ss who had lost to a black opponent because this person was economically deprived experienced reverse discrimination based on race. Results indicated that white Ss were more aggressive toward a black when the loss was based on economic deprivation (reverse discrimination) than towards a white when the loss was due to economic deprivation (an arbitrary loss but not based on race), whereas white Ss were less aggressive towards a black opponent than towards a white opponent when the Ss lost because of the other's superior ability. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1983

Effects of gender and social behavior on the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis in cynomolgus macaques.

This experiment involved examination of the effects of gender and social status ('competitive dominance') on the coronary artery atherosclerosis of cynomolgus monkeys. Thirty-two adult Macaca fascicularis (16 males, 16 females) were fed a diet containing a moderate amount of cholesterol (0.56 mg/cal) for 16 months. The monkeys were housed in groups of 4 animals of the same sex, and all groups were stable in composition for the entire experiment. After 1 year a'competitive dominance' score was determined for each monkey, based on feeding order in 9 trials involving a preferred food as incentive. At necropsy the coronary arteries were pressure perfused; 5 sections each were then taken from the left anterior descending, left circumflex and right coronary arteries. For each animal, the mean percent lumen stenosis calculated from theses 15 sections was used as the index of extent of coronary artery atherosclerosis. Males had significantly more extensive coronary artery atherosclerosis than did females. Further, among both males and females, submissive animals (low in competitiveness) had more extensive coronary artery stenosis than did their dominant (highly competitive) counterparts. A similar pattern was observed in the thoracic and abdominal portions of the aorta with respect to competitiveness, but not gender. In the iliac artery, females had less atherosclerosis than males but there was no competitiveness effect. The gender and social status effects on atherosclerosis were each statistically independent of variability in clinical-pathological measures (serum lipid concentrations and heart weight). The results indicated that: (a) gender and psychosocial stress independently affect the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis; (b) the mechanisms mediating these effects remain unknown; and (c) the cynomolgus macaque is a good model for the study of such phenomena.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The structured interview and questionnaire methods of assessing coronary-prone behavior in male and female college students.

Several self-report measures of type A behavior were compared with the Rosenman and Friedman structured interview method of assessment in male and female college students. The student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey was found to correlate relatively weakly with the interview for both males and females, while scales derived from the Gough and Thurstone inventories showed moderate correlations with interview typing for both sexes. A brief scale derived from a recent reanalysis of the Framingham study correlated with the interview appreciably greater for females than for males. In all, these data suggest the need for caution in using only paper-and-pencil tests to assess type A behavior.

Adolescent↗